Kwandon gilashin (Centrolenidae) masana kimiyyar sun rarraba shi azaman amphibian mara ƙoshin lafiya (Anura). Suna zaune a yankuna masu zafi na Kudancin Amurka. Siffar su ita ce kusan cikakkiyar bayyananniyar bawo. Wannan shine dalilin gilashin kwado ya sami wannan suna.
Bayani da fasali
Yawancin wakilai na wannan dabba suna da launi koren launi tare da ƙananan launuka masu launuka iri-iri. Gwan gilashi bai fi 3 cm tsayi ba, duk da cewa akwai jinsunan da suka dan fi girma girma.
A yawancinsu, ciki ne kawai yake bayyane, ta inda, in ana so, ana iya kallon dukkan gabobin ciki, gami da kwai a cikin mata masu juna biyu. A yawancin nau'ikan kwadin gilasai, hatta kasusuwa da kayan tsoka suna bayyane. Kusan babu wani daga cikin wakilan duniyar dabbobi da zai iya yin alfahari da irin wannan dukiya ta fata.
Koyaya, wannan ba shine kawai fasalin waɗannan kwaɗin ba. Idanun ma suna sanya su na musamman. Ba kamar 'yan uwanta na kusa ba (kwadi na itace), idanun kwalayen gilashi idanuwansu ba su saba gani ba kuma suna fuskantar su kai tsaye, yayin da idanuwan kwaron bishiyar a gefen jikin.
Wannan shine alamomin dangin su. Arealiban a kwance suke. Da rana, suna cikin sirar tsattsauran ra'ayi, kuma da daddare, ɗaliban suna ƙaruwa sosai, suna zama kusan zagaye.
Jikin kwado yana da faɗi, kuma faɗi ne, kamar yadda kai yake. Gabobin jiki suna elongated, na bakin ciki. Akwai wasu masu shayarwa a kafafu, tare da taimakon wanda kwaɗi a sauƙaƙe suna riƙe ganyen. Hakanan, kwadinan masu haske suna da kyamarar kamanni da yanayin zafi.
Irin
Misali na farko na waɗannan amphibians an gano su a cikin karni na 19. Rarrabawa na Centrolenidae yana canzawa koyaushe: yanzu wannan dangin na amphibians sun ƙunshi ƙananan gidaje guda biyu kuma fiye da jinsin 10 na kwaɗin gilashi. Marcos Espada, masanin kimiyyar dabbobi na Spain ne ya gano su kuma ya fara bayanin su. Akwai mutane masu ban sha'awa a cikin su.
Misali, Hyalinobatrachium (karamin kwaɗin gilashi) yana da nau'ikan 32 tare da cikakkiyar ciki da farin kwarangwal. Bayyanannensu na ba ka damar ganin kusan dukkanin gabobin ciki - ciki, hanta, hanji, zuciyar mutum. A cikin wasu nau'in, an rufe ɓangaren ɓangaren narkewa ta fim mai haske. Hantar su tana zagaye, yayin da a cikin kwaɗi na sauran jinsi ya kasance mai ganye uku.
A cikin kwayar halittar Centrolene (geckos), wacce ta ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'ikan 27, mutane masu ɗauke da kwarangwal. A kafaɗar akwai wani nau'i mai kama da ƙugiya, wanda maza ke amfani da shi yayin saduwa, suna yaƙi don ƙasa. Daga cikin duk dangi na kusa, ana ɗaukarsu mafi girman girma.
Wakilan kwadin na Cochranella suma suna da kwarangwal mai launin kore da farin fim a cikin peritoneum wanda ke rufe ɓangarorin gabobin ciki. Hanta na lobular ne; ƙugun kafada ba ya nan. Sun sami sunansu ne don girmama masanin dabbobin Doris Cochran, wanda ya fara bayanin wannan nau'in kwayayen gilasai.
Daga cikin su, ra'ayi mafi ban sha'awa shine fringed gilashin kwado (Cochanella Euknemos). An fassara sunan daga Girkanci azaman "tare da kyawawan ƙafa". Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa shine gefen jiki na gaba, gabbai da hannaye.
Tsarin jiki
Tsarin kwadin gilashi daidai yayi daidai da mazauninta da salon rayuwarta. Fatarta na dauke da gland da yawa wadanda ke fitar da hancin a koda yaushe. Yana sanya moisturized casings a kai a kai kuma yana riƙe danshi akan saman su.
Ta kuma kare dabba daga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Hakanan, fatar tana shiga cikin musayar gas. Tunda ruwa ya shiga jikinsu ta fatar, babban mazaunin yana da danshi, wurare masu danshi. Anan, akan fata, akwai masu karɓar zafi da zafin jiki.
Ofaya daga cikin fasali mai ban sha'awa na tsarin jikin kwado shine kusa da hancin hancin da idanun a saman ɓangaren kai. Amfani na amphibian, yayin iyo a cikin ruwa, ya riƙe kansa da jikinsa sama da farfajiyar sa, numfashi da ganin yanayin da ke kewaye da shi.
Launin kwado na gilashi ya dogara da mazaunin sa. Wasu nau'in suna iya canza launin fata dangane da yanayin muhalli. Saboda wannan, suna da ƙwayoyin halitta na musamman.
Gabobin hannu na wannan amphibian suna da girma fiye da na gaba. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa na gaba an daidaita su don tallafi da saukowa, kuma tare da taimakon na baya suna motsawa sosai cikin ruwa da kuma a gabar teku.
Fro daga wannan dangin basu da haƙarƙari, kuma kashin baya ya kasu kashi 4: mahaifa, sacral, caudal, akwati. Attachedaƙƙarfan kwado mai haske a haɗe yake da kashin baya ta ɗaya kashin baya. Wannan yana bawa kwado damar motsa kansa. Connectedafannun suna haɗuwa da kashin baya ta ɗamara na gaba da na baya na wata gabar jiki. Ya haɗa da wuyan kafaɗa, sternum, ƙashin ƙugu.
Tsarin juyayi na kwadi yana da rikitarwa fiye da na kifi. Ya kunshi jijiyoyin wuya da kwakwalwa. Cerewayar ba ta da ƙananan saboda wadannan amphibians suna rayuwa ta rashin kwanciyar hankali kuma motsin su yana da girma.
Hakanan tsarin narkewa yana da wasu sifofi. Ta yin amfani da dogon harshe mai ɗanko a cikin bakinsa, kwado ya kama kwari kuma ya riƙe su da haƙoransu waɗanda kawai suke a saman muƙamuƙi. Sannan abinci ya shiga cikin hancin, ciki, don ci gaba da sarrafawa, sannan ya koma hanjin.
Zuciyar waɗannan amphibians ɗin tana da rabe-rabe uku, ta ƙunshi atria biyu da kuma ventricle, inda ake haɗuwa da jijiyoyin jini da na jini. Akwai da'ira biyu na zagawar jini. Tsarin numfashi na kwadi yana wakiltar hanci, huhu, amma fatar amphibians ma tana cikin aikin numfashi.
Tsarin numfashi kamar haka: hancin kwado ya bude, a lokaci guda kasan oropharynx dinsa sai iska ya shiga shi. Lokacin da aka rufe hancin hancin, kasa na tashi kadan sai iska ta shiga huhu. A lokacin hutu na peritoneum, ana aiwatar da numfashi.
Tsarin fitar da jini yana wakiltar kodan, inda ake tace jini. Ana amfani da abubuwa masu amfani a cikin tubules na koda. Na gaba, fitsari yakan ratsa ta cikin fitsarin ya shiga cikin mafitsara.
Kwaɗi na gilashi, kamar kowane amphibians, suna da jinkirin saurin aiki. Zafin jikin kwado kai tsaye ya dogara da yanayin zafin yanayi. Da farkon lokacin sanyi, sai su zama masu wuce gona da iri, suna neman keɓantattun wurare, wurare masu dumi, sannan suna hibernate.
Hankulan mutane suna da matukar mahimmanci, saboda kwaɗi suna iya rayuwa a ƙasa da cikin ruwa. An tsara su ta hanyar da amphibians zasu iya dacewa da wasu yanayin rayuwa. Gabobin da ke kan layin a kaikaice suna taimaka musu a sauƙaƙe zuwa sararin samaniya. A gani, suna kama da ratsi biyu.
Hangen nesa na gilashin gilashi yana baka damar ganin abubuwa a motsi da kyau, amma baya ganin abubuwa masu tsaye sosai. Halin ƙanshi, wanda hancin hancin yake wakilta, yana bawa kwado damar daidaita kanshi da ƙanshi.
Gabobin ji sun kunshi kunnen ciki da tsakiya. Tsakiyar wani nau'in kogo ne, a gefe ɗaya yana da hanyar fita zuwa cikin oropharynx, ɗayan kuma ana fuskantar shi kusa da kai. Har ila yau, akwai kunnen kunne, wanda aka haɗa shi da kunnen ciki tare da stap. Ta hanyar sa ne ake watsa sautuka zuwa cikin kunne na ciki.
Rayuwa
Kwarin gilashi galibi galibi ne, kuma da rana suna hutawa kusa da tafki kan ciyawar ciyawa. Suna farautar kwari da rana, a kan ƙasa. Can, a kan ƙasa, kwaɗi sun zaɓi aboki, aboki kuma su kwanta a kan ganye da ciyawa.
Koyaya, yayansu - tadpoles, suna haɓaka ne kawai a cikin ruwa kuma bayan sun juya zuwa ƙwai kuma suna zuwa ƙasa don ƙarin ci gaba. Halin maza yana da ban sha'awa sosai, wanda, bayan mace ta yi ƙwai, ya kasance kusa da zuriya kuma ya kare shi daga ƙwari. Amma abin da mace ke yi bayan kwanciya ba a san shi ba.
Gidajen zama
Amphibians suna jin a cikin yanayi mai kyau a bankunan rafuka masu sauri, tsakanin rafuka, a cikin dazuzzuka masu daushin wurare masu zafi da tsaunuka. Gilashin kwado yana zaune a cikin ganyen bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi, duwatsu masu danshi da ciyawar ciyawa. Ga waɗannan kwadi, babban abu shine akwai danshi a kusa.
Gina Jiki
Kamar kowane nau'in nau'in amphibian, kwaɗin gilashi kwata-kwata baya gajiya da neman abinci. Abincin su ya kunshi nau'ikan kwari iri-iri: sauro, kudaje, bedbugs, caterpillars, beetles da sauran kwari makamantansu.
Kuma tadpoles kusan dukkanin nau'ikan kwadi basu da bakin buɗewa. Abincinsu na gina jiki ya ƙare mako guda bayan tadpole ɗin ya bar ƙwai. A lokaci guda, canzawar baki yana farawa, kuma a wannan matakin ci gaban, tadpoles na iya cin gashin kansu da kwayoyin halitta masu rai guda daya wadanda ake samu a jikin ruwa.
Sake haifuwa
Maza da kwado na gilashi suna jan hankalin mata da sauti iri-iri. A lokacin damina, ana jin polyphony na kwado tare da rafuka, koramu, a bankunan tafkunan. Bayan ya zaɓi abokiyar aure kuma ya sa ƙwai, namiji yana da kishin yankinsa sosai. Lokacin da baƙo ya bayyana, namiji yana yin saurin fushi, yana hanzarin faɗa.
Akwai hotuna masu ban mamaki inda hoton gilashi kare 'ya'yanta, suna zaune akan ganye kusa da ƙwai. Namiji a hankali yana kula da kamawa, yana shayar da shi da abin da ke cikin mafitsararsa, don haka yana kiyaye shi daga zafin rana. Waɗannan ƙwai da suka kamu da ƙwayoyin cuta maza ne ke cin su, don haka yana kare kama daga kamuwa da cutar.
Kwarin gilashi suna sanya ƙwai kai tsaye sama da jikkunan ruwa, akan ganye da ciyawa. Lokacin da taduduwa ya bayyana daga ƙwai, sai ya zamana cikin ruwa, inda ci gabanta ke gudana. Sai bayan bayyanar tadpoles sai namiji ya daina sarrafa zuriya.
Tsawon rayuwa
Ba a fahimci tsawon rayuwar gilashin gilashi sosai ba, amma an sani cewa a cikin yanayin yanayi rayuwarsu ta fi taƙaitacciya. Wannan ya faru ne saboda yanayin yanayin muhalli mara kyau: sare bishiyun daji ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, fitowar abubuwa iri iri a cikin ruwan. An ɗauka cewa matsakaiciyar rayuwar gilashin gilashi a cikin mazaunin ta na iya zama tsakanin shekaru 5-15.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa
- Akwai sama da nau'in 60 na kwaɗin gilashi a duniya.
- A baya can, kwaɗin gilashi wani ɓangare ne na dangin bishiyar bishiyar frog.
- Bayan kwanciya, mace ta ɓace kuma ba ta kula da zuriyar.
- Tsarin kwanciya a cikin kwadi ana kiransa amplexus.
- Babban wakili na kwado gilashi shine Centrolene Gekkoideum. Kowane mutum ya kai 75 mm.
- Rawar muryar maza tana bayyana kanta a cikin nau'ikan sautuka iri-iri - bushe-bushe, raɗaɗi ko murza-leda.
- A zahiri ba a karanta rayuwa da ci gaban tadpoles.
- Ana rufe kwandunan gilashi da gishirin bile, waɗanda ake samu a ƙasusuwa kuma ana amfani da su azaman wasu irin launuka.
- Kwayoyin wannan dangi suna da hangen nesa na jiki, watau suna iya gani daidai da idanu biyu a lokaci guda.
- Homelandasar tarihi na kwadi mai haske shine arewa maso yamma na Kudancin Amurka.
Filashin gilashi halitta ce ta musamman, mai saurin lalacewa wanda aka halitta ta yanayi, tare da halaye da yawa na ɓangaren narkewa, haifuwa da salon rayuwa gaba ɗaya.
