Hankaka

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Hankaka tsuntsu ne mai ɗauke da tatsuniyoyi da almara da yawa. Yawanci ana samun kamarsa a cikin tatsuniyoyin mutane daban-daban na duniya. A cikin wasu tatsuniyoyi, ya bayyana a matsayin mai bayyana sihiri na matsala, a wasu kuma shi mai nasiha ne. A kowane hoto da ya bayyana a gabanmu, a koyaushe akwai girmamawa da girmamawa ga wannan tsuntsu. Me muka sani game da hankaka?

Asalin jinsin da bayanin

Hotuna: hankaka

Hankaka shine mafi girma daga cikin membobin gidan corvidae. Wannan dangin shine ɗayan wakilan babban tsari na masu wuce gona da iri. Muryar hankaka tana da ƙarfi da tsauri, tare da rawar jiki. Baya ga sanannen kwanciya da kwanciya, tsuntsayen na iya yin rabuwa, mafi sautuka masu rikitarwa har ma da kwaikwayon sauran muryoyin. Asalin sunan hankaka, ya samo asali ne daga kalmar hankaka, wanda ke nufin baƙar fata. Akwai tatsuniyoyi da yawa da ke tattare da mallakar irin wannan launin hankaka mai baƙin ciki.

Babu shakka hankaka ɗayan tsoffin halittu ne a duniya. Yana da wuya a sami irin wannan tsuntsu, wanda za a sadaukar da irin waɗannan tatsuniyoyi da al'adun sufi a matsayin hankaka. Indiyawan Ba'amurke, masu tsananin Scandinavians, ƙabilun Afirka da mutanen arewa suna bauta masa kuma suna tsoronsa. Akwai nassoshi da yawa game da hankaka a cikin tsofaffin rubuce-rubucen.

Don haka rubutun cuneiform, wanda yake kwanan wata zuwa karni na 3 BC, ya ba da labarin wani ɓataccen ɓata da ya tsere a cikin jirgi yayin ambaliyar duniya. A cewar tatsuniya, ya saki kurciya kurciya da haɗiya daga jirginsa don neman ƙasa da abinci. A cikin dukkan tsuntsayen, hankaka ne kawai ya sami damar gano ƙasa. Hankakan hankaka sanannen abu ne da babu shakka.

Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali

Photo: Raven tsuntsu

Hankaka tsuntsu ne da kowa ya gani kuma ya ji. Amma ba kowa bane zai iya rarrabe hankaka ta gaske daga dangin da ke kusa da shi. Wadanda galibi aka yi musu kuskure da hankaka hakika sun zama roko ko hankaka. Bambanta ko kaɗan ba wuya a rarrabe ainihin hankaka, kawai a duba da kyau. Hankaka babban tsuntsu ne, tsayin jiki na iya kaiwa cm 70. Tsawon fikafikan ya kai cm 47. A cikin yanayin ƙafa, fikafikan zai iya kai wa cm 140. Mata sun ɗan fi maza girma, amma ban da girmansu, alamun waje ba za a iya rarrabewa ba. Bakin bakin yana da kaifi, mai girma kuma yana da girma sosai.

Bidiyo: Raven

Wani fasali na hankaka shi ne gashin fuka-fukai masu kaifi, game da maƙogwaro a cikin siffar “gemu”, wanda ake fitarwa musamman yayin waƙar tsuntsu. Babban balaguro ya cika baki da launi mai launin shuɗi. Fukafukan hankaka dogaye ne kuma an manna su, tare da wutsiya mai kama da sihiri. Clausoshin tsuntsaye masu ƙarfi ne, masu kaifi, cikakke a launi. Hakanan ana iya rarrabe tsuntsu da ke tashi sama, kadawar fikafikan ya fi na sauran wakilan kusa. Hanyar hankaka ta tashi abar birgewa ce; tana iya yin sama sama na dogon lokaci kamar gaggafa.

Tsawon rayuwar hankaka a cikin yanayi ya kai shekaru 15. A cikin bauta, inda babu cikakkiyar maƙiyan waje da wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki, tsawon lokacin yana ƙaruwa zuwa shekaru 40-50.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A Landan, a yankin Tower Castle, hankaka suna cikin aikin hukuma na Mai Martaba, inda suke ƙarƙashin cikakken kariya.

A ina hankaka yake rayuwa?

Hotuna: Black hankaka

Saboda rashin dacewar abinci da yanayi, ana iya samun hankaka ko'ina. Zai iya zama gabar Arctic har ma da tundra. A gefen dutsen na arewa, ya fi yawa a bakin teku da kuma kwaruruka masu ciyayi. A tsakiyar layin, ya fi son yankuna masu dazuzzuka tare da bishiyun bishiyun bishiyun bishiyun bishiyoyi. Yankunan daji tare da wuraren buɗewa kusa da jikkunan ruwa da yankunan marshy. Croan hankaka suna ƙoƙari su guji ci gaba da yawa na taiga. Kusa da can nesa da kudu, tsuntsayen sun fi yarda sun zauna a cikin tsaunuka, ba ta yin watsi da tsibirai da dazukan da ke kwarara a tsakiyar matattarar.

Idan tun da farko an yi imani cewa hankaka yana kaurace wa makwabta da mutum, to tun daga tsakiyar karnin da ya gabata an samu tsayayyen yanayi ga tsuntsu na matsawa kusa da kusa da mazaunin mutum. A arewa maso yammacin Rasha, tsuntsaye sun fara ragargaza gida a gefen gari. Ciki har da irin wannan babban birni kamar St. Petersburg, inda ba a taɓa saduwa da su ba. Hankaka ya fara ba da hankali sosai ga mutumin, kodayake koyaushe yana tare da shi. Lissafin yin gida-gida a kan gine-gine masu hawa da yawa a cikin manyan biranen ya zama ruwan dare.

Yawancin lokaci, hankaka yakan matsa kusa da mutane tare da farkon lokacin hunturu. Saboda babbar murfin dusar ƙanƙara da raguwar adadin rayayyun halittu masu rai, ya zama da wahalar samun abinci a yanayi. A cikin birni, sau da yawa ana iya samun hankaka a wuraren juji.

Me hankaka yake ci?

Photo: Raven tsuntsu

Hankaka tsuntsu ne mai cin komai, galibi ana kiran sa da tsari na yanayi, yadda yake. Ana kuma kiran hankaka mai shara. Haka ne, tsuntsayen suna cin mushe da farin ciki, amma a lokaci guda naman sabo ne kawai, rubabben dabba ba zai yi sha'awar ta ba. Ba ta son yin farauta da kowane karamin wasa da kanta, yayin da za ta iya ratayewa na dogon lokaci, tana tashi sama. Idanun hankaka, mai kaifi ne, kuma ya zaɓi wanda aka azabtar da shi, sai ya garzaya zuwa gare ta kamar fallon.

Crow ganima a cikin daji yawanci:

  • kadangaru;
  • kwadi;
  • macizai;
  • beraye;
  • kajin sauran tsuntsaye;
  • manyan ƙwaro da tsutsa.

Kaji shima yana samu daga gareshi, wanda mutanen gari ke matukar kaunarsa. Idan hankaka ya ga kama wani da ƙwai ko kajin, ba za su yi kyau ba. Baya ga dukkan halittu masu rai, tsuntsu yana farin cikin cin abincin tsire: hatsi, amfanin gona. Don haka lambunan girkin su ma sun samu daga wurin shi ma. Hankaka tsuntsu ne mai ban mamaki da hankali, kuma ba zai taɓa yin kasada da kansa a banza ba. Zai iya kallon abin farauta ko masu fafatawa na dogon lokaci, kuma bayan jiran lokacin da ya dace don karɓar abincin sa.

A lokaci guda, ba za a iya kiran hankaka tsuntsu mai haɗama ba. Mafi sau da yawa, bayan sun sami mushen dabba, hankakan yakan kirawo danginsa, yayin da girman abin farauta ba shi da mahimmanci. Theera sau da yawa sukan ɓoye ragowar abinci ta binnewa a ajiye. Binnewa da tonowa shine ɗayan abubuwan shaƙatawa na hankaka.

Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa

Photo: hankaka a cikin jirgin

Hankaka yana ɗaya daga cikin rayayyun halittu masu rai a duniya. Ana lura cewa kafin ayi wani abu hankaka yayi kiyasin halin da ake ciki sosai. Kuma yana aiki da amfani kamar yadda ya yiwu, ban da ƙungiyoyi marasa buƙata. Masana kimiyya sun sha yin nazarin ikon tunani na tsuntsaye. Gwaje-gwajen kan dabara sun sa sun kammala cewa hankaka yana da hankali. Ya zama cewa tsuntsayen nan da nan suka gano abubuwan da suke bi a cikin yanayin rikitarwa. Anyi bayanin gwajin da masana ilmin ɗabi'a suka gudanar da kyau.

Jigon gwajin ya kasance kamar haka. An ba da hankaka jirgin ruwa mai ƙanƙan da ruwa, inda abinci a cikin yanayin tsutsotsi ke yawo. An shimfiɗa tsakuwa dutse kusa da nan. Hankakan, wanda ba zai iya kaiwa ga tsutsa ba, da sauri ya fahimci cewa yana yiwuwa a jefa duwatsu a cikin ruwa, don haka ya ɗaga matakin ruwan. Baya ga duwatsu, akwai wasu abubuwa a cikin dutsen da ba su nitse a cikin ruwa ba.

Hankakan ya yi tunanin cire su don kada su shiga hanyar. Don haka, da sauri tsuntsun ya fara kulawa. Don tsarkin gwajin, an maimaita wannan gwajin, kuma tare da sauran hankaka kuma sakamakon ya kasance iri ɗaya. An lura cewa hankaka yakan yi amfani da abubuwa marasa kyau don samun abinci.

Ikon amfani da hanyoyin taimako ana yada shi ga ƙuruciya matasa, yayin aiwatar da lura da manya, saboda haka ba za'a iya kiran sa na asali ba. Hanyar yadda hankaka ke sha shima yana tabbatar da babban wayewar sa. Idan yawancin tsuntsaye suna tara ruwa a cikin baki, sannan kuma suna daga kawunansu don yin gilashi, to hankaka yayi daban. Yana sanya bakinsa na bakin ruwa, yayin da yake juya kansa gefe guda, sakamakon ruwan da kansa ke kwarara zuwa rami, zai iya hadiye shi kawai.

Duk da yanayinsa na zahiri, hankaka tsuntsu ne mai wasan gaske. Crowararrun ƙuruciya suna da matuƙar son yin wasa da abubuwa daban-daban, ɓoye su bayan sun yi wasa mai isa. Bugu da ƙari, wasu dabbobi na iya shiga cikin abin abin dariya don su, yayin kiyaye taka tsantsan.

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

Photo: Raven tsuntsu

A cikin mazauninsu na al'ada, hankaka masu aminci ne ga ma'auratan su. A shekara ta biyu ta rayuwa, hankaka ya kai ga balagar jima'i. Ma'auratan da aka halitta sun kiyaye dangantakar na dogon lokaci. Lokacin saduwa na hankakan yakan fara ne a cikin hunturu a watan Fabrairu. Ana yin dogon buri ta hanyar shaƙatawa akan abin da mutum yake so. A lokaci guda, hankaka baya tashi sama kawai, amma yana yin abubuwa da yawa masu rikitarwa, yana nuna ƙwarewar su. Duk abokan haɗin gwiwar sun shiga aikin ginin gida, suna gina mazauni, galibi akan itace mai tsayi a cikin babban kambi.

Don haka - a wasu wuraren da makiya ba za su iya shiga ba. Firam ɗin gida yana da rassa masu kauri waɗanda suke haɗa juna da juna. Ana saka manyan ramuka tare da siraran sirara; sau da yawa ana amfani da yumbu azaman kayan gini. Daga ciki, an wadatar da zuriyar dabbobi, wanda kuma yake aiki azaman zafin jiki. Duk wani abu da ya dace da wannan ana amfani dashi azaman rufi. An lura cewa yayin zabar zuriyar dabbobi, hankaka zaiyi la'akari da yanayin yanayin yankin. Gidan hankaka na iya zama sama da mita ɗaya a diamita.

Maris shine lokacin kwan kwai. Crowungiyar mata tana sanya ƙwai 2-6 na launin shuɗi-shuɗi mai launin toka mai ruwan kasa. Lokacin shiryawa yana ɗauka ne daga ranakun 20-23, kuma duka abokan haɗin gwiwar galibi suna shiga wannan. Kajin da suka bayyana suna da kyakkyawar sha'awa, duk ma'auratan suna ciyarwa, amma yawanci namiji yakanyi hakan. Lokacin da kaji suka kyankyashe, yanayi yakan yi sanyi sosai, musamman da daddare. Kuruciya mace ba ta barin kajin ta na farkon kwanakin, tana ci gaba da dumama su.

Kimanin kwanaki 10 bayan haihuwa, ƙuruciya matasa sun fara koyon yawo. Na farko, tashi zuwa reshe na gaba, kuma kusan kimanin kwanaki 40 da haihuwa sun riga sun amince da ƙarfi a kan reshe. Har zuwa lokacin sanyi, suna ci gaba da zama tare da iyayensu, suna ɗaukar dabarun rayuwarsu.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Raven yana da aminci ga tsarinsa. Akwai lokuta yayin da hatta hankaka mai rauni ya ci gaba da haifar da zuriyarsa.

Abokan gaba na hankaka

Photo: hankaka dabba

Hankaka babban tsuntsu ne mai ƙarfi, amma har yanzu yana da isassun makiya na ɗabi'a. Babban abokan gaba na hankaka a cikin yanayin mahalli sune manyan tsuntsayen masu cin nama kamar gaggafa da shaho. Baya ga su, mujiya babban haɗari ne. Tsuntsaye ne mara daddare da ke afkawa gida yayin da tsuntsaye ke bacci. Menene babban haɗari ga brood, kuma galibi ga tsuntsu mai girma. Daga cikin barazanar tarko akwai dawakai, kerkeci, kuraye, diloli, masu farauta irin ta shahidan.

Don neman mushe, hankaka dole ne ya kasance tare da waɗannan masu farautar, kuma idan hankali ya ɓace, shi da kansa na iya zama ganimar su. Dangane da barazanar da ake yi wa hankaka a cikin birni, ƙarancin su ya fi na daji. A cikin biranen birni, kusancin mutum koyaushe yana rage hankali ga hankaka ga haɗarin da ke kewaye da shi. Ana iya amfani da wannan factor ta karnukan ɓata har ma da kuliyoyi. Amma irin waɗannan shari'o'in ba su da yawa, kuma wannan wani dalili ne mai yiwuwa na ƙaura hankaka cikin iyakokin birni. Babban abokin gaba ga hankaka a wani lokaci na tarihi shine mutum.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An lura cewa hankaka duk tsawon rayuwarsu suna ci gaba da sadarwa tare da dangi na kusa, suna tashi don ziyartar juna.

Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin

Photo: Raven tsuntsu

A zamanin da, musamman a karni na 19, mutane sun tsananta wa hankaka. An dauke shi alama ce ta masifa da jigilar matsaloli, ban da wannan, ana zargin hankaka da lalata amfanin gona. Duk wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa sun fara ragargaza lalata tsuntsu, gami da taimakon guba. Wannan ya haifar da raguwar mutane sosai. Daga baya, wasu kasashen Turai sun fara gyara lamarin ta hanyar daukar hankaka karkashin kariya. Irin waɗannan matakan sun ba da fruita fruita, kuma yawan hankaka ya fara ƙaruwa.

Wani cikas ga ƙara yawan taron hankaka a wasu yankuna yanayi ne mai wahala na hunturu, wanda yake da wuya a samu abinci. Ci gaban sabbin yankuna ta ɗan adam, biyo bayan ƙaruwar cunkoson mutane a wannan yankin. Bayanin mai sauki ne: inda akwai mutum, koyaushe za a sami ɓarnar abinci. Tsohuwar hankaka ta baƙar fata hankalinta sananne ne ga duk mazaunan ɓangaren Turai. Amma tsarin hankaka yana da yawa kuma ba'a iyakance shi ga wannan nau'in kawai ba.

An san nau'ikan hankaka masu zuwa dangane da yanayin ƙasa:

  • Antillean Raven;
  • Hankalin Novokoledonsky;
  • Farar hankaka;
  • Launin toka
  • Baƙin Amurka;
  • Hankaka
  • Shiny hankaka;
  • Flores Raven;
  • Rawan Cuban;
  • Cape Raven;
  • Giant Raven;
  • Dwarf hankaka;
  • Rawar Bismarck;
  • Jamaican Raven;
  • Gwanin Guam;
  • Karkarar Hamada;
  • Raararrawa etaho;
  • Dabino kura

Wasu daga cikin nau'ikan hankakan da ke sama an rarraba su a cikin iyakantaccen yanki kuma mutanensu ba su da yawa. Sauran, duk da haka, suna rayuwa sosai, amma galibi a cikin wannan nahiya. Babban hankaka mai baƙar fata, wanda yafi dacewa da kowane mazaunin, godiya ga abin da muka san shi kamar yadda yake.

Hankaka mai gadi

Hotuna: Raven Red Book

Yana da wuya wasu su ɗauka cewa hankaka nau'in tsuntsaye ne da ke da haɗari. A yankin Tarayyar Rasha, a wannan lokacin, hankaka gama gari a matsayin jinsin ba shi da barazanar bacewa. Wanda ba za a iya faɗi da tabbaci ga wasu ƙasashen Yammacin Turai ba.

A wasu ƙasashe, gami da Jamus, hankaka yana ƙarƙashin kariyar ƙasa kuma an lasafta shi a cikin Littafin Cikin Gida. Da zarar akwai hankakan yawa. Amma "godiya" ga babban ɓangaren manufofin cocin bisa camfi, sai hankaka ya fara lalacewa sosai. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa yawancin yawancin hankakai a yammacin Turai sun lalace.

A rabi na biyu na karnin da ya gabata, an dauki hankakan karkashin kariyar aiki. A cikin tsaunukan Alps na Jamus akwai tashoshi masu ban sha'awa, inda ake kula da ƙaurar hankaka ta ringing. Don zurfin bincike game da halayen waɗannan tsuntsayen masu ban mamaki, wasu mutane na musamman ana keɓance su a sararin samaniya.

Bayanan da aka samu na taimakawa cikin aiki kan kiyayewa da kuma kara yawan jama'a a muhallinsu. Yadda Jamusawa suka bi da namun daji bisa misalin tsuntsayen da ba su da yawa a doron ƙasa sun cancanci girmamawa. Duk waɗannan matakan suna ba da 'ya'ya, kuma yawan hankakan da ke wurin yana ƙaruwa a hankali.

Yawancin lokaci ba ma lura da waɗanda ke kewaye da rayuwarmu. Hankaka - tsuntsu mai ban mamaki, kallon wanda zai iya kawo kyawawan halaye masu kyau da abubuwan ganowa. Tsuntsu wanda yake haƙƙin haƙƙin ilimi tsakanin tsuntsaye. Don fahimtar wannan, ya isa ya jinkirta kasuwancin ku kuma kallon ta. Kuma yana yiwuwa hankaka zai koya mana sabon abu. Misali, more rayuwa mai sauki.

Ranar bugawa: 18.03.2019

Ranar da aka sabunta: 18.09.2019 a 10:43

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Kalli bidiyon: Mata Ina Muka Dosa - Visual Series - Episode 1 (Nuwamba 2024).