Icology (Rasha pre-doctoral oykologiya) (daga tsohuwar Girkanci οἶκος - mazauni, zama, gida, dukiya da λόγος - ra'ayi, koyarwa, kimiyya) Ilimin kimiyya ne wanda ke nazarin dokokin yanayi, da mu'amalar halittu masu rai da muhalli. Da farko Ernst Haeckel ya gabatar da manufar ilimin halittu a cikin 1866... Koyaya, mutane suna sha'awar asirin yanayi tun zamanin da, suna da kyakkyawar halayya game da shi. Akwai daruruwan ra'ayoyi game da kalmar "ilimin halittu", a lokuta daban-daban masana kimiyya suka ba da nasu ma'anar ilimin yanayin. Kalmar kanta ta ƙunshi abubuwa biyu, daga Girkanci "oikos" an fassara shi azaman gida, da "tambura" - azaman koyarwa.
Tare da ci gaban ci gaban fasaha, yanayin muhalli ya fara lalacewa, wanda ya ja hankalin jama'ar duniya. Mutane sun lura cewa iska ta ƙazantu, nau'in dabbobi da tsirrai suna ɓacewa, kuma ruwan da ke cikin kogunan yana ta lalacewa. Wadannan da ma wasu abubuwan mamaki sune ake kira matsalolin muhalli.
Matsalolin muhalli na duniya
Yawancin matsalolin muhalli sun girma ne daga na gida zuwa na duniya. Canza karamin tsarin halittu a wani wuri a duniya na iya shafar yanayin halittar duniya baki daya. Misali, canjin yanayin ruwan da ke kwararar Tekun Golf zai haifar da manyan canjin yanayi da yanayin sanyaya a Turai da Arewacin Amurka.
A yau, masana kimiyya suna da matsaloli masu yawa na duniya. Anan akwai mafi dacewa daga cikinsu waɗanda ke barazanar rayuwa a duniya:
- - canjin yanayi;
- - gurbatar iska;
- - karancin ruwan da yake da ruwa;
- - raguwar mutane da bacewar nau'ikan flora da fauna;
- - lalata ozone layer;
- - gurbatar Tekun Duniya;
- - lalatawa da gurɓatar ƙasa;
- - ƙarancin ma'adanai;
- - ruwan sama na acid.
Wannan ba duk jerin matsalolin duniya bane. Bari kawai mu faɗi cewa matsalolin muhalli waɗanda za a iya daidaita su da bala'i gurɓataccen yanayi ne da kuma ɗumamar yanayi. Zafin iska yana tashi da +2 digiri Celsius kowace shekara. Wannan saboda iskar gas ne kuma, sakamakon haka, tasirin tasirin greenhouse.
Paris ta karbi bakuncin taron kare muhalli na duniya, inda kasashe da dama a duniya suka yi alkawarin rage hayakin Gas. Sakamakon yawaitar iskar gas, kankara ke narkewa a kan sanduna, matakin ruwa ya hauhawa, wanda ke kara yin barazanar ambaliyar tsibirai da bakin kogin nahiyoyi. Don hana afkuwar masifa, ya zama dole a haɓaka ayyukan haɗin gwiwa da ɗaukar matakan da za su taimaka rage gudu da dakatar da aikin ɗumamar yanayi.
Ilimin ilimin muhalli
A halin yanzu, akwai sassa da yawa na ilimin yanayin kasa:
- - ilimin halittu na gaba daya;
- - ilimin halittu;
- - ilimin zamantakewar al'umma;
- - ilimin kimiyyar halittu;
- - ilimin ilimin halittu;
- - ilimin ilimin halitta;
- - ilimin halittu na mutum;
- - ilimin kimiyyar halittu.
Kowane bangare na ilimin halittu yana da nasa abin karatu. Mafi shahararren shine ilimin halittu na gaba ɗaya. Tana karantar da kewayen duniya, wadanda suka hada da yanayin halittu, da abubuwanda suke hade dasu - yankuna masu yanayi da taimako, kasar gona, dabbobi da kuma fure.
Mahimmancin ilimin yanayin ƙasa ga kowane mutum
Kula da mahalli ya zama aikin gama gari a yau, kari kafin “aiyuka”Ana amfani dashi ko'ina. Amma da yawa daga cikinmu ba mu ma san zurfin dukan matsalolin ba. Tabbas, yana da kyau mutane da yawa sun zama masu son rayuwar duniyarmu. Koyaya, yana da daraja sanin cewa yanayin yanayin ya dogara da kowane mutum.
Duk wanda ke doron duniyar na iya yin ayyuka masu sauƙi a kowace rana wanda zai taimaka inganta yanayin. Misali, zaku iya ba da gudummawar takaddun takardu da rage amfani da ruwa, adana kuzari da jefa shara a kwandon shara, shuka shuke-shuke da amfani da abubuwa masu sake amfani da su. Da zarar mutane suna bin waɗannan ƙa'idodin, yawancin damar da za a samu don ceton duniyarmu.
