Hamada da hamadar hamada sune yankunan da basu da yawan jama'a a Duniya. Matsakaicin yawa shine mutum 1 a kowace 4-5 sq. km, saboda haka zaku iya tafiya na tsawon makonni ba tare da haɗuwa da mutum ɗaya ba. Yanayin hamada da hamadar hamada ya bushe, tare da rashin danshi, yana tattare da manyan canje-canje a yanayin zafin rana yayin darajojin rana da na dare tsakanin 25-40 digiri Celsius. Hazo yana faruwa anan kowane yearsan shekaru. Saboda takamaiman yanayin yanayi, wata kebantacciyar duniya ta flora da fauna ta haɓaka a yankin hamada da hamada.
Masana kimiyya suna jayayya cewa hamada kansu sune babbar matsalar muhalli ta duniya, wato tsarin kwararowar hamada, sakamakon haka dabi'a tayi asarar ɗimbin nau'ikan tsirrai da dabbobi kuma basu iya murmurewa da kansu.
Nau'o'in hamada da na hamada
Dangane da kayyadaddun yanayin muhalli, akwai nau'ikan hamada da keɓaɓɓun hamada:
- bushe - a cikin wurare masu zafi da subtropics, yana da yanayin bushe mai zafi;
- anthropogenic - ya bayyana ne sakamakon ayyukan mutane masu cutarwa;
- mazauni - yana da koguna da oases, waɗanda suka zama wuraren zama ga mutane;
- masana'antu - ana lalata ilimin yanayin ƙasa ta hanyar ayyukan samar da mutane;
- arctic - yana da kankara da dusar ƙanƙara, inda kusan ba a samo halittu masu rai.
An gano cewa hamada da yawa suna da albarkatun mai da gas, da kuma karafa masu daraja, wanda ya haifar da ci gaban waɗannan yankuna ta mutane. Haɗin mai yana ƙaruwa matakin haɗari. Idan malalar mai ta lalace, gaba dayan halittu suna lalacewa.
Wata matsalar mahalli ita ce mafarauta, wanda sakamakon hakan ake lalata halittu iri-iri. Saboda rashin danshi, akwai matsalar rashin ruwa. Wata matsalar kuma ita ce kura da kuma guguwa. Gabaɗaya, wannan ba cikakken lissafi bane na duk matsalolin da ke akwai na hamada da hamada.
Da yake magana dalla-dalla game da matsalolin muhalli na rabin hamada, babbar matsalar ita ce fadada su. Yawancin hamada da yawa yankuna ne na wucin gadi daga matakai zuwa hamada, amma a ƙarƙashin rinjayar wasu dalilai, suna haɓaka yankinsu, kuma suna juya zuwa hamada. Yawancin wannan aikin yana motsa ayyukan ɗan adam - sare bishiyoyi, lalata dabbobi, gina ƙirar masana'antu, ƙarancin ƙasa. A sakamakon haka, rabin sahara ba shi da danshi, tsire-tsire suna mutuwa, kamar yadda wasu dabbobi ke yi, wasu kuma yin kaura. Don haka rabin hamada ya zama da sauri ya zama hamada mara rai (ko kusan marar rai).
Matsalar muhalli na hamadar arctic
Akwai hamadar Arctic a arewa da sandunan kudu, inda yanayin zafin iska na subzero ya mamaye kusan kowane lokaci, yana yin dusar ƙanƙara kuma akwai adadi mai yawa na kankara. An kafa hamadar Arctic da Antarctic ba tare da tasirin ɗan adam ba. Matsakaicin yanayin hunturu daga –30 zuwa -60 digiri Celsius, kuma a lokacin rani zai iya hawa zuwa +3 digiri. Ruwan sama na shekara shine 400 mm akan matsakaici. Tunda saman hamada an lulluɓe shi da kankara, kusan babu tsire-tsire a nan, ban da lichens da mosses. Dabbobin sun saba da mummunan yanayin yanayi.
Yawancin lokaci, gandun daji na arctic sun sami tasirin tasirin ɗan adam mara kyau. Tare da mamayewar mutane, halittun Arctic da Antarctic sun fara canzawa. Don haka kamun kifin masana'antu ya haifar da raguwar al'ummomin su. Yawan like da walruses, polar bears da arctic fox na raguwa a shekara. Wasu nau'in suna dab da karewa saboda mutane.
A yankin gandun daji na arctic, masana kimiyya sun gano mahimman ma'adinai. Bayan wannan, hakar su ta fara, kuma wannan ba koyaushe ake samun nasara ba. Wani lokacin haɗari yakan faru, kuma malalar mai a yankin ƙasashe, abubuwa masu cutarwa suna shiga sararin samaniya, kuma gurɓataccen yanayin duniya yana faruwa.
Ba shi yiwuwa a taba batun batun dumamar yanayi. Mummunan zafi yana taimakawa ga narkewar kankara a ɓangaren kudu da arewa. A sakamakon haka, yankin hamadar Arctic yana ta raguwa, matakin ruwa a cikin Tekun Duniya ya tashi. Wannan yana ba da gudummawa ba kawai ga canje-canje a cikin yanayin halittu ba, amma motsi na wasu nau'ikan flora da fauna zuwa wasu yankuna da ɓarnataccen ɓangarensu.
Don haka, matsalar hamada da hamadar hamada ya zama na duniya. Adadinsu yana ƙaruwa ne kawai ta hanyar kuskuren ɗan adam, don haka kuna buƙatar ba kawai kuyi tunanin yadda za a dakatar da wannan aikin ba, har ma da ɗaukar matakan tsattsauran ra'ayi don kiyaye yanayin.
