Wataƙila babu mafi kyawun kwaikwayon kowane irin sauti a duniyar tsuntsaye fiye da mai ƙasƙantar da Sturnus vulgaris - sanannen tauraruwa. Suna cewa daga garken da suke shawagi, ana yawan jin meowon kyanwa: kuma wannan ƙaramin hatsi ne kawai na kyautatuwar kyautar tauraruwa.
Bayani, bayyanar
Ana kwatanta tauraruwar tauraruwa koyaushe da baƙar fata, tare da ambatar kamanceceniya da girmansu, duhun haske mai haske da launi na bakake.
Gaskiyar cewa akwai tauraruwa a gabanka za a gaya muku ta gajeren jelarsa, jiki a cikin ƙananan dunƙulen haske da ikon iya gudu a ƙasa, ya bambanta da tsalle mai tsalle. A lokacin bazara, ana iya ganin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin mata, amma ta kaka, saboda narkar da shi, wannan halayen yana gogewa.
Bakin bakin yana da tsayi tsaka kuma kaifi, wanda a hankali yake lankwasawa zuwa ƙasa: rawaya - a cikin yanayin kwana, a wasu watanni - baƙi... Har sai kaji sun shiga lokacin balaga, bakinsu mai launin ruwan kasa ne kawai-baƙar fata. Hakanan ana ba da samarin tauraruwa ta babban inuwar launin fuka-fukai (ba tare da annuri mai haske wanda yake cikin manya ba), zagaye na musamman na fuka-fuki da wuyan haske.
Yana da ban sha'awa! An tabbatar da cewa launin sautin ƙarfe ba a ƙayyade shi da launin launi ba, amma ta ƙirar fuka-fukan ne da kansu. Lokacin canza kusurwa da haske, ƙyallen shimfidawa yana canza inuwar sa.
Tauraruwar tauraruwa ba ta girma fiye da 22 cm tare da nauyin 75 g da fikafikan ruwa kusan 39 cm. Tana da jiki mai ƙarfi wanda ke kwance a kan ƙafafu masu ja-ja-ja-ja, da madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya madaidaiciya da gajeren (6-7 cm).
Masu lura da tsuntsaye suna raba taurari zuwa yankuna da yawa, waɗanda gashinsu baƙi ya bambanta a cikin tabarau na ƙarfe. Don haka, tauraruwar tauraruwar Turai suna haskaka kore da shunayya a rana, a wasu ƙananan ƙasashe, baya, kirji da bayan wuya suna yin shuɗi da shuɗi da tagulla.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Starling yana zaune ko'ina banda Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka. Godiya ga mutum, tsuntsun ya bazu a fadin New Zealand, Australia, South-West Africa da Arewacin Amurka.
Sun yi ƙoƙari sau da yawa don kafa tushen taurari a Amurka: mafi nasara shi ne ƙoƙari a 1891, lokacin da aka saki tsuntsaye ɗari a cikin daji a Central Park a New York. Duk da cewa yawancin tsuntsayen sun mutu, ragowar sun isa isa hankali "kama" nahiyar (daga Florida zuwa kudancin Kanada).
Lingananan yankuna sun mamaye manyan yankuna na Eurasia: daga Iceland / Kola Peninsula (a arewa) zuwa kudancin Faransa, arewacin Spain, Italia, arewacin Girka, Yugoslavia, Turkey, arewacin Iran da Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan da arewa maso yamma Indiya (a kudu) ...
Yana da ban sha'awa! A gabas, yankin ya fadada zuwa Tafkin Baikal (ya hada da duka), kuma a yamma ya rufe Azores. An hango tauraron dan adam a cikin Siberia a kusan 60 ° arewa latitude.
Wasu taurarin taurari basa barin yankunansu na zama (waɗannan sun haɗa da tsuntsayen kudanci da yammacin Turai), ɗayan ɓangaren (daga yankunan gabas da arewacin Turai) koyaushe yana tashi kudu zuwa hunturu.
Sanannen tauraron dan adam ba shi da mahimmanci game da mazaunin sa, amma ya guji tsaunuka, ya fi son filaye tare da fadamun gishiri, dazuzzuka, dausayi da steppes, da kuma shimfidar wurare masu kyau (lambuna / wuraren shakatawa). Yana son zama kusa da filayen kuma gaba ɗaya ba kusa da mutumin da ke ba da wadataccen abinci tare da wadataccen abinci.
Salon rayuwa
Rayuwa mafi wahala ga 'yan ciran ƙaura da ke komawa ƙasarsu a farkon Afrilu... Ya faru cewa a wannan lokacin dusar ƙanƙara ta sake faɗuwa, ta kori tsuntsayen zuwa kudu: waɗanda ba su da lokacin yin ƙaura kawai sun mutu.
Maza ne farkon wadanda suka fara zuwa. Girlfriendar budurwansu suna bayyana nan gaba kaɗan, lokacin da zaɓaɓɓun zaɓaɓɓu suka riga sun zaɓi wuraren yin gida (ciki har da ramuka da gidajen tsuntsaye), kuma yanzu suna girmama ƙwarewar muryar su, ba tare da manta yin faɗa da maƙwabta ba.
Tauraron tauraron tauraruwa ya miƙe zuwa sama, yana buɗe bakinsa sosai yana kaɗa fikafikansa. Sautunan jituwa ba koyaushe suke fitowa daga wuyansa ba: sau da yawa yakan yi shuɗa da ihu mara daɗin ji. Wani lokaci tauraruwar ƙaura masu ƙaura suna kwaikwayon muryoyin tsuntsayen da ke can ƙasa, amma sau da yawa tsuntsayen Rasha suna zama abin koyi, kamar:
- kayan abinci;
- man alade;
- jay da thrush;
- warbler;
- kwarto;
- bluethroat;
- haɗiye;
- zakara, kaza;
- agwagwa da sauransu.
Starlings na iya kwaikwayon ba tsuntsaye kaɗai ba: ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba suna haifar da haushin kare, kyanwa da bishiyoyi, bushewar tumaki, kwankwasiyya, wicket / cart creak, bulalar makiyayi har ma da sautin buga rubutu.
Mawaƙin yana maimaita sautunan da ya fi so da muryar harshe, yana ƙare wasan kwaikwayon tare da rawar murya da "clinking" (sau 2-3), bayan haka daga ƙarshe ya yi shiru. Tsoffin tauraruwar tauraruwa, gwargwadon tasirin su.
Halin tsuntsaye
Sanannen tauraron dan adam ba maƙwabci ne na musamman ba: yana saurin shiga cikin yaƙi tare da wasu tsuntsayen, idan wani wurin shakatawa mai fa'ida yana cikin haɗari. Don haka, a cikin Amurka, tauraruwar taurari sun kori masu yanke bishiyoyi masu ja, 'yan asalin Arewacin Amurka, daga gidajensu. A cikin Turai, tauraruwar taurari suna gwagwarmaya don mafi kyawun wuraren shakatawa tare da koren bishiyoyi da Rollers..
Starlings halittu ne masu ma'amala, saboda abin da suke ɓata cikin garken tumaki kuma suna zaune a cikin yankuna da ke kusa da juna (nau'i-nau'i da yawa). A cikin jirgi, an ƙirƙiri babban rukuni na tsuntsaye dubu da yawa, tare haɗuwa, juyawa da saukowa. Kuma tuni a ƙasa, suna "watsewa" akan wani yanki babba.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Yayin zubarwa da kare zuriyar, basa barin yankinsu (tare da radius na kimanin mita 10), basa barin wasu tsuntsaye su shiga. Don abinci suna tashi zuwa lambun kayan lambu, filaye, dachas da bakin tafkunan ruwa.
Galibi suna kwana a cikin ƙungiya, a matsayin mai ƙa'ida, akan rassan bishiyoyi / bishiyoyi a wuraren shakatawa na gari da lambuna ko kuma a yankunan bakin teku da ke da yawan itacen willows / reeds. A filayen lokacin hunturu, kamfani na taurari na dare zasu iya ƙunsar mutane sama da miliyan.
Hijira
Mafi nisa arewa da gabas (a cikin yankunan Turai) tauraruwar taurari suna rayuwa, mafi halayyar ƙauracewar yanayi shine a gare su. Don haka, mazaunan Ingila da Ireland sun karkata zuwa kusan sulhu, kuma a Beljium kusan rabin taurari suna tashi zuwa kudu. Oneaya daga cikin biyar na tauraron Holland suna yin hunturu a gida, sauran suna motsa kilomita 500 zuwa kudu - zuwa Belgium, Ingila da Arewacin Faransa.
Batungiyoyin farko sun yi ƙaura zuwa kudu a farkon watan Satumba, da zaran kaka ta kammala. Adadin ƙaura yana faruwa a watan Oktoba kuma yana ƙarewa zuwa Nuwamba. Stararancin taurari masu kaɗaici suna tara mafi sauri duka don hunturu, farawa tun farkon Yuli.
A cikin Jamhuriyar Czech, Gabashin Jamus da Slovakia, gidajen kaji na hunturu suna da kusan 8%, har ma ƙasa da (2.5%) a kudancin Jamus da Switzerland.
Kusan dukkanin taurari mazaunan gabashin Poland, arewacin Scandinavia, Arewacin Ukraine da Rasha ƙaura ne. Suna yin hunturu a kudancin Turai, Indiya ko arewa maso yamma na Afirka (Algeria, Egypt ko Tunisia), suna nisan tafiyar kilomita dubu 1-2 a lokacin tashi.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Matafiya masu balaguro, isa kudu da dubbai, suna ba mazauna yankin rai. Kusan duk lokacin hunturu, mazaunan Rome ba su da gaske barin gidajensu da yamma, lokacin da tsuntsayen da ke cika wuraren shakatawa da murabba'ai suna kururuwa don su nutsar da ƙarar motoci masu wucewa.
Wasu taurari suna dawowa daga wurin shakatawa tun da wuri, a watan Fabrairu-Maris, lokacin da har yanzu akwai dusar ƙanƙara a ƙasa. Bayan wata daya (a farkon Mayu) waɗanda ke zaune a yankunan arewacin na kewayon halitta sun dawo gida.
Tsawon rayuwa
An rubuta matsakaicin shekarun rayuwar tauraruwa gama gari... Bayanan an bayar da su ne daga masana ilimin kimiyyar halittu Anatoly Shapoval da Vladimir Paevsky, wadanda suka yi nazarin tsuntsaye a yankin Kaliningrad a daya daga cikin tashoshin nazarin halittu. A cewar masana kimiyya, tauraruwar taurari gama gari suna rayuwa cikin daji na tsawon shekaru 12.
Abinci, abinci mai ci
Kyakkyawan tsammanin rayuwar wannan ƙaramin tsuntsayen wani ɓangare ne saboda yawan amfani da yake da shi: tauraruwa mai ci da tsire-tsire da wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki.
Thearshen ya haɗa da:
- tsutsar ciki;
- dodunan kodi;
- tsutsayen kwari;
- ciyawar ciyawa;
- caterpillars da butterflies;
- symphiles;
- gizo-gizo.
Makarantun taurari sun lalata filayen hatsi da gonakin inabi, sun lalata mazauna lokacin bazara, cin 'ya'yan itacen lambu, da fruitsa /an itace / ofa treesa bishiyoyin fruita fruitan itace (apple, pear, cherry, plum, apricot da sauransu).
Yana da ban sha'awa! Abubuwan da ke cikin 'ya'yan itacen, ɓoye ƙarƙashin harsashi mai ƙarfi, ana fitar da su ta hanyar amfani da liba mai sauƙi. Tsuntsun yana saka bakinsa a cikin rami da ba a iya hangowa sosai sai ya fara faɗaɗa shi, ba tare da ya sake shi ba.
Tsuntsayen kiwo
Mazaunan mazauna taurari suna farawa a farkon lokacin bazara, waɗanda suka ƙaura bayan sun isa. Tsawon lokacin saduwa ya dogara da yanayi da samuwar abinci.
Ma'aurata gida ba wai kawai a cikin gidajen tsuntsaye da ramuka ba, har ma a cikin tushen gidan tsuntsayen da suka fi girma (egrets ko mikiya fari-wutsiyoyi). Bayan an zaɓi wuri, tauraruwar tauraruwa tana yiwa mace alama ta waƙa, a lokaci guda yana sanar da masu fafatawa cewa "ɗakin" yana zaune.
Dukansu suna gina gida, suna neman tushe da saiwoyi, ɓaure da ganye, fuka-fukai da ulu don kwalliyarta... Ana ganin tauraruwa a cikin auren mata fiye da daya: ba wai kawai suna bawa mata mata da yawa a lokaci guda ba, har ma suna hada su (daya bayan daya). Hanyoyi uku a kowane yanayi suma an bayyana su ta hanyar auren mata fiye da daya: na uku yana faruwa kwanaki 40-50 bayan na farkon.
A cikin kama, a matsayin mai mulkin, daga 4 zuwa 7 ƙwai mai shuɗi mai haske (kowane 6.6 g). Lokacin shiryawa yana ɗaukar kwanaki 11-13. A wannan lokacin, namiji lokaci-lokaci yakan maye gurbin mace, ya zauna a kan ƙwai har abada.
Gaskiyar cewa an haifi kajin ana alama ta harsashi a ƙarƙashin gida. Iyaye suna hutawa cikin dacewa da farawa, galibi da daddare, da safe da yamma kuma suna shagaltar neman abinci, suna barin abincin yara sau da yawa sau goma a rana.
Da farko, ana amfani da abinci mai laushi ne kawai, daga baya aka maye gurbinsa da ciyawar, kwari, beetles da katantanwa. Bayan makonni uku, kajin sun riga sun iya tashi daga cikin gida, amma wani lokacin suna tsoron yin hakan. Samun damar "masu faɗakarwa", manyan taurari suna zagayawa kusa da gida tare da abinci mai kamawa a bakinsu.
Starling da mutum
Cikakken tauraron dan adam yana da alaƙa da kyakkyawar alaƙa da ɗan adam... Wannan dambarwar bazara da haziƙan mawaƙi sun sami damar ɓata kyawawan halaye ga kansa tare da bayanai da yawa:
- jinsunan da aka gabatar sun cika tsuntsayen gida;
- babban garken tsuntsaye a filayen jirgin saman na barazana ga lafiyar jirgin;
- haifar da babbar illa ga ƙasar noma (amfanin gona, gonakin inabi da filayen berry);
- su ne masu daukar cututtukan da ke da hadari ga mutane (cysticercosis, blastomycosis da histoplasmosis).
Tare da wannan, tauraruwar taurari suna lalata kwari kwata-kwata, gami da fara, caterpillars da slugs, May beetles, da kuma dipterans (gadflies, kwari da doki) da larvae dinsu. Ba abin mamaki ba ne mutane sun koyi yadda ake hada gidajen tsuntsaye, suna jan hankalin taurari zuwa gidansu na lambu da gidajen rani.
