Predaramin mai cin abincin aji na dabbobi. Marten na dangin weasel ne, wanda ya hada da sama da oda 50 na dabbobi (sable, mink, weasel da sauransu). Kimanin shekaru miliyan 60 da suka gabata, a zamanin Paliocene da Epocene, tsoffin masu cin abincin miacids sun rayu. Sun kasance ƙananan mutane masu doguwar jela da hakora masu kaifi. Masanan su ne waɗanda suka yi la’akari da magabatan marten.
Bayani
Mafi kyawu kuma mafi yawan memba na jinsi shine pine marten... Jikinta mai ƙarfi yana da tsayi mai tsayi tare da ɓangarori masu yawa, matsakaicin tsayinsa yakai cm 40-58. Jawo yana da kauri da laushi, launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, sau da yawa sau inuwa mai haske. Gashi a gefen ya fi wuta a baya da ciki. Wutsiya doguwa ce, mai duhu a launi. Tsawonsa yakai 18-28 cm.Hawan marten a bushe yakai 15-18 cm.
Etafafu masu kauri ne kuma gajere, kowannensu yana da yatsun kafa 5 daban tare da ƙarfi, ƙusoshin hannu masu lanƙwasa ƙasa. Wuyan an taqaitaccen, amma yana da motsi sosai. A kan kirjin akwai alamar halayyar launin rawaya mai haske (a cikin wasu mutane yana da lemu mai haske). Godiya ga wannan, ana yiwa marten lakabi da mai-rawaya. Kan yana karami tare da baki siririn hanci. Idanun duhu ne kuma zagaye, an sanya su kusa da hanci. Da dare, suna haskakawa tare da jan launi.
Kunnuwa suna zagaye kuma suna fitowa a tsaye. Striararren haske yana gudana tare da gefunan ciki, kamar abin wuya. Bakin yana da kunkuntar amma dai yana da zurfin da ƙananan hakora masu siffa-uku-uku. Akwai manyan canines a gefen babba da ƙananan jaws. A bangarorin biyu kusa da hanci akwai siriri, gashin baki mai tauri. Matsakaicin nauyin marten shine kilogiram 1.3-2.5.
Fasali:
Marten mai lalata ne mai saurin tashin hankali. Duk da gajerun kafafu, yana iya motsawa cikin sauri tare da manyan tsalle (har zuwa 4 m a tsayi), yana barin alamun ƙafafun ƙafafunsa na baya a alamun gaban goshi.
Tare da wannan sauƙin, dabbar tana motsawa zuwa tsayi, tana fiɗar da ƙuƙunanta cikin baƙin itace. A wannan yanayin, ƙafafun sukan juya zuwa ga sashe ta hanyar digiri 180. Clausoshin marten na iya zama rabin ɓoye a ciki kuma a sake su a lokacin farauta ko haɗari.
Wutsiya ba kawai ta ƙawata dabba ba, amma kuma kayan aiki ne mai mahimmanci. Yana taimaka wa jiki kiyaye daidaito a tsaye, da gaba gaɗi tare da siraran rassa kuma tsalle daga wannan bishiyar zuwa wancan. Godiya ga wutsiyar sa, marten na iya fadawa a hankali daga tsayi mai girma ba tare da cutar kansa ba.
A kan ciki, kusa da wutsiya, akwai gland na musamman da ake kira glandar furofi. Yana ɓoye ruwa na musamman - sirri. Mata suna da 2 mammary gland. Theafafun ƙafafun marten ba kowa a lokacin rani, kuma a ƙarshen kaka sun fara yin ɓarna da ulu, saboda abin da dabbar ke tafiya cikin sauƙi cikin dusar ƙanƙara ba tare da faɗawa cikin dusar ƙanƙarar ba. Gashi kuma ya bambanta da yanayi - a cikin hunturu Jawo dogo ne da siliki, tare da suturar haske. Kuma a cikin watanni na rani, yana yin kyau, ya zama ya fi guntu da ƙarfi.
Marten yana da ƙanshi mai kyau, kyakkyawan ji, yana motsawa cikin duhu. Tana da ƙwarewar ƙwarewar ƙafafu. Wannan dabba ta san yadda ake iyo, amma tana ƙoƙarin kauce wa ruwa, ta fi son zama a tsayi ko motsi a ƙasa. Maza sun fi mata aiki da yawa.
Waɗannan dabbobin suna da ikon yin sautuka iri-iri - tsoratarwa game da hayaniya ko haushi da haushi, kamar a cikin karnuka, ko nishaɗi da ihu, kamar a cikin kuliyoyi. Marten a cikin hoton yayi kama da kyakkyawa, mara karewa, amma wannan tunani ne na yaudara - ita 'yar siradi ce mai tsinkaye kuma ta san yadda zata tsaya wa kanta. Kashe ganima tare da ciji mai zurfi a bayan kai.
Irin
Jinsin marten ya ƙunshi nau'ikan da yawa da ƙananan abubuwa, kowannensu yana da halaye irin nasa. Mafi na kowa su ne wadannan iri.
- Dutse marten (farar yarinya). Gashinta gajere ne, launin toka mai duhu. Akwai wani farin tabo a wuyanshi wanda ya miqe zuwa gaban qafafu da masu yin bifurcates, kuma akwai wasu mutane ba tare da bib ba sam, launin toka ne kawai. Ya yi kama da girman girman launin rawaya, amma ya fi nauyi a nauyi. Hancinta haske ne, fatar da ke tsakanin kunnuwa ta fi ta jiki kashe. Ba a rufe ƙafafun da ulu.
Ita ce mafi tsananin tsoro a tsakanin 'yan uwanta, tana tsara gida kusa da gidajen mutane, da farautar dabbobin gida. Ba ya son yin tsalle a kan bishiyoyi; don farauta ya zaɓi sarari na filayen tare da daji da gonakin daji.
Tana iya rayuwa a cikin tsaunuka, a tsawan sama da mita dubu 4, haka kuma a cikin wurare masu duwatsu masu ɗanɗano ganye, wannan shine dalilin da yasa ta sami irin wannan suna. Jawo wannan marten ɗin ba shi da daraja kamar na sauran nau'in.
- Kharza ko Ussuri marten. Daya daga cikin manyan wakilan jinsin. Ya kai tsayi zuwa 80-90 cm kuma yana da nauyi akan kilogiram 5.5. Launin baƙon abu ne - kai, ƙarshen baya, ƙafafun baya da wutsiya duhu ne ko baƙi, kuma jikin ya bambanta.
Palet na jiki yana da bambanci sosai: haske mai haske, rawaya, yashi mai yashi ko tare da launuka masu launuka iri-iri. Jawananan muƙamuƙi fari ne. Jawo baya da tsayi, tare da sutura mai kauri. Wannan marten na iya kasancewa a wuri ɗaya a cikin ƙananan lamura, ba ya fuskantar damuwa, ƙaura zuwa manyan yankuna.
- Amurkan Amurka. Tsarin jiki na al'ada ne ga martens, amma ƙarancin girma fiye da takwarorinsu. Jikin namiji yana da tsawon cm 35-45 kuma nauyinsa bai wuce kilogiram 1.5-1.7 ba. Mata suna girma zuwa 40 cm kuma suna auna kimanin 1 kg. Launin fata launin ruwan kasa ne ko kirjin haske, da jela, kafafu da hanci duhu ne masu launi.
A cikin wasu mutane, akwai ratsi mai duhu 2 kusa da idanu. Jawo yana da tsayi kuma mai laushi, jelar tana da taushi. Martens na wannan nau'in suna da hankali da kunya, sun fito daga ɓoye ne kawai a cikin rufin dare.
- Nilgirskaya kharza. Wakilin da ba kasafai ake irin sa ba. Girman wannan dabbar yana sama da matsakaici, tsayin jiki 60-70 cm, nauyi a kan kilogiram 2.5. Ba za a iya rikita shi da sauran shahidai ba saboda launinsa na musamman. Jikin duka duhu ne mai ruwan duhu, kuma a kan kirjin akwai tabon lemu mai haske, wanda ke yin bifurcates kusa da kafa na gaba. Hancin ruwan hoda ne, kashin gaba a kwanyar yana da lankwasa.
- Ilka ko angler marten. A girma yana iya yin gasa tare da harza, yana girma tsawon zuwa 90 cm kuma yana da nauyin fiye da kilogiram 5.5. Jawo yana da tsayi da kauri, amma mai tauri. Daga nesa, wannan marten ɗin yana da baƙi, kawai kusa kusa yana yiwuwa a ga cewa kai da wuya sun fi jiki sauƙi, kuma rigar ta yi launin ruwan kasa. Wasu dabbobin suna da farar tabo a kirji mai launin shuɗi. Afafun kafa sun fi na sauran martens girma, wanda ke ba ka damar motsawa cikin nutsuwa cikin zurfin dusar ƙanƙara.
Hakanan akwai dabba mai suna kidas (ko kidus) - wannan haɗuwa ce ta halitta ta sable da marten. Ya karɓi bayyanarsa da halayensa daga iyayen biyu. Mazajen Kidasa bakarare ne, don haka basa iya haifuwa.
Salon rayuwa
Dabbar Marten kadaici Bai kirkiro iyalai ba, maza da mata suna saduwa ne kawai don ɗaukar ciki, sauran lokacin da suke rayuwa da farauta daban. Banda shine martabar Ussuri, waɗanda ke da ikon tuki a cikin gungun membobin 4-5.
Kowane mutum yana da yankin kansa tare da yanki na 5-30 kilomita, kuma an yiwa iyakokin alama da fitsari da ɓoyuwa daga glandar dubura. Gidajen maza koyaushe suna da yawa fiye da na mata kuma suna iya haɗuwa da ƙauyukan mata.
Mai farauta zai iya zama a kan filayensa tsawon shekaru, amma ba shi da gida na dindindin. Don hutawa yana zaɓar wurare 5-6, waɗanda shima yake alama kuma suna canzawa koyaushe. Duk wani matsuguni ya dace da matsuguni, zai fi dacewa a tsawo:
- rami ko rami a sama 2 m daga ƙasa;
- ramin squirrel;
- tsuntsayen gida;
- zurfin kwazazzabo tsakanin duwatsu.
Galibi suna abokantaka da juna. Maza na iya yin yaƙi ko mace don lokacin saduwa ko don ƙasa, a wasu halaye fitina ba ta bayyana. Martens suna jagorantar rayuwar dare - suna farauta da wasa a cikin sa'o'i masu duhu, suna barci da rana. Nilgirskaya kharza ne kawai ke aiki yayin rana, yayin da ilka ke samun abinci a kowane lokaci na rana.
Zasu iya barin rukunin yanar gizon su idan suna bin 'yan iska, yayin ƙoƙarin kada su sauka ƙasa ba dole ba, amma don bin farauta, suna tsalle tare da rassan. Wadannan dabbobin suna da hankali kuma suna guje wa mutane.
Dutsen marten ne kawai ke yawo ba tare da tsoro ba kusa da mazaunin ɗan adam kuma ya kai hari kan alƙalami tare da dabbobin gida. Marten yana motsawa koyaushe don neman abinci, kuma kawai a lokacin hunturu yana kwance a cikin tsari na ɗan lokaci kuma yana ciyar da abincin da aka girba a baya.
Wurin zama
Yankin rarraba yana da fadi sosai. Marten yana raye a kusan dukkanin gandun daji da tsaunukan tsaunuka tare da ciyayi masu yawa, inda yanayin ke matsakaici ko sanyi. Yanayin da aka fi so shine yanki mai yankewa, coniferous ko gauraye yankuna tare da bishiyoyi masu ɗumbin yawa da gefunan da aka bari. Ana daidaita dabbobi bisa ga halayensu:
- Pine marten ya fi son pine, coniferous da hadadden gandun daji na Turai da arewacin yankin Asiya, ya zabi manyan mutane daga Yammacin Siberia zuwa Tsubirin Baltic, shi ma yana zaune a cikin Caucasus da kuma kudu da Bahar Rum;
- ana samun marten dutse a yankin duwatsu kusan ko'ina cikin Eurasia, daga Himalayas zuwa Yankin Iberian, kuma an kuma samar da shi ta hanyar wucin gadi a cikin jihar Viscontin (Amurka);
- kharza yana zaune a yankunan Ussuri da Amur na Rasha, ɓangaren gabas da kudu na China, tsaunukan Himalaya da gabashin Asiya;
- marten Ba'amurke yana zaune a Arewacin Amurka, yana da dazuzzuka daga New Mexico zuwa arewacin Alaska;
- Nilgir marten yana zaune ne a saman Nilgiria, a cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka na yammacin Ghats - ana iya samun wannan nau'in ne kawai a kudancin Indiya;
- Ilka yana zaune a gabas, yamma da kuma tsakiyar Arewacin Amurka, gami da cikin tsaunukan California zuwa iyakokin West Virginia.
Sable na kasar Japan wani nau'in nau'in marten ne, kuma yana rayuwa ne a wasu kananan lambobi a tsibiran Japan (Kyushu, Shikoku, Honshu), haka kuma a Koriya ta Arewa da Koriya ta Kudu.
Gina Jiki
Marten mai farauta undemanding a cikin abinci, amma babban abincin shi shine abincin dabbobi. Tana farautar duk ƙananan beraye, tsuntsaye, manyan kwari har ma da busassun bishiyoyi waɗanda ke mamaye ƙasarta.
Idan akwai ruwa a kusa, ana saka kwadi, katantanwa, tsutsa, kifi da caviar a cikin menu. Wannan dabba tana satar qwai, tana cin zumar dawa daga apiaries na daji. Abincin da aka fi so: squirrel, vole, shrew, black grouse, grouse wood da sauransu.
Marten yana son sabon abinci, amma baya ƙyamar gawa. A cikin watannin bazara, masu cin komai suna cin 'ya'yan itacen daji, tashi daga kwatangwalo, tuffa na daji da pears, da kwayoyi. Toka ta hau wuri na musamman a cikin abincin. Yana da sanyi-juriya kuma abun da yake dashi yana da kayan anthelmintic. Masu farauta suna cin shi duk tsawon shekara, suna diban 'ya'yan itace yayin da suke zaune akan rassan.
Sake haifuwa
Martens ya balaga a cikin shekaru 2 da haihuwa, amma ana kawo yawancin farko a shekara ta 3. A watan Fabrairu, ana yin wasannin mating, amma ana kiransu "ƙarya rut" saboda ɗaukar ciki ba ya faruwa. Kowane mutum yana yin aure a watan Yuni zuwa Yulin, a lokacin ne mata ke fara estrus, wanda ke ɗaukar kwanaki 2-4. A lokacin bazara, akwai da yawa daga cikinsu, hutu tsakanin su makonni 1-2 ne. Namiji daya yana hada mata 3-5.
Kwai nan da nan ba ya hade da mahaifar, da farko akwai wani dogon lokaci a kwance, kuma amfaninta da kansa na girma ne tsawon kwanaki 30-40 kawai. Kafin haihuwar, mahaifiya tana neman wurin zuriya, tana zaɓar keɓaɓɓun nests ko kuma tsohuwar rami. Ciki yana dauke da watanni 8.5-9, daga nan sai makafi da kurame 'ya'yan suka bayyana a watan Maris-Afrilu. Marten yana kawo jarirai 2-4 a lokaci guda, a cikin al'amuran da ba kasafai ake haihuwar dabbobi 5-7 ba.
Nauyin jariri shine 30-40 g, tsawon jiki shine 100-110 mm. An rufe jarirai da gashi mai kyau da gajere. Ba su da hakora, a cikin kwanaki 40-45 na farko suna ciyar da madarar uwa kuma suna samun ƙaruwa sosai. Mahaifiyar ta bar gida don farauta, kuma idan akwai haɗari, sai ta ja yaran zuwa wani wuri. Ji na farko ya bayyana a jarirai (bayan kwana 20-25), kuma bayan kwanaki 5-7, idanu suna buɗewa.
A makonni 7-8, hakoran farko suka ɓullo, kuma san tsabn sun canza zuwa abinci mai tauri suka fara barin matsuguni. A watanni 2.5, jarirai suna motsawa sosai, uwa tana gabatar dasu ga duniyar da ke kusa dasu kuma tana koya musu farauta. A makonni 16, thean kwikwiyo sun san komai kuma suna iya, amma har zuwa Satumba suna zaune kusa da mahaifiyarsu. A lokacin bazara, dangi sukan rabu, kuma kowa ya tashi don neman wurin zama.
Tsawon rayuwa
A cikin bauta, marten ya sami tushen ba tare da so ba kuma ta hanyoyi daban-daban - ko dai ya zama na gida, ko kuma ya nuna zalunci. Tare da kyakkyawan sakamako, tana iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 15 ko fiye. A cikin yanayinta na asali, mai farauta mai ƙima zai iya rayuwa tsawon shekaru 11-13, amma a zahiri ba safai yake kaiwa wannan shekarun ba. Dabbar tana da saukin kamuwa da cututtukan da ke haifar da mutuwa.
Hakanan a cikin daji, sauran nau'ikan mazaunan gandun daji suna ganin marten a matsayin mai gasa, kuma mai yuwuwar cin abincin rana. Abokan gabanta masu matukar aiki sune fox, lynx da kerkeci, da kuma tsuntsaye masu lalata - mujiya mikiya, gaggafa ta zinariya da shaho.
Amma babban mai laifi a cikin dabbarsa shine mutum. Marten fur ya kasance mai tsada. Ko da a cikin jinsunan da ke yaduwa kamar su marten dutse ko kuma wanda aka cika jini da shi, bai taba zama mai arha ba.
Farauta Marten
Marten dabba ce mai daraja. Lokacin farauta yana farawa ne a watan Nuwamba har zuwa Maris, yayin da gashin dabbar yana da kauri da fari. A lokacin bazara, fatar ta dushe kuma ta zubar, sannan kuma an lalata mai farautar a matsayin kwaro (galibi dutse marten da ke damun manoma). Martens galibi ana kama shi da tarko da tarko.
Nilgirskaya harza da Sable na Japan ana kiyaye su ta doka. Farauta Marten kowane ɗayan waɗannan mambobi ne na jinsin weasel an haramta shi. Sauran maharan suna da izinin yin farauta tare da lasisi na lokaci ɗaya, wanda farashin sa ya dogara da nau'in dabba. A lokacin kamun kifin saboda shahidai ba tare da wannan takaddar ba, ana ɗaukar farauta a matsayin farauta kuma doka ce ta hukunta shi.
