Cod - jinsin kifin da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwan sanyi na Atlantic da Pacific. Wannan kifin ya taka rawa a tarihin ɗan adam. Ta kasance abinci ga Vikings, masu jirgin ruwa, gami da majagaban da suka sauka a gabar Sabuwar Duniya.
Masana burbushin halittu, suna nazarin kasusuwan tarihin kode, suka yanke shawarar cewa wannan kifin a zamanin Dutse ya fi girma kuma ya rayu fiye da na yanzu. Kifin kifi mai aiki ya gyara hanyar juyin halitta: yanayi, adana yawan kodin, ya sanya ƙanana da matasa masu ikon haifuwa.
Bayani da fasali
Siffar jiki mai tsawo. Matsakaicin tsayin jikin kodin yana sau 5-6 ƙasa da tsayin. Kan yana da girma, daidai yake da tsayin jiki. Bakin yana da iyaka, madaidaiciya. Idanun suna zagaye, tare da iris mai ruwan kasa, wanda yake a saman kai. Formedarshen kai an ƙirƙira shi da murfin gill, a bayan abin da yake firam ƙirar ƙira.
Farfin ƙugu uku sun dace a layin dorsal. Duk haskoki na fika-fikai na roba ne; spiny spines ba su nan. Jiki ya ƙare a fin tare da raba lobes. A cikin ƙananan (ƙananan) na jikin, akwai fikayen wutsiya biyu.
Kodayake kodin yana yawan cin abinci a ƙasan, canza launin jikinsa yana da ƙyama: ɓangaren sama mai duhu, ɓangarorin haske da fararen madara, wani lokacin peritoneum mai rawaya. Gabaɗaya kewayon launuka ya dogara da mazaunin: daga rawaya-launin toka zuwa launin ruwan kasa. Spotsananan launin toka-toka-toka-launin toka-launin ruwan kasa sun bazu a kan ɓangarorin na sama da na gefe.
Ana nuna layin gefe ta madaidaiciyar madaidaiciyar laushi tare da lanƙwasa sananne a ƙarƙashin ƙarewar ƙarshen farko. A kan kai, layin layin ya shiga cikin raƙuman ruwa na jijiyoyin jijiyoyin jiki da ƙananan jijiyoyi (ƙananan pores) - ƙarin gabobin ji na gefe.
A cikin girma, kodin na Atlantic na iya wuce tsayi 1.7 m kuma kusan kilogram 90 a nauyi. An kama shi sosai cod a cikin hoto da wuya ya wuce 0.7 m a tsayi. Sauran nau'ikan kodin sun fi na Atlantic cod. Pollock - ɗayan nau'ikan kodin - mafi ƙarancin duka. Matsakaicin matsakaicinta sune 0.9 m a tsayi kuma nauyin kusan kilogram 3.8.
Irin
Jinsi na ƙwaro ba shi da yawa, ya haɗa da nau'ikan 4 kawai:
- Gadus morhua shine mafi shahararrun nau'in - cod na Atlantic. Tun ƙarni da yawa, wannan kifin ya kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na abinci da fatauci ga mazaunan Arewacin Turai. Adana dogon lokaci a cikin busasshiyar sifa ya bayyana ɗayan sunansa Stockfisch - sandar kifi.
- Gadus macrocephalus - Pacific ko ruwan toka. Significantananan mahimmanci na kasuwanci. Rayuwa a cikin tekun arewa maso gabas na Tekun Fasifik: ya mallaki Tekun Okhotsk da Japan.
- Gadus ogac jinsi ne mai suna Greenland cod. Wannan ana samun kodin kusa da gabar tsibiri mafi girma a duniya.
- Gadus chalcogrammus nau'in Alaskan ne wanda aka fi sani da pollock.
An raba kodin Atlantic a cikin Rasha zuwa ƙananan ƙananan hukumomi. Basu taka wata muhimmiyar rawa ba a cikin kamun kifi. Amma a cikinsu akwai ƙananan raƙuman ruwa.
- Gadus morhua callarias an lakafta shi bayan mazaunin sa - Baltic cod. Ya fi son birgima, amma zai iya kasancewa na ɗan lokaci a cikin kusan ruwa mai ɗanɗano.
- Gadus morhua marisalbi - Wannan kifin yana rayuwa ne a cikin ruwan ruwan farin Farin Fari. An kira shi daidai - "Kogin Tekun Fari". Guji sabbin biyun a duk lokacin da zai yiwu. Wasu masana kimiyya sun banbanta siffofin: Gidan Tekun Fari da bakin teku. Wasu lokuta nau'ikan kodin na hunturu da na bazara ana rarrabe su. Jama'ar yankin suna kiran mafi ƙarancin yanayin bazara "pertuy". Wannan kifin yana dauke da abinci mai dadi.
- Gadus morhua kildinensis yanki ne na musamman wanda ke rayuwa a Tafkin Mogilnoye a tsibirin Kildinsky, wanda yake kusa da gabar Kola Peninsula. Da sunan mazaunin, ana kiran kodin "Kildinskaya". Amma zama a cikin tafkin ba yana nufin hakan ba kifi ruwan kifi... Ruwa a cikin tabkin yana da ɗan gishiri: da zarar ya kasance teku. Tsarin ƙasa ya juya wani yanki na yankin teku zuwa tabki.
Cod shine nau'in nau'in kifin da ke rayuwa cikin ruwa iri-iri na gishiri. Dukkanin dangin kodin suna cikin teku ne, kifin-ruwa mai gishiri, amma har yanzu akwai sauran nau'in ruwa mai sabo. Daga cikin kifayen kifayen akwai kifi wanda za'a iya sifanta shi da kogin kwari, tabkin burbot.
Rayuwa da mazauni
Yana zaune cikin rukunin ruwa da yankuna na ƙasa a cikin Arewacin Atlantika, gami da yankin Bahar Amurka da Turai. A Arewacin Amurka, kodin na Atlantic ya mallaki ruwan da ke shimfidawa daga Cape Cod zuwa Greenland. A cikin ruwan Turai, kodin yana gudana daga gabar tekun Atlantika ta Faransa zuwa ƙarshen kudu maso gabashin Tekun Barents.
A cikin mazaunin, kodin yana yawan ciyarwa a ƙasan. Amma siffar jiki, girmanta da kuma kusurwarsa ta gangaren bakin ta ce pelagial, wato, yankin tsakiyar ruwa na tsaye, ba ruwansa da shi. A cikin rukunin ruwa, musamman, akwai abubuwan birgewa na makarantun herring ta garken kodin.
A wanzuwar kodin, ba kawai tsarin tsaye na yankin zama yana da mahimmanci ba, amma yanayin zafi da gishirin ruwa. Dogaro da nau'ikan, gishirin kwanciyar hankali na iya ɗaukar ma'anoni daban-daban.
Kodin na Pacific yana son ƙimar mahimmancin gishirin: 33.5 ‰ - 34.5 ‰. Balungiyoyin Baltic ko White Sea na kodin suna rayuwa cikin nutsuwa cikin ruwa daga 20 ‰ - 25 ‰. Duk nau'ikan kwalliya sun fi son ruwan sanyi: bai fi 10 ° C.
Kifi na kifi ƙaura kusan koyaushe. Akwai dalilai guda uku don motsawar ƙungiyoyin cod. Na farko, kifin yana bin abinci mai yuwuwa, kamar makarantun herring. Canje-canjen yanayi ba ƙananan dalilai bane na ƙaura. Dalili na uku kuma mafi mahimmanci don yawan motsi na cod yana haɓaka.
Gina Jiki
Cod shi ne ɗan tsinkaye, kifi mai cin nama. Planktonic crustaceans da ƙananan kifi sune tushen abinci mai gina jiki don ƙirar samari. Tare da girma, nau'ikan kwayoyin da ake ci suna ƙaruwa. Addedara kifin daga dangin dunƙule ga ƙananan mazaunan ƙasan.
Dangi daga dangin cod - Arctic cod da navaga - ana cin su da yardar rai kamar yara ƙanana na jinsinsu. Babban farautar kwastomomi don herring. Wani lokaci matsayin yakan canza, babban abincin herring da girma ya danganta da nau'ikan ci cod, dammar rayuwar kifi daidai suke.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Spawayar lamba ta fara a lokacin hunturu, a cikin watan Janairu. Yana ƙarewa zuwa ƙarshen bazara. Tsarin kifi yana aiki sosai daga Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu. Babban filin da ake samarda kifin a cikin ruwan Norway.
A cikin wuraren da ake taɓarɓarewar haihuwa, a cikin yankin ɓarke, an kafa garkunan garken ƙwayoyin Atlantika masu ƙarfi. Sun haɗa da manyan mutane. Waɗannan sune mata masu shekaru 3-8 da maza shekaru 4-9. Dukkanin kifin suna da girman aƙalla cm 50-55. Matsakaicin shekarun kifi a makarantun da ke haifar da daɗa shekaru 6 ne. Matsakaicin tsayi shine 70 cm.
An saki caviar a cikin layin ruwa. Mace tana samar da ƙwai masu yawa. Yawan haihuwa, lafiyayyen ƙwaya zai iya kaiwa fiye da ƙwai dubu 900. Bayan samar da adadi mai yawa na kwallaye masu haske game da 1.5 mm a diamita, mace tana ganin aikin ta ya cika. Namiji, da fatan cewa zuriyarsa za su haɗu da ƙwai, ya saki madara a cikin layin ruwan.
Bayan makonni 3 zuwa 4, ƙwayoyin da suka hadu sun zama larvae. Tsawon su bai wuce 4 mm ba. Kwanaki da yawa, tsutsa suna rayuwa daga abubuwan gina jiki da ke cikin jakar kwai, bayan haka kuma sai su ci gaba da cin plankton.
Yawancin lokaci na yanzu yana kawo ƙwai zuwa layin bakin teku. Ba lallai ne larva su vata kuzarinsu ba kafin su kai ga ruwa mara kyau sosai. Girma a cikin irin waɗannan wuraren, soyayyen ya kai girman 7-8 cm kuma ya sami launi "mai duba", wanda ba irin na kifi bane. A wannan lokacin, babban abincin naman alade shine calanus crustacean (Calanus).
Farashi
Kodin kuma na musamman ne saboda dukkan sassan sa mutane da dabbobi ne ke cin sa. Kai tsaye don girki ko sarrafawa naman alade, hanta, har ma da kawuna. A cikin kasuwar kifi, mafi yawan buƙata:
- Daskararre kodin shine babban nau'in samar da kifi zuwa kasuwa. A cikin tallace-tallace, duk kifin daskararre yakai kimanin 300 rubles. da kilogiram.
- Fil fil shine ɗayan mafi kyawun samfura akan kasuwar kifi. Daskararre fillet, dangane da nau'in (fata, glazed, da sauransu), farashin daga 430 zuwa 530 rubles. da kilogiram.
- Dried cod nau'ikan sarrafa kifi ne wanda ya bayyana a wataƙila a zamanin da. Duk da bullowar hanyoyin da ke bada tabbacin adana kifi na tsawon lokaci, bushewa ya kasance cikin tsari. A arewacin Rasha, ana kiranta bakalao.
- Klipfisk shine cod da aka yi ta bushe kifin mai gishiri. A cikin Rasha, kodin da aka shirya ta wannan hanyar ba za a iya sayan su nan da nan ba. Kasashen Turai suna shigo da kifin kode daga Norway tsawon karnoni a jere.
- Kayan kifin shine ɗayan bambance-bambancen kifayen kifin tare da rage amfani da gishiri da kuma hanyar bushewa ta musamman.
- Kyafaffen kwasfa — kifi mai dadi... Wannan samfurin ne mai mahimmanci tare da dandano mai ɗanɗano. Kifi mai kyafaffen kifi ba shi da arha - kimanin 700 rubles. da kilogiram.
- Cod hanta Abincin ci ne wanda ba za a iya musun sa ba. Cod shi ne kifi wanda a cikin sa ƙwayoyin mai ke tarawa cikin hanta. Cod hanta mai kitse 70% ne, banda haka, yana dauke da sinadarai masu maiko, dukkannin bitamin masu mahimmanci. Don kwalbar hanta gram 120, zaku biya kusan 180 rubles.
- Harsunan Cod da kunci samfurin gargajiya ne na ƙasar Norway, kuma kwanan nan suka bayyana akan ɗakunan gida. Kodayake Pomors sun san yadda ake girbe waɗannan gabobin ƙwayoyin kamar yadda yaren mutanen Norway. Kunshin yaren daskararren nauyin kifi mai nauyin 600 g na iya cin kuɗi kusan 600 rubles.
- Cod roe - samfurin yana da lafiya kuma mai dadi, mai ma'ana a cikin farashi. Gwanin da ke dauke da 120 g na caviar na kwalliya zaikai 80-100 rubles.
Nama da kayan masarufi da yawa na kifin teku suna da ɗanɗano da halaye masu kyau. Dangane da fa'ida, naman jikin mutum yana cikin goman farko. An ba da shawarar ga mutane:
- fama da cututtukan zuciya, amosanin gabbai, sauran cututtuka na ƙasusuwa da haɗin gwiwa,
- wadanda suke son gyara rashin daidaiton bitamin,
- masu son tallafawa da kuma warkar da zukatansu,
- fuskantar matsanancin damuwa, fadawa cikin jihohi masu rauni,
- wadanda suke son kara musu rigakafi, inganta yanayin rayuwa.
Kifi na kamun kifi
Dangane da kodin, nau'ikan kamun kifi guda uku an haɓaka - kamun kifi na kasuwanci, farauta don amfanin mutum da kamun kifi na wasanni. Cod — teku farautar kifi Wannan yana ƙayyade hanyoyin kama shi.
Masunta ko 'yan wasa masu kamun kifi suna zuwa teku a kan aikin da ya dace na iyo. Ana aiwatar da kamun kifi a cikin ruwa ko a ƙasan. An saka azzalumi - layin kamun kifi tare da kaya, rakiyar leshi da ƙugiya.
Ko bene - ingantaccen mai zalunci - layin kamun kifi tare da jagorori da ƙugiyoyi, an miƙa tsakanin buireps. Buirep - madaidaiciya madaidaiciya na dogon - wanda babban jirgi ya ja (an ɗauke shi) kuma an kafa shi tare da kaya mai nauyi.
Lokacin kamun kifi tare da azzalumi ko dogon layi, ana sanya sassan kifi akan ƙugiya, wani lokacin sukan samu ta hanyar kwaikwayon ƙira na gargajiya, a wasu halaye ƙugiya mara isa ta isa. A yankunan da ke bakin teku, an zaɓi abin da ya dace don kama kifi fiye da yadda ake kama manyan kifaye a cikin teku.
A cikin yankin hawan igiyar ruwa, ana iya kama kodin tare da layin ƙasa. Dole sanda ya zama mai ƙarfi, ana iya cire jagororin, layin dole ne ya zama aƙalla 0.3 mm. Lokacin yin hawan igiyar ruwa, tsutsotsi na teku suna aiki da kyau kamar koto. Da yawa daga cikinsu suna yiwa baho ƙugiya a ƙugiya.
Don tarko, masunta galibi suna yin tarkacen kansu. Wannan salo mai sauƙi bututu ne da aka cika da harbi kuma aka cika shi da gubar. Arshen bututun yana da faɗi da zagaye, ana yin ramuka a cikinsu. An ƙaddara zane ta ƙugiya sau uku A'a. 12 ko A'a. 14.
A Yammacin duniya, yanzu kuma a cikin ƙasarmu, suna siyar da manyan kaya - jigs. An mai da hankali kan yanayin kamun kifi daban-daban: kala, nutsuwa, da sauransu. Suna da nauyi daban-daban daga 30 zuwa 500 g. Wasu lokutan ana amfani da Jigs a haɗe tare da ƙugiya akan ƙarancin rabin mita. Ana sanya bait na halitta akan ƙugiya: jatan lande, yanki ko kifin duka.
Don hakar kodin, yi amfani da:
- Wananan raƙuman ruwa da kamun kifi a cikin layin ruwa sune pelagic.
- Snurrevody, ko ƙasa seines. Mesh gear, wanda shine tsakiyar tsakanin trawls da seines-out-of-the-line seines.
- Kafaffen da jaka seines.
- Longline ƙugiya magance.
Yawan kamun kodin na shekara-shekara shine tan dubu 850-920. Masunta na Rasha na iya wadatar da buƙatun ƙasar da ƙwarya. Amma a wasu halaye, masu saye sun fi son Yaren mutanen Norway, China, Vietnam.
Hanyoyin zamani game da kiwon kifi sun tabo kan kodin. Sun fara haɓaka shi ta hanyar aiki. Kodin da aka samar da shi har yanzu bai yi gasa tare da kifayen da aka haifa kyauta ba. Amma wannan lokaci ne na lokaci.
Da yake magana game da kamun kifi don kodin, ana yawan tuna da labarin baƙin ciki na Bankin Newfoundland. Kusa da tsibirin Newfoundland, a wurin taron na Labrador Current mai sanyi da Kogin Gulf, akwai yankin da ya dace da rayuwa da wadatar yawancin kifaye da yawa.
Wannan zurfin, ƙasa da m 100, ana kiran wurin Bankin Newfoundland. Kodin na Atlantic da herring ya samar da adadi mai yawa. Sauran nau'ikan kifaye da kuliyoyi ba su da nisa.
Tun ƙarshen karni na 15, an sami nasarar kama kifi anan. Isa ga kowa. A rabi na biyu na karnin da ya gabata, rundunar kamun kifi ta kara karfin jiragen ruwan ta. A cikin ɗayan ɗayan, masu safarar jirgin sun fara kamun kifin a cikin tan na kifi da yawa. Fasahar daskarewa da sauri ta cire duk wasu ƙuntatawa akan kamun kifi.
Ci gaban fasaha da haɗamar 'yan kasuwa sun yi abin da ba su iya fahimta ba tsawon ƙarnuka da yawa: sun lalata Bankin Newfoundland. Zuwa 2002, kashi 99% na kodin ya kasance an yi kifi a wannan yanki.
Gwamnatin Kanada ta kama, ta gabatar da adadin kuɗi, amma matakan ƙuntatawa ba su dawo da yawan lambobi a cikin Bankin Newfoundland ba. Wasu masana muhalli sun gaskata cewa hakan ba zai taɓa faruwa ba.
