Yanayin Arewacin Amurka yana da wadataccen arziki da banbanci. An bayyana wannan gaskiyar ta gaskiyar cewa wannan nahiya tana cikin kusan dukkanin yankuna masu canjin yanayi (kawai banda shine keɓaɓɓe).
Nau'in gandun daji na yanki
Arewacin Amurka ya ƙunshi 17% na gandun daji na duniya tare da nau'in tsire-tsire 900 daga 260 daban-daban.
A gabashin Amurka, mafi yawan jinsinsu shine itacen oak (bishiyar dangin goro). An ce lokacin da Turawan mulkin mallaka na farko suka nufi yamma, sun tarar da itacen oak savannas sosai don suna iya yin tafiya a ƙarƙashin manyan rumfunan katako na tsawon kwanaki, da ƙyar su ga sama. Manyan dazuzzuka-pine gandun daji ya shimfida daga gabar gabar Virginia kudu zuwa Florida da Texas bayan Tekun Mexico.
Yammacin yamma yana da wadataccen nau'ikan gandun daji, inda har yanzu ana iya samun manyan tsire-tsire. Theungiyoyin tsaunukan busassun suna gida ne ga gandun daji na bishiyar Palo Verde, yuccas da sauran raƙuman Arewacin Amurka. Mafi yawan nau'ikan, duk da haka, suna haɗe da haɗuwa, wanda ya ƙunshi spruce, mahogany da fir. Douglas fir da Panderos pine suna tsaye a gaba dangane da yaduwar cutar.
30% na duk gandun daji da aka haifa a duniya suna cikin Kanada kuma suna rufe 60% na yankunanta. Anan zaka iya samun spruce, larch, fari da ja Pine.
Shuke-shuke cancanci kulawa
Red Maple ko (Acer rubrum)
Ja taswirar itace mafi yawan itace a Arewacin Amurka kuma tana rayuwa a yanayi daban-daban, galibi a gabashin Amurka.
Pine na pine ko Pinus taeda - nau'in itacen da aka fi sani da shi a gabashin nahiyar.
Itacen Ambergris (Liquidambar styraciflua)
Yana daya daga cikin nau'in tsirrai masu tsananin tashin hankali kuma yana girma cikin sauri a wuraren da aka watsar. Kamar jar maple, zai yi girma cikin annashuwa a kowane irin yanayi, gami da dausayi, busassun tuddai, da mirgina tuddai. Wani lokaci ana shuka shi azaman shuke-shuke na ado, saboda godiyar kyawawan 'ya'yan itacen ta.
Douglas fir ko (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
Wannan tsattsauran tsakin yammacin Amurka ta Arewa ya fi mahogany tsayi kawai. Zai iya girma a cikin yankuna biyu masu daƙiƙu da bushe kuma ya rufe gangaren dutse da tudu daga 0 zuwa 3500 m.
Aspen poplar ko (Populus tremuloides)
Kodayake mashawarcin aspen bai fi na ja-in-ja da yawa ba, Populus tremuloides itace mafi yawan itace a Arewacin Amurka, wanda ya mamaye dukkan yankin arewacin nahiyar. An kuma kira shi "ginshiƙin dutsen" saboda mahimmancinsa a cikin tsarin halittu.
Maple na Sugar (Acer saccharum)
An kira saccharum Acer "tauraruwa" na Nunin Baƙin Autaure na Arewacin Amurka. Fasalin ganye shi ne alamar Dominion na Kanada, kuma itacen itaciya ne na masana'antar syrup na arewa maso gabas.
Balsam fir (Abies balsamea)
Balsam fir itacen bishiyar dangin pine ne. Yana daya daga cikin jinsunan da suka yadu na gandun daji na Kanada.
Dogwood na furanni (Cornus florida)
Blooming dogwood shine ɗayan jinsin da aka fi sani da zaku gani a dazuzzuka biyu dazuzzuka a gabashin Arewacin Amurka. Hakanan ɗayan bishiyoyi ne da aka fi sani a cikin biranen birni.
Karkataccen Pine (Pinus contorta)
Fure mai kauri itace ita ce itacen bishiyar dangin Pine. A cikin daji, ana samun sa a yammacin Arewacin Amurka. Ana iya samun wannan shuka sau da yawa a cikin tsaunuka har zuwa tsawan 3300 m.
Farar itacen oak (Quercus alba)
Quercus alba na iya yin girma duka a kan ƙasa mai ni'ima da kan tsaunukan duwatsu masu ƙarancin duwatsu. Ana samun farin itacen oak a cikin gandun daji da ke bakin teku da kuma yankin gandun daji kusa da yankin tsakiyar yamma.
Babban bishiyoyin da ke zaune a yankin gandun daji masu saurin yanayi sune: kudan zuma, bishiyar jirgin sama, itacen oak, bishiyoyi da gyada. Hakanan ana wakiltar bishiyun Linden, kirji, birch, elms da bishiyoyin tulip.
Ba kamar tsaunuka masu nisa da arewa ba, yankuna masu zafi da yankuna masu cike da launuka iri-iri.
Shuke-shuke
Gandun dazuzzuka na duniya gida ne ga yawan adadin tsire-tsire masu ban mamaki. Akwai sama da nau'ikan shuka 40,000 a cikin yankin Amazon kawai! Yanayin zafi, mai danshi yana samar da kyakkyawan yanayi don biome ya rayu. Mun zabi tsire-tsire masu ban sha'awa da ban mamaki, a ra'ayinmu, don sani.
Epiphytes
Epiphytes shuke-shuke ne da ke rayuwa akan wasu tsirrai. Ba su da tushe a cikin ƙasa kuma sun haɓaka dabaru daban-daban don samun ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki. Wani lokaci itace guda ɗaya na iya zama gida ga nau'ikan epiphytes da yawa, tare da nauyin nauyin tan da yawa. Epiphytes har ma suna girma akan wasu epiphytes!
Yawancin tsire-tsire a cikin jerin gandun daji sune epiphytes.
Bromeliad epiphytes
Mafi yawan epiphytes sune bromeliads. Bromeliads tsire-tsire ne masu furanni tare da dogayen ganye a cikin rosette. Suna haɗe da bishiyar mai masaukin ta hanyar narkar da asalinsu a jikin rassan. Ganyayyakinsu suna jagorantar ruwa zuwa tsakiyar ɓangaren shuka, suna yin wani irin kandami. Kogin bromilium ita kanta wurin zama. Ana amfani da ruwa ba kawai ta hanyar tsire-tsire ba, har ma dabbobi da yawa a cikin gandun dajin. Tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa suna sha daga gare ta. Tadpoles suna girma a wurin kuma kwari suna yin ƙwai
Orchids
Akwai nau'ikan orchids da yawa da aka samo a dazuzzuka. Wasu daga cikinsu suma epiphytes ne. Wasu suna da tushen da ya dace na musamman wanda zai basu damar ɗaukar ruwa da abubuwan gina jiki daga iska. Wasu kuma suna da jijiyoyi wadanda suke rarrafe tare da reshen bishiyar rundunar, suna daukar ruwa ba tare da sun nitse cikin kasa ba.
Acai dabino (Euterpe oleracea)
Acai ana ɗaukar itace mafi yawan itace a cikin gandun daji na Amazon. Duk da wannan, har yanzu yana dauke da kashi 1% (biliyan 5) kawai daga cikin bishiyoyi biliyan 390 a yankin. 'Ya'yan itãcensa masu ci ne.
Dabino Carnauba (Copernicia prunifera)
Wannan dabinon na Brazil ana kuma san shi da "itacen rai" saboda yana da amfani da yawa. Ana cin 'ya'yan itacensa kuma ana amfani da itace wajen yin gini. An fi saninsa da asalin "carnauba wax", wanda ake ciro shi daga ganyen bishiyar.
Ana amfani da kakin zuma na Carnauba a cikin lacquers na mota, lebe, sabulai, da sauran samfuran da yawa. Har ma suna goge shi a kan allunan ruwa don cimma iyakar gudu!
Dabino
Akwai nau'ikan bishiyoyi sama da 600. Suna girma a cikin dazuzzuka na Afirka, Asiya da Australiya. Rotans itacen inabi ne waɗanda ba za su iya girma da kansu ba. Madadin haka, suna yin tagwaye a kusa da wasu bishiyoyi. Thorayoyin da ke kama bishiyoyin suna ba su damar hawa sauran bishiyoyi zuwa hasken rana. Ana tattara Rotans kuma ana amfani dasu a aikin gini.
Itacen roba (Hevea brasiliensis)
Itacen roba, wanda aka fara ganowa a yankin Amazon, yanzu ana shuka shi a yankuna masu zafi na Asiya da Afirka. Sabbin da bishiyar bishiyar ke ɓoye ana girbe shi ne don yin roba, wanda ke da amfani da yawa, ciki har da tayoyin mota, hoses, bel, da tufafi.
Akwai bishiyoyin roba sama da miliyan 1.9 a dajin Amazon.
Bougainvillea
Bougainvillea itace shuke-shuken shuke-shuke mai shuke-shuke mai shuke-shuke. Bougainvilleas sanannu ne saboda kyawawan furanni masu kamannin furanni waɗanda suke girma kusa da ainihin fure. Wadannan shukokin shukoki suna girma kamar itacen inabi.
Sequoia (itacen mammoth)
Ba za mu iya wucewa ta hanyar itace mafi girma ba :) Suna da iko na musamman don isa girman girma. Wannan itaciyar tana da dunƙulen ƙwarya na aƙalla mita 11, tsayin kawai yana ba kowa da hankali - mita 83. Wannan "sequoia" "yana zaune" a dajin Amurka kuma har ma yana da nasa, suna mai matukar ban sha'awa "General Sherman". An san shi: wannan tsire-tsire ya kai shekaru "mai tsanani" a yau - shekaru 2200. Koyaya, wannan ba shine "mafi tsufa" a cikin wannan dangin ba. Koyaya, wannan ba shine iyaka ba. Akwai kuma wani dangin "dangi" da ya tsufa - sunansa "Allah Madawwami", shekarunsa 12,000 ne. Wadannan bishiyoyi suna da nauyin gaske, suna yin nauyi har tan 2500.
Speciesananan nau'in tsire-tsire na Arewacin Amurka
Ifunƙun duwatsu
Cupressus abramsiana (Californian cypress)
Wani nau'in itaciyar Arewacin Amurka wanda ba safai a cikin dangin cypress ba. Akwai hadari a tsaunukan Santa Cruz da San Mateo a yammacin California.
Fitzroya (itacen cypress na Patagonian)
Jinsi ne na zuriya a cikin dangin cypress. Yana da tsayi mai tsayi, wanda ya daɗe yana rayuwa mai ƙarancin bishiyoyin daji.
Torreya taxifolia (Torreya yew-leved)
Wanda aka fi sani da Florida nutmeg, itaciya ce mai haɗari da haɗari na gidan yew da aka samo a kudu maso gabashin Amurka, tare da iyakar jihar ta arewacin Florida da kudu maso yammacin Georgia.
Ferns
Adiantum vivesii
Nau'in nau'ikan 'yan matan Maidenah, wanda aka fi sani da suna Puerto Rico Maidenah.
Ctenitis squamigera
Wanda aka fi sani da lacefern na Pacific ko Pauoa, yana cikin haɗari mai haɗari wanda aka samo shi kawai a Tsibirin Hawaiian. A shekara ta 2003, aƙalla tsire-tsire 183 sun rage, sun kasu kashi biyu cikin yawan mutane 23. Yawancin alumma sun ƙunshi tsire-tsire guda ɗaya zuwa huɗu.
Diplazium molokaiense
Wani sanannen fern wanda aka sani tare kamar Molokai twinsorus fern. Tarihi ya samo shi a tsibirin Kauai, Oahu, Lanai, Molokai, da Maui, amma a yau ana iya samun su ne a Maui, inda ƙasa da mutum 70 ke saura. An yi wa fern rajista ta tarayya a matsayin jinsin da ke cikin hatsari a Amurka a shekarar 1994.
Elaphoglossum serpens
Rareananan fern wanda ke tsiro ne kawai a Cerro de Punta, babban tsauni a Puerto Rico. Fern yana girma a wuri ɗaya, inda akwai samfuran 22 da ilimin kimiyya ya sani. A cikin 1993, an lasafta shi azaman Ganye mai Haɗari na Amurka.
Isoetes melanospora
Wanda aka fi sani da torarƙarar kunkuru ko tsiron Merlin, yana da ƙarancin ruwa mai haɗari ga jihohin Jordia da South Carolina. An tsire shi ne musamman a cikin tafkunan wucin-gadi mara ƙanƙani a saman dutse tare da ƙasa 2 cm. An san cewa akwai mutane 11 a Georgia, yayin da ɗayansu kaɗai ke rubuce a Kudancin Carolina, kodayake ana ɗauka cewa an kawar da ita.
Lichens
Cladonia perforata
Nau'in lashen farko da aka yiwa rijista ta tarayya kamar yadda yake cikin haɗari a Amurka a cikin 1993.
Gymnoderma layi
Hakan na faruwa ne kawai a cikin giragizai masu yawa ko cikin kwazazzabai masu zurfi. Saboda takamaiman matsugunin mazaunin ta da kuma tarin abubuwa masu yawa don dalilan kimiyya, an sanya ta cikin jerin halittu masu hatsari tun daga Janairu 18, 1995.
Furannin tsire-tsire
Abronia macrocarpa
Abronia macrocarpa tsire-tsire ne wanda ba a san shi da yawa ba wanda aka fi sani da "babban 'ya'yan itace" na yashi verbena. Kasarsa ta haihuwa tana gabashin Texas. Tana zaune a cikin dutsen tsaunuka masu buɗewa na savannahs waɗanda ke girma cikin zurfin, ƙasa mara kyau. An fara tattara shi a cikin 1968 kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin sabon nau'in a cikin 1972.
Aeschynomene virginica
Wani tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire a cikin dangin legume wanda aka sani tare azaman haɗin gwiwar Virginia. Yana faruwa a ƙananan yankuna na gabar gabashin Amurka. A cikin duka, akwai kusan shuke-shuke 7,500. Canjin yanayi ya rage yawan wuraren da tsiron zai iya zama;
Euphorbia herbstii
Shuke-shuken fure na gidan Euphor, wanda aka sani tare azaman sandar sandar Herbst. Kamar sauran tsuntsayen Hawaiian, ana kiran wannan tsiron a gida kamar 'akoko.
Eugenia woodburyana
Nau'in tsire-tsire ne na dangin myrtle. Itaciya ce wacce take da girma har zuwa mita 6 a tsayi. Tana da ganyayen oval masu shaggy har zuwa 2 cm tsawo da faɗi 1.5 cm, waɗanda ke fuskantar juna. Fushin furanni babban rukuni ne na kusan furanni biyar fari. 'Ya'yan itacen bishiyar fure ce mai fuka-fukai takwas har tsawon santimita 2.
Cikakken jerin nau'in tsire-tsire masu haɗari a Arewacin Amurka suna da yawa sosai. Abin takaici ne cewa yawancin flora suna mutuwa ne kawai saboda yanayin ɗan adam wanda ya lalata mazauninsu.
