Tribesabilun makiyaya na Altai sun girmama maral a matsayin dabba mai tsarki, mai cikakkiyar dabbobi. Legends ya ce akwai garken waɗannan dabbobi masu daraja a sama, wanda rayuwa daga ƙasa ta samo asali, kuma rayukan mutanen da suka mutu suka koma ga "danginsu" na sama. Saboda haka, farautar kyawawan ƙahoni an iyakance, tsofaffi masu hikima sun gargaɗi matasa mafarauta: idan kuka kashe sama da marat Altai biyu, za a sami matsala.
Bayani da fasali
Dabba mai shayarwa Altai maral yana cikin tsari na artiodactyls, dangin barewa. Babban dabba, mai iko, mai tauri yana da tsayin kafada na 155 cm, nauyin jiki ya kai 300-350 kg da ƙari.
Tsawon daga busasshiyar har zuwa ƙarshen croup ɗin ya kai cm 250. Shanu sun fi maza ƙanƙan da yawa, ba tare da ƙaho ba. Fawn ya fi na sauran membobin gidan girma; a makon farko bayan haihuwa, suna da nauyi daga kilogiram 11 zuwa 22.
A lokacin bazara, launin mutane na jinsi biyu kusan iri ɗaya ne - launin ruwan kasa mai ɗaɗɗowa. A lokacin hunturu, bijimai suna juya launin ruwan kasa mai launin toka mai launin rawaya a tarnaƙi, duhu akan ciki, wuya da kafaɗu. Mata suna da launin toka-launin ruwan kasa iri ɗaya. Babban "madubi" (da'irar haske ta ulu da bakin baki a bango a bayan wutsiyar) ya faɗaɗa zuwa croup ɗin kuma ya bambanta da launi, wani lokacin mawuyacin-rusty ko m.
Theahonin maza suna da girma ƙwarai, ba su da kambi, sun ƙare da tara ko bakwai. A farkon batun bifurcation, babban sandar ya tanƙwara da sauri. Kai da bakin wannan nau'in suna da girma, musamman idan aka kwatanta da barewar Bukhara. Kururuwa mai kama da rurin Amurka wapiti, ba sautin da barewar Turai ta yi ba.
Irin
Altai maral yanki ne na Wapitis daga dangin barewa (Cervidae). Yayi kamanceceniya da wapiti na Amurka da arewa maso gabashin Asiya, misali, ƙirar Tien Shan (Cervus canadensis songaricus).
A cikin 1873, an bayyana maral a matsayin jinsin daban. Amma kadan fiye da ƙarni daga baya, an sanya dabbar ga ƙungiyar Siberia na jan barewa. Saboda haka, a wasu hanyoyin ana kiran dabbar "Siberian wapiti".
Rayuwa da mazauni
Altai maral yana zaune a arewa maso yamma na Mongolia, a tsaunukan Sayan, a yankuna da ke yamma da Tafkin Baikal, a cikin Tien Shan, a cikin Krasnoyarsk Territory, Kyrgyzstan har ma a New Zealand, inda aka samu ci gaban garken ɓarke.
Amma yawancin dabbobi suna cikin Yankin Altai. Sai kawai a cikin gonakin kiwo na maral akwai sama da dubu 85 daga cikinsu, kuma jimillar adadin a cikin yankin Tarayyar Rasha da Mongolia ita ce barewa dubu 300.
Daɗewar barewa sun fi son keɓancewa ko ƙungiyoyin jinsi masu yawa a cikin shekara. Yayin lokacin saduwa (rut), mazan da suka manyanta suna gasa don kula da shanu, sannan kuma suyi kokarin kare “wanda aka ci”.
Har karshen rayuwarsu, Altai maralli suna yin kiwo ne kawai a cikin tsaunuka, a wani yanki na daji. Mata da maruƙa suna haɗuwa a cikin ƙananan garken dabbobi uku zuwa bakwai, ƙwararren gogagge, gogaggen barewa ya zama shugaba.
Marals masu rinjaye suna bin abokai mata daga watan Agusta zuwa ƙarshen Nuwamba. "Tsohon soji" galibi suna riƙe da ɓarna, ƙwanƙolin siffar dabbar ta faɗi a shekaru 8. Deer tsakanin shekaru 2 zuwa 4 ya kasance a kan yankin manyan kango.
Marasa lafiya da tsofaffin mutane (shekarunsu 11 da haihuwa) basa haihuwa. Shugabannin maza suna ruri don ci gaba da "waɗanda ke ƙarƙashinsu" tare, wani ƙara mai kara yana zagayawa a unguwar da asuba da yamma.
Maralai suna kiwo a tsakanin ciyawar ciyawa a lokacin bazara, kuma a lokacin kaka da bazara suna yin ƙaura don neman yankuna masu ni'ima a ƙasan tsaunukan, wasu lokuta kan shawo kan nesa (har zuwa kilomita ɗari), gami da matsalolin ruwa. Wakilan wannan nau'in naman barewa masu ban sha'awa ne a cikin iyo kuma ba sa jin tsoron saurin tsaunuka. Sanyin shanu da shanu suna adana sanyin kogunan lokacin bazara yayi zafi sosai.
A yanayi mai zafi, suna ciyarwa ne da sanyin safiya ko bayan faduwar rana, kuma su huta sauran rana a cikin bishiyar bishiyoyi. Waɗannan suna da hankali, halittun da ke da hankali, suna motsawa da sauri, duk da ɗimbin ɗimbin yawa, suna tsalle daga wurin wurin ganin kowane haɗari. Cinye yankunan duwatsu cikin sauƙi.
Gina Jiki
Altai maral shine ciyawar shuke-shuke. A cikin bazara, bayan tsananin hunturu mai sanyi, buƙatar bitamin da sunadarai yana ƙaruwa. Grassananan ciyawa, hatsi, legumes, da tsire-tsire masu magani (kamar tushen zinare) suna taimaka wa marayu su sami ƙarfi. Maraloli suna son gishiri, lasa shi don sake cika ma'aunin ma'adinai daga ragar gishiri. Suna sha da ruwan bazara mai warkarwa, gami da ruwan gishiri.
A lokacin rani don ƙahonin ƙattai - sarari. Ciyawa da furanni suna da tsayi kuma suna da ruwa, 'ya'yan itace sun yi girma, gandun daji cike yake da namomin kaza da goro, wanda dabbobi ke ci. A farkon kaka, abincin Artiodactyls har yanzu yana da wadata, amma tare da farkon yanayin sanyi dole ne su "ci gaba da cin abinci."
Idan dusar ƙanƙara ba ta yi yawa ba, barewar tana cin ganyayyakin da ya faɗo, ɓauren da aka samo suna zuwa asalin tsire-tsire. A cikin yanayi mai sanyi suna cizon haushi daga bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi, suna fisgar rassa. Lichens da gansakuka, da allurar fir, spruce, da pines suna taimaka wa barewar ta miƙa har zuwa bazara.
Tunda ƙattai na gandun daji suna rayuwa kuma suna ciyarwa a cikin yankuna masu kariya da tsaftace muhalli, Altai maral nama ya ƙunshi bitamin da yawa da yawa. Musamman, ya ƙunshi potassium, magnesium, iron, glutamic da aspartic acid, riboflavin, thiamine, linoleic acid, selenium, sodium, vitamin PP, arginine. Sabili da haka, naman dabba yana da amfani sosai, yana cire gubobi, yana karfafa tsokar zuciya, yana inganta yaduwar jini, yana kuma rage cholesterol.
Sake haifuwa
Mating na marals ne cike da hatsari ga kishiya maza. Suna ƙalubalantar abokan hamayya ta hanyar zugawa da tafiya a layi ɗaya tare da abokan gaba, suna ba ku damar kwatanta ƙahonin juna, girman jiki da ƙarfin faɗa.
Idan babu ɗayansu ya ja da baya, duel akan ƙahonin yana faruwa. Maza sun yi karo da kokarin rusa dayan. Wadanda suka fi rauni barin filin daga. Kuna iya gano idan mayaƙi yana da ƙarfi ba kawai ta hanyar bayyanarsa ba, har ma da muryarsa. A cikin mai ƙarfi, yana da bushewa kuma "mai kauri", a cikin saurayi dogo ne.
Rashin mutuwa ba safai ba, kodayake idan tururuwa ta kamu da barewa, za su iya mutuwa. Hotunan yadda ake fada Altai maral, a hoto galibi ana cin karo da su, saboda a irin wannan lokacin dabbobin suna nutsuwa a cikin faɗa. Sauran lokaci, kusan mawuyacin abu ne a sadu da jan barewa a cikin daji, abin kunya ne.
Mata na balaga a lokacin da suke da shekaru 2, kuma yawanci sukan haihu ne a shekara 3. Bijimai a shirye suke su haihu da shekaru 5. Shanu na iya zaɓar aboki gwargwadon yanayin jikinsu da ƙahonninsu. Idan mace ta bar shugabar matan kuma ta sami sabon "ango", babu wanda ya dame su. Samun shigar dabbar ciki yana faruwa fiye da sau ɗaya (har zuwa ƙoƙarin 10-12) kafin haɗuwa ta auku.
Lokacin haihuwa shine kwanaki 240-265. Ana haihuwar vesa onea ɗayan lokaci guda (da wuya sau biyu) a farkon bazara ko ƙarshen bazara, sannan kuma suna ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifiyarsu. Matsakaicin nauyin jarirai kusan kilogram 15.
Watanni biyu sun isa ciyar da nono. Tuni makonni biyu da haihuwa, jariran suna haɗuwa da garken mata manya, kodayake suna kusa da iyayensu mata shekara ɗaya ko ƙasa da hakan. A lokacin haihuwa, galibi ana hango jarirai. Wadannan alamu suna wucewa bayan zuriya ta zubda.
Tsawon rayuwa
Altai maral na fuskantar barazanar maharan, amma ganima galibi dabbobi ne na samari, waɗanda cuta ko tsufa suka raunana. Kodayake kyarkeci, tiger, wolverines, lynxes, bears ba sa son cin naman dabba, artiodactyls suna da makamai masu ƙarfi, ƙahonin suna da ban tsoro. Wolves suna farauta ne kawai a cikin fakiti, kamar yadda barkwanci da barewa ba su da kyau.
A dabi'a, ƙattai Altai ba su daɗe sosai - har zuwa shekaru 13-15. A cikin gonaki na musamman, tare da kulawa mai kyau, an ninka tsawon rayuwar mai badawa. Mafarauta na lalata jama'a, kodayake ana tsara farauta, ana kiyaye jan barewa, saboda suna cikin jinsunan da ba kasafai ake samun su ba.
Halin mutumtaka na zamani game da kamun kifi (musamman ma tururuwa) ya haifar da ƙungiyar gonaki da baƙi, wuraren gandun daji, gonaki. Akwai irin waɗannan masana'antar musamman a cikin Altai, Kazakhstan, New Zealand.
Altai maral jini An yi amfani dashi a cikin maganin gargajiya tun zamanin da. A cikin Asiya, an yi amfani da shi a cikin magunguna don magani sama da ƙarni biyar da suka gabata - saboda abubuwan da ke cikin bitamin, amino acid, hormones, steroids, da abubuwan alaƙa.
Wani "elixir" da aka haƙa tun fil azal kuma masu warkarwa na Gabas suna amfani da shi (yanzu an saka samarwa a rafi) - tururuwan Altai maral. Waɗannan ƙahonin "bazara" ne waɗanda ba su balaga ba: tubun suna cike da jini kuma an rufe su da lallausan gashi.
Marals, kamar dangin dangin su na kusa, suna da ikon haifuwa. An watsar da nauyi mai nauyi da nauyi, sababbi suna girma maimakon tsofaffi. Masana Sinawa suna ɗaukar tururuwa a matsayin kayan albarkatu na banmamaki, kwatankwacin ginseng.
A cikin wuraren kulawa, an yanke tururuwa daga maraliyar rai kuma ana sarrafa su ta hanyoyi da yawa, zaɓi zaɓi mafi dacewa:
- bushe ta amfani da injin;
- dafa shi da bushe a sararin sama;
- sanya shi a cikin injin daskarewa da bushewa ta amfani da ƙananan yanayin zafi.
An yi amfani da tururuwan da aka shirya, waɗanda suka yi asarar kusan kashi 30% na asalin, ana amfani da su don ƙera wani abin ɗorawa a kan ruwan sha-giya (wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman ƙarfin ƙarfafa da wakili na tanki) ko kuma abubuwan da ake amfani da su a ilimin halittu.
Girbin tururuwa na ɗaukar tsawon wata guda - daga ƙarshen bazara, lokacin da dabbobi ke da ƙwanƙolin aikin hormonal, kuma ƙahonin suna da taushi (a ƙarshen Yuni za su taurara). Daga namiji daya zaka iya samun kilogiram 25 na kayan danye. An yanke ƙahonin, wanda saman sa ya kai 5-8 cm.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa
- Snowy, dogon lokaci mai tsananin sanyi lokacin karnin karni na XX-XXI ya yi sanadiyyar rayukan kusan 30% na marattan Altai; sun halaka saboda dusar kankara, gajiya da tsananin sanyi;
- Ana amfani da kahonnin barewa don baho na antler; ana gabatar da wannan aikin ta Gorny Altai sanatoriums. 650-700 kilogiram na albarkatun kasa ana dafa su a cikin babban tukunyar jirgi, don haka yawan abubuwan gina jiki a cikin wanka yana da yawa;
- Altai marals ya zama abin ƙarfafa ga tsoffin masu fasaha. Masu bincike na zamani sun gano samfurin fasahar dutsen da ke nuna barewa (petroglyphs) a cikin yankin Kalbak Tash, kusa da Kogin Elangash da sauran sassan yankin Altai. Waɗannan su ne wuraren farauta, na farin ciki, da kuma ƙattai masu ruri da ƙahoni masu rassa;
- Shaman na Siberia sun daɗe suna ɗaukar maralli a matsayin ruhohi masu kiyayewa, saboda haka, yayin ibada, suna amfani da tambura da aka yi da fatattun dabbobi da hotunan dabbobi, huluna da ƙaho, kwaikwayon halayyar maza, da hayaniya da nishaɗi;
- Kakannin Siberians sun yi tunanin cewa maralli jagora ne zuwa wata duniyar, saboda a lokacin da aka haka ramuka kan tuddan, masu binciken kayan tarihi sun gano kasusuwan dawakai tare da manyan kwanukan dawakai da aka sanya a kan alfadarinsu. saboda haka Altai maral - dabba, galibi suna bayyana a cikin almara tare da dangin jan barewa.
