Mafi kyawun kwayoyin halittun unicellular na rukunin ciliates an rarraba kusan ko'ina. Daga kankara mai sanyi zuwa Arewacin ƙasar, akwai kyawawan waɗannan halittun a cikin kowane ruwa mai tsafta, waɗanda sune ɗayan mahimman hanyoyin haɗi a cikin jerin abincin biocenosis. Ga kifin aquarist, slippers suna da mahimmanci azaman abinci mai kyau don soya jariri. Amma kafin fara halittar wannan halittar a cikin "duniyarka ta karkashin ruwa", ya kamata ka saba da hayayyafa, abinci mai gina jiki da rayuwar kwayoyin cuta.
Mahalli na asali da ƙari
Theananan rayayyun halittu suna rayuwa cikin ruwa mai zurfin ruwa tare da ruwa mai tsauri. Ana kiran takalmin Infusoria don kamannin kamannin ƙananan jikin, an rufe shi da cilia, tare da takalmin mata. Cilia na taimaka wa dabbobi motsawa, ciyarwa, har ma da kare kansu. Mafi kankantar kwayar halitta tana da girman 0.5 mm, ba shi yiwuwa a ga infusoria da ido mara kyau! Hanya mai ban sha'awa don motsawa cikin ruwa - kawai tare da zagaye mara kyau gaba, amma har ma da irin wannan "tafiya", jarirai suna haɓaka saurin 2.5 mm / 1 na biyu.
Halittu masu siliki guda daya suna da tsari guda biyu: tsakiya "babba" na farko yana kula da tsarin abinci da na numfashi, yana lura da yadda ake motsa jiki da kuma motsawa, amma "karamar" kwayar tana kunshe ne kawai a cikin matakan jima'i. Mafi sirrin huhu na ƙara ƙanƙan laushi yana bawa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta damar kasancewa a cikin yanayinsu, ingantaccen tsari, da motsawa cikin sauri. Kamar wannan, ana aiwatar da motsi ta hanyar cilia, suna taka rawar "oars" kuma koyaushe suna tura takalmin a gaba. A hanyar, ƙungiyoyin dukkanin cilia suna da daidaito kuma an daidaita su.
Rayuwa: abinci mai gina jiki, numfashi, haifuwa
Kamar kowane ƙaramin microan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, takalmin ciliate yana ciyar da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin algae. Irin wannan marmashin yana da ramin baka - rami mai zurfi wanda yake a wani wuri a jiki. Bude bakin yana shiga cikin pharynx, sannan abinci yana tafiya kai tsaye zuwa vacuole don narkar da abinci, sannan kuma abincin yana fara sarrafa shi ta yanayin mai guba da kuma yanayin alkaline. Orananan ƙwayoyin cuta kuma suna da rami ta inda narkewar abinci wanda yake narkewa yana fitowa. Tana can bayan ramin abinci kuma, wucewa ta cikin tsari na musamman - foda, ana tarkatar da ragowar abincin. Abincin abinci na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ya lalace har zuwa iyaka, takalmin ba zai iya wuce gona da iri ko ci gaba da yunwa ba. Wannan wataƙila ɗayan kyawawan halaye ne na halitta.
Takalmin infusoria yana numfashi tare da kowa 
tare da murfin maraƙinku. Energyarfin da aka saki ya isa ga rayuwar rayuwa ga dukkan matakai, kuma mahaɗan mawuyacin abubuwa marasa amfani, irin su carbon dioxide, suma ana cire su ta cikin sassan jikin mutum. Tsarin takalmin takalmin yana da matukar rikitarwa, misali, kayan kwalliyar kwalliya, lokacin da aka cika su da ruwa tare da narkakken kwayoyin halittu, sai su tashi zuwa mafi girman yanayin jini a jiki kuma su fitar da komai ba dole ba. Mazaunan Ruwa suna amfani da wannan hanyar cire ruwa mai yawa, wanda ke gudana koyaushe daga sararin da ke kewaye.
Orananan ƙwayoyin cuta na wannan nau'in na iya tattarawa a cikin manyan yankuna zuwa wuraren da ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa suka taru, amma suna mai da martani sosai ga gishirin tebur - suna shawagi.
Sake haifuwa
Akwai nau'ikan kwayar halitta guda biyu:
- Asexual, wanda shine rabo daya. Wannan tsari yana faruwa ne yayin rabon takalmin takalmi guda biyu, kuma sabbin kwayoyin halitta suna da nasu manya da kananan tsakiya. A wannan yanayin, karamin yanki ne kawai na `` tsofaffin '' gabobin da ke ratsawa zuwa sabuwar rayuwa, sauran duka da sauri a sake suke.
- Jima'i. Ana amfani da wannan nau'in kawai tare da bayyanar canjin yanayin zafin jiki, rashin abinci da sauran yanayi mara kyau. A lokacin ne dabbobi zasu iya rabuwa ta hanyar jima'i sannan kuma su juya su zama cyst.
Yana da zaɓi na biyu na kiwo wanda yake da ban sha'awa:
- Mutum biyu na ɗan lokaci sun haɗu zuwa ɗaya;
- A wurin haɗuwa, an ƙirƙiri wani tasha, mai haɗa ɗayan;
- Babban cibiya gaba daya ya bace (a cikin mutane biyu), kuma karami ya raba biyu.
Don haka, kowane takalmin silili ya zama mai mallakar ƙananan yara masu kama biyu. Bugu da ƙari, ƙananan abubuwa uku dole ne su faɗi gaba ɗaya, kuma na ƙarshe dole ne ya sake rabawa. Daga sauran mahallin biyu, wanda ya sake musanya wurare tare da gada daga cytoplasm, babba da ƙarami an ƙirƙira su. Anan ne aikin ya ƙare kuma dabbobi suka watse. Haɗuwa tana ba ka damar sake rarraba kayan halittar tsakanin halittu, don haka ƙara ƙarfin da juriya na mutane. Kuma yanzu suna iya sake samun sauƙin rabuwa zuwa sabbin rayuwa guda biyu.
