Fresh water yana daya daga cikin manya-manyan taska a doron kasa, shine tabbacin rayuwa. Idan kayan ruwa sun ƙare, duk rayuwar duniya zata ƙare. Menene game da wannan albarkatun duniya, me yasa ya zama na musamman, zamuyi ƙoƙarin amsawa a cikin wannan labarin.
Abinda ke ciki
Akwai tanadin ruwa da yawa a doron kasa, kashi biyu cikin uku na saman duniya an rufe shi da tekuna da tekuna, amma kashi 3 cikin 100 na irin wannan ruwan za'a iya daukar shi sabo ne kuma ba a samu sama da 1% na sabbin sabo ga dan adam a wannan lokacin. Ana iya kiran ruwan sabo ne kawai idan gishirin bai wuce 0.1% ba.
Rarraba tsaftataccen ruwa ajikin ƙasa bai daidaita ba. Nahiyar kamar Eurasia, inda yawancin mutane ke rayuwa - kashi 70% na duka, yana da ƙasa da kashi 40% na irin waɗannan ajiyar. Mafi yawan adadin ruwan sha mai kyau yana tattare ne a cikin koguna da tafkuna.
Abun da ake samu na ruwa mai kyau ba iri daya bane kuma ya dogara da mahalli, tarin burbushin halittu, kasa, gishiri da kuma ma'adanai, da kuma ayyukan ɗan adam. Fresh ruwa yana dauke da iskar gas daban-daban: nitrogen, carbon, oxygen, carbon dioxide, bugu da ,ari, abubuwa masu rai, barbashin microorganisms. Cations suna taka muhimmiyar rawa: hydrogen carbonate HCO3-, chloride Cl- da sulfate SO42- da kuma anions: calcium Ca2 +, magnesium Mg2 +, sodium Na + da potassium K +.
Fresh ruwa abun da ke ciki
Bayani dalla-dalla
Lokacin da ake siffanta ruwa mai kyau, ana la'akari da halaye masu zuwa:
- nuna gaskiya;
- taurin kai;
- kwayoyin halitta;
- acidity pH.
Sinadarin acid ya dogara da sinadarin ions hydrogen a ciki. Taurin hali yana tattare da ƙunshin magnesium da ion ions kuma yana iya zama: gama gari, an kawar dashi ko ba'a cire shi ba, carbonate ko maras carbonate.
Organoleptic shine tsarkin ruwa, turbidity, launi da ƙamshi. Theanshin ya dogara da abubuwan da ke cikin abubuwa daban-daban: chlorine, mai, ƙasa, ana nuna shi a ma'aunin maki biyar:
- 0 - cikakken rashin ƙanshi;
- 1 - kusan ba a jin ƙanshi;
- 2 - ana iya fahimtar warin tare da dandano na musamman;
- 3 - ɗan ƙanshi mai ƙanshi;
- 4 - ana jin ƙanshi sosai;
- 5 - ana jin warin sosai wanda hakan yasa yake amfani da ruwan.
Dandanon ruwa mai kyau na iya zama mai daɗi, mai daɗi, tare da ɗaci ko ɗaci, abubuwan dandano mai yiwuwa ba za a ji su ba kwata-kwata, suna da rauni, haske, masu ƙarfi da ƙarfi sosai. Turbidity yana ƙaddara ta hanyar kwatankwacin daidaitaccen, akan ma'auni goma sha huɗu.
Rabawa
Fresh water ya kasu kashi biyu: na yau da kullun da kuma ma'adinai. Ruwan ma'adinai ya bambanta da ruwan sha na yau da kullun a cikin abubuwan wasu ma'adanai da adadin su, kuma hakan na faruwa:
- likita;
- dakin cin abinci na likita;
- dakin cin abinci;
Bugu da kari, akwai wani ruwa mai dadi wanda aka kirkireshi ta hanyoyi na wucin gadi, ya hada da:
- wanda aka zaba;
- narkewa;
- distilled;
- azurfa;
- shungite;
- "Rayayye" da "matattu".
Irin waɗannan ruwan an cika su da musamman tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyin micro da macro, ƙwayoyin halitta ana lalata su da gangan ko kuma an ƙara masu mahimmanci.
Ruwan narkewa ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan mafi amfani, ana samun sa ta narke kankara akan ƙwanƙolin tsaunuka, ko dusar ƙanƙara da aka samu a yankuna masu tsabta na mahalli. Ba zai yuwu a yi amfani da guguwa ko kankara daga tituna don narkewa ba, tunda irin wannan ruwan zai iya ƙunsar mafi haɗari mai haɗari - benzaprene, wanda ke cikin rukunin farko na haɗari ga mutane.
Matsalar karancin ruwa
Fresh water ana ɗauke dashi a matsayin albarkatun ƙasa mara ƙarewa. Akwai ra'ayi cewa godiya ga sake zagayowar ruwa a cikin yanayi, ana dawo da ajiyarta koyaushe, amma saboda canjin yanayi, ayyukan mutane, yawan duniya, kwanan nan matsalar rashin ruwa mai kyau tana zama mai saurin gani. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa a zamanin yau kowane mai shida na duniya yana riga yana fuskantar ƙarancin ruwan sha, ana amfani da ƙarin mita cubic miliyan 63 a kowace shekara a duniya, kuma kowace shekara wannan rabo zai ci gaba ne kawai.
Masana sun yi hasashen cewa idan dan Adam bai sami wata mafita ba ga amfani da albarkatun ruwa na sabo na ruwa a nan gaba, nan gaba matsalar karancin ruwa za ta kai matuka a duniya, wanda hakan zai haifar da rashin zaman lafiya a cikin al'umma, koma bayan tattalin arziki a wadannan kasashen da albarkatun ruwa ke da karancinsa, yake-yake da bala'i na duniya. ...
An Adam tuni suna ƙoƙarin magance matsalar ƙarancin ruwa. Manyan hanyoyin irin wannan gwagwarmaya sune fitarwa, amfani da tattalin arziƙi, ƙirƙirar tafkunan ruwa na wucin gadi, ƙarancin ruwan teku, ƙarancin tururin ruwa.
Tushen ruwan sha
Ruwan sabo a duniya sune:
- karkashin kasa;
- na sama;
- mai cike da jiki.
Karkashin maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da maɓuɓɓugan na ƙasa, koguna, tabkuna, kankara, rafuka, zuwa ruwan sama - ƙanƙara, ƙanƙara da ruwan sama. Mafi yawan ruwa na ruwa mai tsabta suna cikin kankara - 85-90% na ajiyar duniya.
Freshwaters na Rasha
Rasha tana cikin matsayi na biyu mai daraja dangane da wadataccen ruwan sha, Brazil ce kawai ke kan gaba a wannan batun. Tabkin Baikal ana ɗauke da mafi girman tafki na halitta, duka a cikin Rasha da duniya, ya ƙunshi kashi ɗaya cikin biyar na ɗakunan ruwa na duniya - 23,000 km3. Bugu da kari, a tafkin Ladoga - 910 km3 na ruwan sha, a cikin Onega - 292 km3, a tafkin Khanka - 18.3 km3. Hakanan akwai tafkunan ruwa na musamman: Rybinskoe, Samara, Volgogradskoe, Tsimlyanskoe, Sayano-Shushunskoe, Krasnoyarsk da Bratskoe. Bugu da kari, akwai wadataccen wadataccen irin wannan ruwan a cikin kankara da koguna.
Baikal
Duk da cewa yawan ruwan sha a Rasha yana da girma, an rarraba shi ba daidai ba a duk faɗin ƙasar, don haka yankuna da yawa suna fuskantar ƙarancin sa. Har zuwa yanzu, dole ne a isar da shi zuwa sassa da yawa na Tarayyar Rasha ta kayan aiki na musamman.
Gurbataccen ruwan sha
Baya ga ƙarancin ruwa mai tsabta, batun gurɓatata kuma, sakamakon haka, rashin dacewa don amfani ya kasance mai taken. Sanadin gurbatar yanayi na iya zama na halitta ne da na wucin gadi.
Sakamakon dabi'a ya haɗa da bala'o'i iri-iri: girgizar ƙasa, ambaliyar ruwa, ambaliyar ruwa, ambaliyar ruwa, da dai sauransu. Sakamakon wucin gadi yana da alaƙa da ayyukan mutum:
- ruwan sama na acid wanda fitowar abubuwa masu cutarwa zuwa sararin samaniya ta hanyar masana'antu, masana'antu da sufuri na hanya;
- sharar gida da ruwa daga masana'antu da birane;
- bala'o'in da mutum ya yi da kuma haɗarin masana'antu;
- dumama ruwan zafi da makamashin nukiliya.
Gurbatattun ruwa ba kawai zai haifar da kashe dabbobi da kifaye da yawa ba, har ma yana haifar da cututtuka masu saurin kisa a cikin mutane: typhoid, kwalara, ciwon daji, cututtukan endocrin, cututtukan da ke haifar mutum da ƙari mai yawa. Don kar a jefa jikinku cikin haɗari, koyaushe ya kamata ku kula da ingancin ruwan da aka cinye, idan ya cancanta, yi amfani da matatun musamman, tsarkakakken ruwan kwalba.
