Yak dabba ce. Bayani, fasali, jinsuna, salon rayuwa da kuma mazaunin yak

Yak - babbar dabba mai koko-kofato da halayyar gaske mai bayyana ta. Asalin su shine Tibet, amma bayan lokaci mazaunin ya fadada zuwa Himalayas, Pamir, Tan Shan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Gabashin Siberia da Yankin Altai. An kawo dabbar zuwa Caucasus ta Arewa da Yakutia.

Bayani da fasali

Dabba mai ƙafafu, mai kama da babban bijimi, mai siffofin halayya da doguwar suma mai launin baki, shine yak. A kan hoto ana iya bayyane siffofinsa na waje:

• tsarin mulki mai karfi;
• hump wanda aka kirkira ta hanyar tsaho mai zurfin juyayi na kashin baya (tsayi daga 4 cm);
• tsami baya;
• ingantattun gaɓoɓi, ƙafafu, gajeru, gajeru da kauri;
• zurfin kirji;
• gajeren wuyansa;
• karamin nono tare da nono 2 ... 4 cm tsayi;
• dogon wutsiya;
• kaho na bakin ciki.

Tsarin fata ya bambanta da tsarin fatar wasu dabbobi kamarsu. A cikin yaks, an fi bayyana ƙwanƙolin jikin mutum, kuma gland ɗin gumi sun kusan kasancewa. Suna da fata mai kauri tare da layin gashi mai kauri. Sutt mai santsi da santsi ya rataya daga jiki a cikin siffar geza kuma kusan kusan ya rufe ƙafafu.

A kafafu da ciki, gashin yana da laushi, gajere, wanda ya kunshi kyawawan gashi kuma gashi mara kariya. Gashi tana da mayafin ƙasa wanda ya faɗo cikin tufts a lokacin ɗumi. Wutsiya tana da tsayi, kamar doki. Babu burushi a wutsiya, na al'ada don shanu.

Saboda manyan huhu da zuciya, jikewar jini tare da haemoglobin tayi, jinin yak yana dauke da yawan oxygen. Wannan ya bawa dokin doki daidaitawa da tsaunuka.

Yak dabba ce ya dace da rayuwa cikin mawuyacin yanayi. Yaks yana da ƙanshin ƙanshi. Jin magana da hangen nesa sun lalace. Yankunan gida ba su da ƙaho.

Nauyin yaks na gida ya kai 400 ... 500 kg, yachs - 230 ... 330 kg. Yak na daji na iya yin nauyi zuwa kilogiram 1000. Nauyin rayuwar yachts na jarirai 9 ... 16 kilogiram. Dangane da dangi da cikakken sigogi, maruƙa sun fi ƙanana girma. Tebur yana nuna sigogin jiki na yaks da yaks.

Abubuwan da aka lissafa sune aka ƙaddara yaya dabba yakeda kamanni.

Irin

Dangane da tsarin ilimin kimiyya, yaks na cikin:

• ajin dabbobi masu shayarwa;
• ƙungiyar artiodactyls;
• submar ruminants;
• iyali na bovids;
• dangin dangi;
• wani irin bijimai na gaske;
• ganin yaks.

A cikin rarrabuwa data kasance a baya, a cikin jinsin guda, an rarrabe rabe-raben biyu: daji da na gida. A halin yanzu ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin nau'i biyu daban-daban.

• Yaƙin daji.

Bos mutus ("mute") wani nau'in yaks ne na daji. Wadannan dabbobin sun rayu a wuraren da mutane ba su bunkasa ba. A dabi'a, ana samun su a tsaunukan Tibet. Tarihin tarihin Tibet na da sun bayyana shi a matsayin mafi hatsarin halitta ga mutane. A karo na farko, N.M. Przhevalsky ya bayyana kimiyyar daji a cikin karni na 19.

• Yakako na gida.

Bos grunniens ("gurnani") - yak da dabbobi... Yana da kyau sosai idan aka kwatanta da dabbar daji. Yakubu ya kasance cikin gida a farkon karni na 1. BC. Ana amfani dasu azaman dabbobin dawa.

Masu bincike sunyi la'akari da cewa kusan dabba ce kawai ta dace da jigilar kayayyaki da tuki a cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka. A wasu yankuna, ana kiwo kamar nama da dabbobin kiwo. Ana amfani da albarkatun ƙasa (ƙaho, gashi, ulu) don samar da abubuwan tunawa, sana'a, kayayyakin woolen.

Yak da na saniya matasan - hainak da orto. Suna da ƙanƙan da yawa a cikin girma, tsage, kuma ana nuna su da ƙarancin haƙuri. Hainaki ana kirarta ne a matsayin dabbobi dabbobi a kudancin Siberia da Mongolia.

Rayuwa da mazauni

Homelandasar mahaifar yaks daji ita ce Tibet. Yankunan daji yanzu suna zaune a can kawai, a cikin tsaunuka. Wani lokaci ana iya samun su a cikin yankunan tsaunuka na kusa - Ladakh da Karakorum.

A lokacin bazara, mazauninsu yana saman sama har zuwa 6100 m sama da matakin teku, kuma a lokacin hunturu suna sauka kasa - har zuwa 4300 ... 4600 m. An daidaita su da ilimin lissafi bisa yanayin yanayin tsaunuka (iska mai sanyi da ƙarancin yanayi), saboda haka ba sa jure ƙarancin yanayi da yanayin zafi sama da 15 C.

A cikin watanni masu zafi, suna ƙoƙarin hawa zuwa saman, wanda iska ke busawa, inda babu kwari masu shan jini. Sun fi son kiwo da kwanciya a kan kankara. Yaks yana motsawa sosai a yankunan tsaunuka. Dabbobin suna da tsabta.

Yaks yana rayuwa a cikin kananan garken garken kan 10-12. Garkunan sun hada da mata da yachts sosai. A cikin garken dabbobi, nan da nan dabbobi ke amsawa ga motsin juna, suna faɗakarwa koyaushe.

Manya maza don kiwo sun tattara cikin rukuni na kawunan 5 ... 6. Yaran dabbobi suna ajiye cikin manyan kungiyoyi. Tare da shekaru, dabbobin gida cikin rukuni a hankali suna raguwa. Yankuna tsofaffi maza suna rayuwa a rabe.

Yayin tsananin sanyi a cikin ruwan sama ko guguwa, yaks ya taru a cikin rukuni, ya kewaye samari, don haka ya kare su daga sanyi.

Satumba - Oktoba shine lokacin rutting. Halin yaks a wannan lokacin ya sha bamban da halayen sauran bovids. Maza suna shiga garken yachts. Yaƙe-yaƙe yaƙe-yaƙe suna faruwa tsakanin yaks: suna ƙoƙari su bugi juna a gefe tare da ƙahoninsu.

Raarfafawa ya ƙare a cikin mummunan rauni, a cikin ƙananan lokuta, mutuwa mai yiwuwa ne. Yawancin lokaci yaks shiru a cikin rut yana fitar da babbar murya mai kira. Bayan ƙarshen lokacin saduwa, maza suna barin garken.

Manya daji daji - dabba mai tsananin ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Wolves suna kaiwa dokin doki a cikin garken cikin dusar ƙanƙara, wanda ke hana motsin wannan dabba mai kiba. Yankunan daji suna zalunci ga mutane. A karo da mutum, yak, musamman ma wanda aka ji rauni, nan da nan ya shiga cikin harin.

Rashin rauni kawai na yak, mai dacewa ga mafarauci, shine rashin ji da gani. Yakin da ke kai hare-hare yana da matukar tashin hankali: shugaban da aka ɗora sama da jela tare da gashin da Sultan ke kaɗawa.

Ba kamar sauran wakilan bovids ba, yaks ba zai iya yin raha ko ruri ba. A wasu lokuta mafiya mahimmanci, suna yin sautuna kama da gurnani. Saboda haka ana kiran su "bijimai masu gurnani".

Gina Jiki

Fasali na dabba yak inda yake zauneyadda jikinsa ya dace da yanayin muhalli yana shafar abincin. Tsarin muzzle da lebe yana baka damar samun abinci daga ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara (har zuwa 14 cm Layer) kuma a cikin ƙasa mai sanyi. A karkashin yanayin yanayi, yaks suna ciyarwa akan:

• lichens;
• mosses;
• ciyawa;
• kananan harbe-harben bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi;
• busasshiyar ciyawa da busasshen tsire-tsire a makiyayar hunturu.

Eggswai sabbin haihuwa suna shayar da madarar uwa har zuwa wata ɗaya, sa’annan su canza zuwa kayan abinci. Kayan lambu, hatsi, burodi, baƙar fata, da hatsi an saka su cikin abincin yaks na gida da na daji waɗanda aka ajiye a gidan zoo. Ana amfani da cin ƙashi, gishiri da alli azaman abubuwan haɗin ma'adinai.

A cikin gonakin yak, suna kiwo a wuraren kiwo na dutse ƙarƙashin ikon mai kiwon yak. A kan kiwo, yaks, duk da yanayin nutsuwarsu, suna ƙoƙarin yin nesa da mutane, wanda hakan ya samo asali ne daga abubuwan da ke haifar musu da jin daɗi.

Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai

Warware, menene dabba, zaka iya nazarin fasalin yadda yake haifuwa. Karbuwa ga rayuwa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi ya sa yaƙai su yi kiwo a yanayin ƙananan yanayi. An iyakance kiwo ta hanyar kiyayewa a yankunan da ke da tsaunuka tare da yanayi mai zafi da taushi.

Ya kamata kuma a tuna cewa a gaban mutum, yaks ba ya nuna alamun jima'i. Balaga ta jima'i na mutane na daji yana faruwa a shekaru 6 ... 8 shekaru, matsakaicin tsaran rayuwa shine shekaru 25.

Hanyoyin kiwo:

• Yaks dabbobin polyester ne. Lokacin kiwo yana farawa a ƙarshen Yuni - tsakiyar Yuli kuma ya ƙare a watan Oktoba-Disamba, gwargwadon mazaunin.
• Mata na iya yin takin shekara 18 ... watanni 24.
• A cikin matan bakarare, farauta tana farawa daga Yuni zuwa Yuli, a cikin mata masu haihuwa - daga Yuli zuwa Satumba, wanda aka ƙaddara ta lokacin haihuwa.
• Tsayawa yachts a kan gangaren kudu na tsaunuka yana haifar da farauta mai tsawo ba tare da yin ƙwai ba.
• Alamomin farauta: Yachts suna da damuwa, sun ƙi kiwo, su yi wari da tsalle akan wasu dabbobi. Maganin bugun jini, numfashi yayi sauri, zazzabin jiki ya tashi da 0.5-1.2 ° C. Viscous da gamsuwa mai laushi an ɓoye daga bakin mahaifa. Yatsin ido yana faruwa a cikin awanni 3 ... 6 bayan ƙarshen farautar.
• Lokacin sanyi na yini, muddin aka ajiye shi a kan gangaren arewacin tsaunuka, lokaci ne mai dacewa don saduwa.
• Ayyukan jima'i na yachts an hana su a cikin zafin rana da ƙananan yankuna tare da ƙara haɓakar oxygen.
• An rage tsawon lokacin ci gaban cikin mahaifa idan aka kwatanta shi da sauran shanu kuma kwana 224 ne ... 284 (kimanin watanni tara).
• Yachikhs suna zaune a kan makiyaya a cikin bazara ba tare da sa hannun mutum ba.
• Balagowar jima'in namiji yaks ya dogara da halayen tarbiyyar su. Yana faruwa a watanni 15 ... 18.
• Mafi girman aikin jima'i ana nuna shi ne tsakanin maza masu shekaru 1.5 ... 4 shekaru.

Don yawan amfanin ƙasa na ƙarancin dabbobi a cikin yanayin yak yak, ya zama dole a bi buƙatun:

• tsara dabbar ta hanyar sadarwa a cikin lokaci;
• amfani da matasa masu kerawa a cikin garken;
• iyakance nauyin jima'i akan maza zuwa yachts 10-12;
• yayin lokacin saduwa, kiyaye ciyawa a wuraren kiwo a tsawan akalla m dubu 3 tare da isasshen ciyawa;
• aiwatar da brood daidai.

Hybrid gobies da karsana a mafi yawan lokuta bakararre ne.

Farashi

Ana siyar da yaks na gida ta hanyar nauyin rayuwarsu. Farashin daga 260 rubles / kg. An saya su ne don adana su a cikin gida da kuma gonakin asali. Yak kayayyakin halittu masu darajar gaske.

• Nama. An cinye shi da shiri. An soya shi, an bushe shi, an dafa shi, an tafasa shi an kuma gasa shi. Caloric abun ciki 110 kcal / 100 g. Ya ƙunshi bitamin B1 da B2, ma'adanai (Ca, K, P, Fe, Na), sunadarai da mai. Don amfani don dalilai na dafuwa, naman yara, har zuwa shekaru uku, yaks yana da fifiko. Yana da ɗanɗano a ɗanɗano, ba wuya, ba tare da yadudduka mai ƙanshi ba. Naman tsoffin dabbobi sun fi tsauri, mai daɗaɗɗa da kalori, ana amfani da shi don naman daɗa. Ya fi naman sa dandano da halaye masu gina jiki. Kudin naman yak ya ninka sau 5 na farashin naman sa. Naman nama (yanka) - 53%. Don nama, yana da tasiri a sayar da mutane masu nauyin aƙalla 300 kg.
• Madara. Abincin mai na madarar yak ya fi na madarar shanu sau 2. Kayan mai - 5.3 ... 8.5%, sunadarai - 5.1 ... 5.3%. Ana amfani da shi don yin cuku-cuku da ƙamshi mai ƙanshi tare da babban abun ciki na carotene, wanda ke da tsawon rai. Ana daukar yawan amfanin madara a matsakaita - 858 ... 1070 kg / shekara. Amfanin madara a cikin mata yana girma har zuwa shekaru 9, sannan a hankali yana raguwa.
• Ana amfani da kitse a masana'antar kayan shafawa.
• Ulu A cikin yankuna kiwo na yak, ana amfani da ulu sosai don samar da darduma, barguna, suturar dumi da sauran kayan. Yana ba da ranta da kyau don faduwa. Ana amfani da ulu Yakat don samar da kyallin zane. Ulu yana da laushi, yana riƙe zafi na dogon lokaci, baya shafawa, ba shi da alaƙa. Yawan ulu - 0.3 ... 0.9 kilogiram a kowane baligi.
• Fata. Danyen fata da aka samo daga fatu ya cika abubuwan da ake bukata na fatun shanu. Inganta fasahohin ƙera fata na fata zai faɗaɗa damar yin amfani da shi don samar da takalmi da sauran kayan fata.
• Ana amfani da kaho don samar da kayan tarihi.

Yaks kuma ana ajiye su a gidajen zoo. Farashi yak daji 47,000-120,000 rubles.

Yak kula da kiwo

Kasashen da ke kan gaba wajen kiwon kwai sune China, Nepal, Bhutan, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan. A cikin Tarayyar Rasha, gonakin yak suna cikin Dagestan, Yakutia, Buryatia, Karachay-Cherkessia, Tuva.

Yaks dabbobi ne marasa kyau wadanda basa bukatar yanayi na musamman na tsarewa. A cikin gidan zoo da gonaki masu zaman kansu, ana ajiye su a cikin shinge sanye take da shinge aƙalla tsayin mimita 2.5. An girka ɗakunan katako ko gidaje a cikin gidan

Tsarin kiwo na wadannan dabbobi ya dogara ne da kiwo duk shekara. A cikin yankuna masu tsaunuka, an keɓe makiyaya mai yalwa tare da kyawawan ciyayi don kiwo na yak. Yaks ya dace da yanayin canjin yanayi da wuraren kiwo na shiyyoyin da suka taso tun ƙarnuka.

A gonaki, yaks suna haɗuwa cikin garken dabbobi ko garken dabbobi ta hanyar tsufa da kuma jima’i:

• 60 ... shugabannin 100 - yach madarar ruwa;
• 8… 15 shugabannin - yaks kiwo;
• 80 kawuna - calves har zuwa watanni 12;
• 100 kawuna - ƙananan dabbobi sama da watanni 12;
• 100 shugabannin - yachts kiwo.

Yaks yana da saukin kamuwa da cututtuka:

• brucellosis;
• tarin fuka;
• ciwon kafa da na baki;
• anthrax;
• cututtukan cututtukan jini (lokacin tuki a lokacin dumi zuwa tsaunuka);
• subcutaneous gadfly;
• cututtuka na helminthic.

Yak kiwo masana'anta ce mai rauni. Yawan yaks yana raguwa koyaushe a gonaki masu zaman kansu da na masu zaman kansu. Yawan yaks ɗin daji yana ta raguwa sosai. An jera yaks daji a cikin Littafin Ja.