Shanu ɗayan dabbobin gona ne na yau da kullun a duniya, kuma a cikin Rasha, kalmomi da yawa suna bayanin dabbobi a cikin shekaru daban-daban:
- ɗan saniya maraƙi ne;
- mace - karsana;
- namiji bijimi ne.
Karsana wata mace ce da ba ta haihu ba. Bayan an haifi ɗan maraƙi na farko, karsanar ta zama saniya. Yawancin shanu maza ana jingina su don rage halayyar tashin hankali kuma su sa su zama masu sauki.
Ana kiran samarin da aka yi wa fyaden shanu bijimai. Manyan ƙwararrun mazan da ake amfani da su a gonar ana kiransu shanu. Ofungiyar shanu da bijimai suna yin garken.
Etymology na sunan "saniya"
Shanu mambobi ne na rukunin dabbobi masu kofato. Ya hada da dabbobi masu shayarwa da yatsun kafa da kyau. Shanu suna da ƙyallen kofato (wanda ya kasance daga yatsun tsakiya biyu na kowace ƙafa). Shanu na cikin:
- dangin Bovidae (bovids, wanda ya hada har da dabbobin daji, tumaki da awaki);
- dangin Bovinae (kuma ya hada da buffaloes da antelopes na yanayin yammacin eland);
- jinsunan Bovini (ya hada da shanu, bison da yaks),
- ga jinsi na Bos - daga bos, kalmar Latin don "saniya".
Wasu fasalolin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi
Shin saniya na bukatar ƙaho
Girman da saniyar shanu ya dogara da nau'in. Manyan mutane sun auna nauyin kilogram 450-1800, yayin da mata kuma sukakai kilogram 110-100. Shanu da shanu suna da ƙaho, suna gajeru a cikin nau'ikan dabbobi da yawa, kuma suna girma zuwa girma a Texas Longhorns da na Afirka Ankole Watusi.
Wasu nau'ikan ana kiwata su ba tare da ƙaho ba ko kuma an gyara ƙahonninsu tun suna ƙuruciya. Sanannun sanannu ne ga manyan nono (nono) wanda ke da nono huɗu.
Me kuma yaya shanu ke ci
Shanu suna kiwo (suna ciyarwa) akan ciyawa. Suna da baki da hakora da suka dace da cin ciyayi mai kauri. Manya suna da hakora 32, amma abubuwan da ke sama da ɓarayi sun ɓace. Shanu suna da abin likafani a bakinsu don taimaka wa ciyawar. Ridunƙun haƙoran haƙoran suna motsawa a layi ɗaya ga harshe, don haka taunawa ya fi tasiri kuma ana yin shi cikin motsi madauwari.
Mafi ƙwarewar yanayin cin ganyayyaki a cikin shanu (da sauran dabbobi) shine babban ɗakuna mai ƙwanƙwasa huɗu, wanda ke yin kama da gidan wanka. A cikin rumen, babban ɗakin ciki, ƙwayoyin cuta da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta suna narkar da zaren tsire-tsire masu wuya (cellulose). Don taimakawa cikin wannan tsari, shanu suna sake gyarawa da sake tauna abinci akai-akai kafin su shiga sauran tsarin narkewar abinci ta wasu ɗakunan ciki.
Wannan tsari, wanda ake kira “cingam,” yana girgiza abinci a cikin jikin narkewar abincin dabba (yana narkar da abu) kuma yana taimakawa wajen sha abubuwan gina jiki. Ta hanyar ɗaukar lokaci don sake taunawa, shanu suna guje wa tauna abinci da aka girbe sabo. Wannan yana basu damar karɓar ciyawa da yawa yayin da suke cikin mawuyacin hali.
Nau'i da nau'ikan shanu
Ana kiwon shanu na gida don nama, madara, ko fata, ko amfani da shi azaman ƙarfi a cikin Turai, Indiya da Afirka. Da yawa wasu nau'ikan dabbobi, kamar su Akuatic buffalo, Tibetan yak, Gayal da Banteng na kudu maso gabashin Asiya, da bison dake zaune a filayen Arewacin Amurka, an kasance an basu gida ko an basu tarbiyya kuma anyi amfani dasu wajen kiwon shanu.
Duk shanu na zamani suna cikin nau'ikan masu zuwa:
- Bos taurus (nau'in Turai, ɗayan wakilan shine Shorthorn da Jersey);
- Bos indicus (jinsin Indiya na zebu, alal misali, nau'in Brahman);
- samu ta tsallaka biyun farko (alal misali, santa gertrude).
Nau'ukan shanun da aka sani a yau ba koyaushe suke wanzuwa ba, kuma da yawa kwanan nan sun yi kiwo.
Bayyana nau'in saniya na da kalubale saboda yadda dabbobi ke kiwo, duk da cewa ana amfani da kalmar sosai, ana karba da ita kuma ana danganta ta da shanu. Yawancin lokaci, ana fahimtar nau'in azaman dabbobi waɗanda aka zaɓe su na dogon lokaci don su sami bambancin asali a launi, girman, yanayin jiki da ayyukan da ake yi, kuma waɗannan ko wasu halaye na musamman ana kiyaye su a cikin zuriya.
An halicci jinsi daga ƙarni na masu kiwo waɗanda ke ƙoƙari don ƙirƙirar da kula da takamaiman nau'in saniya da halaye da ake buƙata. Yana yin wannan ta hanyar aiki akan abubuwan da aka haifa kamar ka'ida. Kawai a 'yan kwanakin nan ne kimiyyar halittar jini, kuma musamman kwayoyin halittar jama'a, suka taimaka wajen kirkirar sabbin garken shanu.
Akwai tsofaffi da yawa a cikin Nahiyar Turai - alal misali, naman shanu na Charolais da kiwo na Norman da wasu da yawa, amma nau'ikan Burtaniya sun zama tushen ƙirƙirar manyan garkunan shanu a duniya, waɗanda ke ba da naman shanu da kayayyakin kiwo da yawa zuwa kasuwa.
Madarar shanu
Ayshirskaya
Shanu launin ruwan kasa ne masu launin ja, mahogany a launi, jere daga haske zuwa duhu a kan farin fari. A cikin wasu bijimai, launi yana da duhu sosai da alama kusan baƙi ne. Gilashin yawanci ana yin aikinsu a gefuna, ƙarami kuma sun bazu akan jiki.
Waɗannan shanu ne masu matsakaiciya, a lokacin da suka balaga sun fi nauyin kilogiram 550, suna da ƙarfi, suna da ƙarfi, suna tsayawa a hankali a cikin rumfuna a gonakin kiwo, kuma suna dacewa da injunan madara saboda siffar nono, ba sa fuskantar matsalolin kafa.
Wasu tsirarun dabbobin sun dace da iyawar shanun Ayshire don ciyarwa a cikin mummunan yanayin ciyarwa ko yanayi. Shanu ba su da kitse mai launin rawaya, wanda ke rage darajar gawar, don haka ana daga masu Ayrshi a matsayin 'yan iska. A madara daga cikin irin yana da matsakaici abun ciki abun ciki.
Jersey
Galibi shanu masu launin ruwan kasa ne, duk da cewa kusan launin toka ne da baƙar fata. Hakanan zasu iya samun fararen faci waɗanda ke rufe mafi yawan mascara. Saniyar gaske ta Jersey koyaushe tana da hanci baki da kuma ɗan hanci fari fari kusa da bakin. Legsafafu masu ƙarfi ba sa saurin rauni.
Shanu ƙananan ƙananan girmansu, kusan kilogram 400-450.
Nau'in Jersey yana samar da madara yadda ya kamata fiye da sauran nau'in. Wannan yana da mahimmanci musamman a ƙasashen da abinci ya yi ƙaranci kuma ya sa irin ya zama zaɓi mai fa'ida don noma.
Holstein
Nau'in ana iya gane shi saboda launin fata da fari ko na ja da fari, samar madara, babban jiki. Lafiyayyen maraƙin Holstein yana da nauyin kilo 40 ko fiye a haihuwa. Saniyar cikakkiyar saniyar Holstein tana da nauyin kilogram 680. Rayuwar rayuwar yau da kullun ta jinsin Holstein shine shekaru shida.
Shanu na samar da madara fiye da sauran nau'ikan kiwo. Suna da ƙarfin noman da ba zai iya daidaita ba tare da rufin ilimin halitta ba. Inganta kwayar halitta na 1 zuwa 2% a kowace shekara cikakke ne mai ma'ana.
Shanu sun saba da zama a cikin gonaki da aka rufe, na kiwo na bangare da kuma kyauta. Hakanan, yanayin rayuwa ba shi da wata damuwa, dabbobi suna ciyarwa a cikin tsaunuka da kuma cikin filayen.
Shanun naman shanu
Highland
Babban kai tare da doguwar geza (wanda yake kama da rufe idanu), ƙaho mai tsayi da duhu suna sa irin ya zama abin tunawa da sabon abu.
Saniya tana da ulu biyu na ulu - rigar ƙasa mai ƙasa da gashin kai mai tsayi, ya kai tsawon 30 cm kuma an rufe shi da mai da ke toshe danshi. A cikin yanayin zafi mai bushewa, shanun Highland suna zubar da gashinsu masu kauri sannan kuma suna sake girma lokacin da yanayin sanyi mai sanyi ya dawo.
Launin rigar baƙar fata ce, tabo, ja, rawaya da launin ruwan kasa. Nau'in yana da wuya tare da keɓaɓɓen yanayi da keɓewa na musamman don yin kiwo da kyau a cikin makiyaya mai ciyayi masu ƙarancin ciyawa. Ya banbanta a cikin tsawon rai, shanu da yawa suna haihuwa a lokacin da suka wuce shekaru 18, suna ba da 'yan maruƙa 15 a rayuwarsu. Ilmin mahaifiya ya bunkasa, hatta da ƙarnuka na farko ba sa barin zuriya.
Manyan bijimai masu nauyin kilogram 800, shanu - 500 kg.
Suna ba da naman sa mara laushi tare da marbled, mai laushi da laushi mai laushi tare da ɗanɗano na ɗabi'a. Naman saniya yana da lafiya, mai gina jiki, mafi ƙarancin mai da cholesterol kuma ya fi furotin da baƙin ƙarfe girma fiye da sauran nau'ikan shanu.
Aberdeen Angus
An haifi nau'in ba tare da ƙaho ba. Shanu baƙi ne ko ja, duk da cewa baƙar fata ita ce inuwa mafi rinjaye, wani lokacin fari yakan bayyana akan nono.
Nau'in yana da tsayayya ga yanayin mai tsanani, mara izini, mai sauƙin daidaitawa, mai kyau. Samfurori suna nunawa da wuri, bayan yanka suna karɓar gawawwakin nama tare da naman alade mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano. Ana amfani da nau'in Angus a cikin keɓaɓɓu don haɓaka ƙimar dabbobi. Mata na da kyakkyawar damar haihuwa da kiwon 'yan maruƙa. Hakanan ana amfani dasu azaman ɗakunan ruwa na gado, saboda mafi rinjayen zuriya yana isar da halaye na cancanta.
Karina
Nau'in shanu kala ne daga duhu ja zuwa ja-rawaya. Fari yayi kamanceceniya da wannan asalin:
- kai;
- bushewa;
- dewlap;
- ciki.
Shanu masu farin gefe da alamun farin da ke ƙasa da gwiwoyi da hocks suma na kowa ne. Mafi yawan dabbobi suna da gajerun kaho, masu kauri wadanda galibi suke lankwasawa a gefen kawunansu, amma an yi kiwon saniya maras kama da Hereford a Arewacin Amurka da Birtaniyya.
Balagaggen maza masu nauyin kilogram 800, mata kusan 550 kg.
Wannan nau'in yana da kuzari kuma sananne ne ga tsawon rai, mata suna samar da 'yan maruƙa sama da shekaru 15. Shanu suna ba da zuriya a cikin garke har zuwa shekaru 12 ko fiye. Yawancin masu kiwo suna kiyaye dabbobi har sai sun mutu ta sanadiyyar dabi'a.
Hereungiyar Hereford tana rayuwa ne a cikin dusar ƙanƙara ta ƙasar Finland, tana jure zafin Arewacin Transvaal, kuma tana jurewa yanayi mai wahala da kuma ciyawar ciyayi a arewacin Uruguay ko kuma yankunan Brazil.
Hada naman shanu da shanu
Beliya shudin shuɗi
Babban dabba mai zagaye da fitattun tsokoki. Kafada, baya, loin da kuma sacrum tsoka ce. Baya ya miƙe, sacrum yana zubewa, ana faɗin wutsiya. Yana da kyawawan, kafafu masu ƙarfi kuma yana tafiya cikin sauƙi.
Launi fari ne tare da shuɗi da baƙi ko haɗuwa duka; ja yana cikin wasu nau'in halittar jini. An san nau'in don yanayin kwanciyar hankali.
Nauyin babban bijimi daga 1100 zuwa 1250 kg. Shanu daga 850 zuwa 900 kg.
Shuɗin ɗan Belgium a cikin shirye-shiryen ƙetarewa tare da sauran kiwo ko nau'in nama yana ƙaruwa ƙirar samfurin da kashi 5 - 7% idan aka kwatanta da layin uwa.
Mai ma'ana
Launi jeri ne daga zinariya zuwa ja tare da fari, kuma an rarraba shi a ko'ina ko kuma ana da diga-dumi a kan fari. Kan yana da fari kuma galibi farar fata ya bayyana a kafaɗun.
Shanu na nau'in nauyin nauyin 700-900, da bijimai - 1300 kg.
Neman kiwo don samar da madara da naman shanu a farashi mafi arha ya haifar da daidaitaccen nau'in da zai dace da shi, ƙarfin musculature da ƙimar rayuwa mai kyau. Miƙa wuya da halayen mahaifiya masu kyau sune wasu halaye na nau'in.
Lokacin da aka ketare, nau'in Simmental yana tabbatar da ci gaba mai kyau kuma, sabili da haka, mafi kyawun naman sa ga zuriyar da aka haifa, yana inganta ƙimar nama tare da farin kitse da kyakkyawar tafiya, yana inganta haɓakar madara.
Shvitskaya
Jikin ruwan kasa mai haske, farin bakin kirji mai hade da launin shudi mai duhu mai haske ya taimaka wa jinsin ya jure tsananin hasken rana. Suna da ƙarfi, masu haihuwa, sun daɗe, sun dace kuma sun daidaita game da tsarin kofato da kafafun saniya.
Nau'in yana ba da kyakkyawan amfanin madara da nama.
Madarar Switzerland suna son masu yin cuku don mafi kyawun mai-zuwa-furotin tsakanin kiwo.
Lokacin da shanu ke shirin yin kiwo
Karsana tana kaiwa ga balaga tsakanin watanni 6 zuwa 15, ya danganta da jinsi, amma ba a kiwonta har sai watanni 18 da haihuwa. Ciki da wuri zai gurgunta ci gaba da rage haihuwa da samar da madara.
Har yaushe cikin cikin saniya ke tsayawa?
Ya dogara da nau'in da jima'i na ɗan maraƙi. Tsawon lokacin daukar ciki daga 279 zuwa 287 ne. Ga yawancin jinsin, lokacin shine kwanaki 283. Shanu masu ɗauke da bijimai suna da juna biyu fiye da na shanun da ke ɗauke da karsana.
