Ruff - kifi mai kyan gani, mafi nau'in nau'in. Yana zaune kuma yana hayayyafa a cikin koguna da tabkuna na Eurasia. A yamma, an kafa iyakar zangon a Biritaniya, a arewacin ya yi daidai da Arctic Circle, a gabas ya isa Kogin Kolyma, a kudu ya isa ƙasashen Asiya ta Tsakiya.
Abubuwan da aka kera na ruff shine mutane ƙalilan ne ke sha'awar sa. Masunta sukan kama mafi kifin. Babu wanda yake son yin ruff a cikin yanayin wucin gadi. Ba ribar kasuwanci bane. Duk da haka, kifin yana da ban sha'awa sosai.
Bayani da fasali
Ruff — kifi karami, mai jan hankali, mai son zama. Samfurin balagaggun yawanci baya wuce cm 10. Ana ɗaukar girman ruff mai girman dabino babba. A cikin Danube, masunta sun haɗu da ruffs waɗanda suka kai cm 30. Amma wannan abu ne mai wuya.
Kai tare da bayanin martaba wanda ke gangarowa daga baya zuwa bakin mai kaurin-bakin. Bakin ruff yana da iyaka, ma'ana, duka jaws suna kusan daidai da juna. Bude bakin yana dan lankwashewa zuwa kasa ko kuma layin jiki. Da irin wannan bakin, ya fi dacewa ga ruff ya kama ganima a gabanta.
Manya da ƙananan jaws suna da ƙananan ƙananan hakora masu kaifi. Hakoran ba su da wani keɓaɓɓen ƙwarewa, wanda ke magana game da iyawar ruff a matsayin mai farauta. Hannun sama na sama suna haɗuwa da haɗuwa da kwanyar - ruff yana da bakin da zai iya ja da baya.
Idanun ruff manya ne, sunfito waje. Yana ba ka damar kewaya da farauta a cikin ruwa mai wahala. Iris na sautunan shuɗi-shuɗi. Matsayin idanu a gefen kai yana nuna hangen nesa ɗaya. Wato, ruff yana hango hoton duniya da kowane ido daban.
Hancin hancin yana nan a gaban idanuwa a ƙarshen hanci. Wannan sifa ce ta waje na gabobi masu kamshi. Kowane hancin hanci yana haɗuwa da fossa mai cike da ƙwayoyin rai. Halin haɗin hanci da ramuka masu kamshi yana sa a iya rarrabe ƙamshin kawai, har ma da inda ya fito.
Sashin ji ba shi da kayan haɗi na waje - kunnuwa. Ba a bukatarsu. Wannan saboda yanayin da kifin yake rayuwa a ciki. Sautin ya ba da tabbaci cikin ruwa kuma ya ratsa jikin kifin ba tare da gurɓatawa ba. Kunnen ciki na hango shi. Jin ruffs ba na kiɗa ba ne, amma yana da kyau.
Kunne na ciki, ban da ayyukan ji, yana taka rawar sashin jiki don tantance matsayin daidaito. Kunnen ciki yana bayyana daidaitattun al'amura tare da layin gefe. Wannan gabobi ne na musamman wanda aka samo shi kawai a cikin kifi da wasu amphibians, misali, tadpoles, wasu nau'in sababbi.
Layin layin yana hango sigogi masu motsi na muhallin da ke kewaye da su: gudu da alkiblar magudanar ruwa, raƙuman ruwan mitar ƙananan sauti da ke huda ginshiƙin ruwan. Dangane da bayanan da aka samo daga layin gefe, hoton duniyar ruwa da ke kewaye da shi yana cikin kwakwalwar kifin.
Layin layi yana gudana tare da jikin kifin duka. A cikin ruff, layin layin yana bayyane a sarari duk da yanayin tabon-dige na jiki. An rufe layin ta gefe da sikeli, a karkashinta akwai pores. Suna haɗa tashar da ke gudana ƙarƙashin fatar kifin da yanayin.
Rassan reshe daga canal zuwa sel masu mahimmanci - neuromasts. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin suna amsar bugun ruwa, rawar jiki da sauran canje-canje a cikin kwararar ruwa. Daga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, bi da bi, sigina game da yanayin ruwa ta hanyar layin haɗin jijiya yana shiga cikin kwakwalwar ruff.
Saitin saphenous, neuromasts, da sauran bayanai shine layin gefe. Wannan kwayar cutar tana da saurin hankali wanda a cikin ruwan laka da dare yana maye gurbin ruff na ido. Baya ga gabobin ji, ruffs, kamar kowane kifi, suna da gabobin motsi - waɗannan ƙabo ne.
Finarshen ƙwanƙwasa (dorsal) yana kusan kusan duka babba. Ya kasu kashi biyu. Babban, ɓangaren farko na ƙarshen ƙofar doki yana da siffa kuma ya haɗa da spines 13-14. An nuna muhimmancinsu ruff a cikin hoto Kashi na biyu na fin din ya dogara ne da haskoki mai laushi 9-11.
Caudal fin tare da lobes da kyau. Finarshe na ƙarshe wanda ba a biya ba shi ne ƙarancin wutsiya. Abun ciki da fikafikan ciki sun daidaita game da jiki. Girman su yana nuna halin ruffs don motsawa yayin tuƙi.
Saurin gudu da sauri a cikin ruffs yana da mahimmanci don farauta. Abin da aka kama ya shiga cikin baki, inda yake riƙe da ƙananan haƙoran haƙori. Sannan yana shiga cikin makogoro. Daga shi zuwa cikin fadada ciki. Cika shi shine babban dalilin ruff.
Tsarin narkewa ya fi sauri cikin ruffs fiye da sauran kifaye. Hanjin hanji na aiki sosai. Ruff yana cin abinci sau ɗaya da rabi zuwa biyu sau biyu a kowane juzu'i fiye da takwarorinsa na ruwa mai tsafta: perches. Wannan ruff babba mai ci, kowa ya sani.
Baya ga abinci, oxygen shine mahimmin abu mai mahimmanci. Ruff yana cire shi daga ruwa ta amfani da gills. Ruwa na shiga cikin bakin ta bakin. Ana tace shi ta cikin tsiron gill, abin da ake kira stamens, kuma ana wanke shi a kan fata masu fata da ake kira petals. A cikin hulɗa da su, ruwan ya ba da iskar oxygen, wanda ke shiga cikin jijiyoyin jigilar jini.
Capillaries ta cikin petals suna fitar da sharar iska a cikin ruwa. Jinin da aka wadata ya shiga cikin jijiyoyin jini. Daga gare su ne yake shiga cikin jijiyar aorta, daga inda yake bi zuwa cikin jijiyar baya. Wannan jirgi mai tushe yana ba da jini ga kai, gabobin ciki da dukkan tsokoki.
Ruff yana buɗe murfin gill. A cikin sararin pharyngeal-branchial, matsin yana raguwa. An jawo ruwa a cikin yankin gill. Tsarin musayar gas yana faruwa. Lokacin da operculums suka rufe ta matsin lamba, ana jefa ruwa waje.
Babban launi na kifin ruwan toka ne tare da bayanan rawaya-launin ruwan kasa. Launi na baya na baya ya dace da launi na gaba ɗaya, amma yana da duhu a hankali. Ciki na ruff fari fari ne. Spotsananan wurare masu duhu sun bazu ko'ina cikin jiki, haɗe da ƙugu. Bugu da ƙari ga aibobi da ɗigo, an yi wa murfin ado da baƙin duhu.
Launi na ruff yawanci ya dogara da mazaunin. Ruwan rafi mai tsabta tare da yashi mai yashi yana ba da ƙarfe mai haske da rawaya. Ruwayoyi masu zurfin ruwa tare da ruwa mai tsafta suna zana ruff a cikin duhu, sautunan kama da fadama.
Muamarar, wacce aka lulluɓe da ruff, an ba ta ayyuka na kariya. Muashin ɗin yana ɗauke da guba wanda ke sa kowane abin ƙaya na ƙaya mai ƙayatarwa ya zama mai zafi sosai. Amma don ruff, gamsai albarka ne. Yana taimaka magance matsaloli da yawa:
- zamewa daga bakin mai farauta a wani lokaci,
- cikakke tare da ƙaya yana sa ruff ba shine mafi kyawun ganima don kifi mai cin nama ba,
- kare jiki daga aikin inji da na thermal.
Spines katunan kira ne na ruff. Theunƙun baya a kan ƙofar dorsal suna da kaifi da tsawo. A cikin kowane haɗari, ruff yana bristles da wannan makamin. Bugu da kari, kunci da murfin kifin ana kiyaye su ta kashin baya.
Irin
A cikin ƙididdigar nazarin halittu, ana haɗa ruffs ƙarƙashin sunan Gymnocephalus. Jinsi na ruffs ya ƙunshi nau'ikan 5 kawai. Duk nau'ikan ruff suna kama da juna.
- Gymnocephalus cernua - Eurasian ko ruff na kowa. Mafi yawan koguna da kogunan Turai da Siberia suna zaune. Ba tare da gangan ba an gabatar da shi cikin Amurka a cikin Kogin St. A cikin tafkunan Manyan Tabkuna, ya kafa adadi mai ƙarfi.
- Gymnocephalus acerina - Don ruff. Rayuwa da kiwo a cikin koguna da tabkuna na Bahar Maliya da tafkin Azov. A wuraren da ake samun wannan kifin, ana kiransa daban: nasar, beaver, privet, pig.
- Gymnocephalus ambriaelacus jinsin halitta ne wanda aka haɗu a cikin ƙididdigar nazarin halittu a cikin 2010. Endemic zuwa tabki ɗaya, wanda ke cikin Jamus, a cikin babban kwarin Danube. Ana kiran tafkin Ammersee.
- Gymnocephalus baloni - Danube ko Czech ruff. Wannan kifin ya zama sananne ga Danube. Amma masana ilimin kimiyyar lissafi sun lura da bayyanar jinsunan a wasu kogunan gabashin Turai da tafkunan ruwa.
- Gymnocephalus schraetser - kogin ruff, waɗanda suka mallaki tafkunan Danube. Sunan gama gari ana taguwar ruff.
Baya ga gaskiyar cewa ruff jinsin halitta ne wanda ke wakiltar nau'ikan 5, akwai kuma launi da bambancin anatomical a cikin jinsin. Wato, jinsin ruff guda daya da ke rayuwa a cikin tabki mai zurfi da zurfin ruwa na iya mallakar halaye na ɗabi'ar kansa.
Wannan yana nuna babban karfin iya kifin. Yanayin ya canza - kifin ya daidaita su. Tunda sauye-sauye a cikin yanayin rayuwa suna da iyaka, gyaran siffofin siffofi abin lura ne, amma ba na asali ba.
Rayuwa da mazauni
Yana da wuya a yi tunanin ruwa a tsakiyar Turai, inda ruff ba zai iya daidaitawa ba - wannan kifi ne na dama. Kogin Siberia da tabkuna ya mallake su gaba ɗaya har zuwa Kogin Kogin. Bugu da ƙari, ruff bai damu ba game da ɗan gishirin ruwa - har zuwa 12 ‰.
Ruff musamman yana son rafukan raƙuman ruwa da manyan tafkuna tare da mai laushi, mai ƙyalli mai ƙyalli a ƙasan. Ruff ya dace da ciyawar bakin teku. Yana goyon bayan wuraren inuwa na tafkin. A irin waɗannan wuraren, ya fi sauƙi ga ruff ya yi amfani da fa'idarsa: yana gani da kyau a ƙaramar haske.
Balance balance a wurare inda ruff yake zaune za a iya keta Idan babu matsi akan ruff daga kifin mai farauta, zai fara ninka cikin sauri. Ruffs na kowane zamani a cikin abincin su ƙwai kifi ne ke jagorantar su. Ta hanyar cinye shi, yawancin nau'ikan nau'ikan kifayen na iya zama sifili.
Gina Jiki
Ruff yana da matukar kyau. A lokacin da yake matashi, yana tattarawa daga ƙasa kuma ya kama larvae na ruwa, ƙwai, zooplankton. Yayin da suke girma, ruffs suna motsawa zuwa manyan abinci. Arthropods ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na abinci.
Ayyukan abinci yanayin ƙasa ne na ruffs. Wasu raguwa na faruwa a kaka da hunturu. Zhor yana tsayawa gaba ɗaya yayin ɓarna. Ruffs suna da fifiko musamman ga caviar kifi. Wannan yanayin ya ba ruffs matsayin ba weeds kawai, amma har da kifi mai cutarwa.
Predananan masu farauta suna son cin ruff kanta. Pike ya mamaye shi a cikin yanayi na musamman. Burbot, yana zaune a ƙasan ƙasa, yana farautar ruff koyaushe. Pike perch baya la'akari da ƙaya ruff kuma yana cinye wannan kifin duk shekara. Gaskiyar cewa ruff da son rai yana ɗaukar pike perch ya sanya kifin daɗaɗɗen ɗayan ɗayan shahararrun kamun kifi. Amma kafin haka kuna buƙatar kama ruff.
Kama ruff
Ana kama Ruff sosai a kowane lokaci na shekara. Banda watan Afrilu, lokacin da ta fito. Ganin kaunar ruff na sanyin, ya fi kyau a fara kamun kifi da yamma, da yamma. Yin ƙoƙari da safe kuma zai iya aiki da kyau.
Matsalar wannan kifin mara girman kai, zaka iya zaɓar mafi sauƙi - sandar shawagi. Wannan na'urar da aka gwada kuma an gwada ta cikakke ce don kamun kifi na rani da damuna. Shin hakan, a cikin hunturu, ya fi kyau a yi amfani da jig.
Ruff yana daukar da kyau akan tsutsa, musamman wanda aka lanƙwashe, wanda wasu masunta musamman ke latsa ƙarshen tsutsar. Ruff ba shi da nutsuwa, bai damu da tsananin wahalar da ake fuskanta ba. Ko da ya buge ƙugiya, ba zai bar ba.
Ruaukar ruff guda ɗaya a wuri mai inuwa shiru, zamu iya ɗauka cewa an sami nasarar nasarar kamun kifi. Rikicin ruff - karatun kifi. Rashin ɗayan memba na ƙungiyar ba ya tsoratar da sauran ruff, ba ya tilasta garken su matsa zuwa wani wuri.
Ana ajiye ruffs ɗin da aka kama a cikin keji daban. Wannan yana kare sauran kifin daga mutuwa wanda bai kai ba, wanda zai iya haifar da ruff, wanda aka dandano shi da laushi.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Tare da farkon bazara, ruff zai fara shirya don spawning. Wannan aikin yakan shafi ruffs yana da shekaru 2-3. A cikin wani keɓaɓɓen jama'a, saboda yanayin waje, rayuwar yawancin mutane na iya zama ɗan gajeren lokaci. A wannan yanayin, ruffs mai shekara ɗaya zai shiga cikin haɓaka.
Ruffs, kamar sauran kifi, na iya samun hermaphroditism. Wato, ruff guda ɗaya yana da gabobin haihuwa na mata da na miji. Ba a lura da irin wannan karkatarwa a cikin dukkanin jama'a kuma ba ya wuce 25% na ruffs a cikin garken. Ya haɓaka azaman hanyar haɓaka don ƙaruwar macewar kifin kowane jinsi.
Babu dogaro mara ma'ana na tsarin samar da yanayi akan yanayin zafin ruwa, haske ko wasu yanayi. A farkon bazara, gungun ruffs suna fitowa daga zurfin da suke cikin hunturu. Yatsun da ke jikin ruffs na maza suna daɗa haske kuma suna da bambanci.
Garken suna motsawa zuwa wuraren da ruwa ya wadatar da iskar oxygen. Tsarin haihuwar bazai zama lokaci ɗaya ba. Mace na iya sawa sau 2-3. Mazajen da ke rakiyar mata suna shayar da ƙwai da madara. Spawning yana daga kwana 3 zuwa makonni 2.
Ruff roe karami ne - daga 0.3 zuwa 1 mm. Idan ta yi sa'a, kuma ta kasance mai ciki, bayan makonni 1-2 tsutsa za ta bayyana, wanda zai bunkasa cikin sauri zuwa soya-ruff. Manyan kifayen ba sa kulawa da caviar ko yaran da suka fito daga gare ta.
A lokacin spawning, makonni 1-2 ruff ya daina ciyarwa. Wannan wataƙila wata hanyar kariya ce ta halitta don ƙwai daga iyayensu. Bugu da kari, ana kiyaye jinsin daga dukkan masu farautar ta hanyar samar da zuriya da yawa.
Mace, gwargwadon girmanta, tana tofawa daga ƙwai goma zuwa dubu da ɗari. Adadin rayuwa don ƙwai, larvae, toya yayi ƙasa. Amma ruffs waɗanda suka tsere daga masu farauta, masunta da cuta na iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 10 - 12. Wannan shine iyakan mata, maza basa rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 7 - 8.
Farashi
Babu kamun kifi na kasuwanci don ruffle na gama gari, don haka ba zai yiwu a sayi ruff a cikin shago ba. Amma masu ruff suna da sunaye guda biyu waɗanda aka kama don siyarwa - ruffle na teku da masu ruɓaɓɓu. Wadannan kifin ba su da alaƙa da ruffs na gaske. Amma suna ba ka damar yin abin da ba zai yiwu ba - saya ruff a cikin shago.
Kifin-ruff-ruff bashi da arha. Sau da yawa ana siyar dashi a cikin busasshiyar siga akan farashin kusan 500-600 rubles. da kilogiram. Ruff marine, wanda aka fi sani da kunama, yana nufin abinci mai ɗanɗano. Kudin ruff na daskararre zai iya wuce RUB 1,500 a kowace kilogiram.
Amma babu ɗayan waɗannan kifayen da zasu taɓa maye gurbin ainihin ruff a cikin irin wannan tasa kamar kunne. Abu daya ya rage - tuntuɓar masunta. Su ne za su iya ba kowane mai dafa abinci, matar gida da isasshen kifi don dafa miyar kifi daga ruff.
