Gopher - gwarzo na tatsuniya. Dan sanda yakan bayyana a cikin tatsuniyoyin Kazakh; Kalmyks suna bikin ranarta, wanda ke alamta zuwan bazara. An yi imanin cewa dabbar, tana tsaye a cikin shafi don tsaron lafiyarta da zuriyarsa, ya san wuraren ɓoye tare da dukiyar da aka binne. Idan dare ya faɗi a cikin matakalar dabbar, dabbar za ta gaya wa matafiyin mai bacci a kunnensa inda aka binne gwal din.
Bayani da fasali
Gopher na cikin dangin kurege na umarnin beraye, tunda dabbobi Nau'in 38, girma da launuka sun bambanta. Nauyin dabba shine 200-1500 g, tsayin jiki daga 15 zuwa 38 cm, ƙaramin wutsiya shine 3 cm, babba shine 16 cm.
Launin launuka iri-iri na dunƙulen ƙasa a cikin Rasha ya haɗa da launin ruwan kasa, launuka masu launin ruwan kasa masu ƙyalƙyali, ratsi, haɗe tare da sautunan haske a baya. Ciki yakan zama fari fat da rawaya ko launin toka, gefen yana da haske ja.
Beraye suna da jiki mai tsayi a siffar silinda. Legsafafun kafa na baya sun fi na gaba tsayi, amma tare da kaɓuka masu ƙarfi waɗanda ke cikin rawar burrowing. Auricles kanana ne, basu ci gaba ba. Sulik a kan hoto ya zama mai ban dariya da kyau.
A lokacin bazara, ulu the dabbobin ya zama da wuya, ba shi da yawa kuma gajere. A cikin hunturu, don kula da yanayin zafin jiki, da Jawo yayi girma da tsawo. Yanayi ya kula da hangen nesa na gofer a cikin matattarar ƙura, mai ba da idanu tare da faɗaɗa glandon lacrimal, wanda ke kiyaye idanu daga abubuwan baƙon.
Dabbobin da ke adana abinci don amfaninsu nan gaba suna amfani da aljihun kunci. Ana buƙatar su ba kawai don adana abinci ba. Dabbobin, suna neman abin da za su ci, sai suka ruga cikin raminsu suna cin abin da suka kawo a bayan kuncinsu.
Wutsiyar bushy tana da ayyuka uku. Yana aiki azaman jagora yayin motsi a cikin rami mai duhu. Da yake taɓa bangon labyrinths, dabbar ta fahimci inda za ta ci gaba da motsi. Steppe gopher a cikin ranakun zafi, tana amfani da wutsiya a matsayin kariya daga hasken rana, kuma a lokacin sanyi tana kubutar da kanta daga daskarewa tare da taimakon ta.
A cikin mulkin mallaka, dabbobi masu shayarwa suna sadarwa da juna ta hanyar sigina masu rikitarwa. "Harshen" marmot ya hada da kururuwa, busa, busa, dusa. Ba a jin sanda mai rahoton hatsari a cikin zangon ultrasonic, wanda shine karnukan da ke amfani da shi don fadakar da danginsu game da kusantar makiya.
Amma yana aiki yayin da mai farautar ya yi nisa. Kururuwa gopheryin kara mai karfi wanda kunnen mutum ya fahimta alama ce da ke bukatar buya nan take. Harshen sadarwa na rodents yana da rikitarwa. Masana kimiyya sun karkata ga yin imani da cewa tare da taimakon sautuna daban-daban, masu goge suna bayyana menene haɗarin, nisan ta, da sauran bayanai.
Saurari sautukan gophers:
Irin
Waɗanda ke zaune a Rasha sun haɗa da nau'ikan ɓarna na ƙasa:
- Rawaya ko sandstone
Suna girma har zuwa 38 cm a tsawon jiki kuma suna yin nauyi 0.8 kg. Gidajen zama hamada dabba gopher yana ƙayyade launi - yashi mai ƙyalƙyali tare da raƙuman duhu. Ana iya samun dabbar a Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, a ƙasan Volga.
Yana haifar da rayuwar kadaici, baya samar da matsuguni. Saboda wannan, yana da hankali sosai. Kafin barin ramin, sai ya dade yana duban kewaye. Yayin ciyarwa, yana ɗaukar matsayi dangane da ciyayi. A cikin ciyawa mai tsayi, ya ci abinci, yana tsaye a cikin shafi, a cikin ciyawar ƙasa, yana sunkuyar da kansa ƙasa.
Sau da yawa sandstones suna ƙarƙashin varminting. Kodayake farautar wasanni don beraye ya haɗa da yaƙi da ƙwayoyin cuta da cututtuka da kariya daga filayen noma daga lalacewa, ana girbe ɓarnar ƙasa masu rawaya a cikin bazara saboda kyawawan gashinsu, ana amfani da kitsensu don dafa abinci da dalilai na magani. Sandstone ya banbanta da sauran nau'in mahaukata ta mafi tsawon lokacin bacci, wanda shine watanni 9.
- Babban ja
Kaɗan ƙanƙan da ja gofer, matsakaiciyar tsayin jiki ita ce talatin da talatin da uku zuwa 34. Baya baya launin ruwan kasa ne na zinare tare da wuraren tsatsa, gefen jan, ciki mai toka. Red a bayyane yake bayyane a saman kwasan ido da kan kunci. Nauyin jiki ya kai kilogiram 1.2-1.4.
Daga cikin wasu nau'ikan, babban kurar da ke ƙasa ya fito fili don salon rayuwarsa, yayi ƙaura don neman tushen abinci, yayi iyo da kyau. A gaban burbushin, wanda yawansu yakai 10 a kowane makirci, babu wasu tuddai na ƙasa (gophers), wanda ba shi da mahimmanci ga berayen wannan jinsi.
Yankin rarrabawa shine matakan Kazakh da Rasha tare da shinge, gandun daji-steppe. Kadan sau da yawa, ana samun dabbobi a gefen gandun daji, tare da hanyoyi. Dabbobin suna iya rayuwa a cikin dazuzzuka na daji, inda ciyayi masu yawa ba su damar kallon abubuwan da ke kewaye da su ko da kuwa a matsayi ne.
Babban kuran ƙasa ba ƙarami bane ko haɗari. Akasin haka, yana haifar da babbar illa ga kamfanonin noma waɗanda suka ƙware kan noman hatsi. Kamar sauran nau'in, yana yada cututtukan cututtuka.
- .Arami
Bayan baya launin toka-launin ruwan kasa ne ko na ƙasa mai launin rawaya. Pariunƙun daɗaɗɗen sassan kai suna cikin launuka da yawa, kirji ya yi fari, gefensa ja ne. Matsakaicin tsayin jiki yakai cm 21. Wutsiya karama ce, kawai cm 4. Biotopes na halitta na karamar marmot a Rasha sune takaddun shimfidawa na yankin Volga, filayen tsaunuka masu tsaunuka na Ciscaucasia. Dabbar tana guje wa wurare masu tsini.
Kowane mutum ya wadatu da burrow guda. Bera ba ya adanawa. Ana ɗaukarsa mai ɗauke da cututtuka masu haɗari guda takwas waɗanda zasu iya haifar da annoba. Yana lalata hatsi, kankana, da kayan shuka. Duk da nau'ikan nau'ikan cutarwa, an jera shi a cikin Red Book of Crimea.
- Caucasian ko dutse
Jikin yana da tsayi 23-24 cm, launi na baya launin ruwan kasa ne, launin ruwan kasa mai launin rawaya ko tare da ƙari na baƙar fata. Cikin ciki da gefuna launin toka ne. Misalin ya fi bayyana a cikin ƙananan dabbobi. Yankin rarrabawa ya hada da makiyaya na yankin Elbrus, steppes da aka shuka tare da hatsi, farin ciki da ya cika da juniper ko barberry, filayen kogin Caucasian.
Idan ka auku gopher a cikin gandun dajito yana da duban dutse. Ba kamar 'yan uwansu ba, waɗanda suka gwammace su zauna a sarari, aƙalla a gefen dazuzzuka, ana iya samun ɓarnar ƙasa ta Caucasian a cikin wani daji mai dogayen bishiyoyi.
Halin mutumtaka ya ta'allaka ne kawai ga mazauni, amma ba wuraren ciyarwa ba, inda suke cin ciyawa tare da sauran membobin. Mai kiwon tsaunuka hadari ne ga dabbobin gida, yayin da annoba ta bazu.
- Kwalba
Yankin da ba a kwance ba na kwarin gabashin Turai, dajin-steppe, da makiyayar yammacin yankuna na Yukren da Belarus yanki ne na rarraba kananan dabbobi wadanda nauyinsu bai fi rabin kilogram ba, 17 cm tsayi kuma suna da wutsiyoyi 3-santimita. Ana canza launi mai launi, wanda ya ba da sunan wannan nau'in.
Babban launi na baya shine launin ruwan kasa ko launin ruwan kasa. Gilashin na iya zama fari ko rawaya, bayan kai yana da kyau. Cikin yana da launin toka tare da rawaya, kirji haske ne. Kusa da Kudanci yana zaune dabbar daɗaɗɗen ƙasa squirrel, mai paler launi.
Gashi gajere ne, ba shi da yawa sai dai wutsiya. A kan babban kai, manyan idanu tare da farin baki sun fita waje. Kunnuwa kusan basa gani. Berayen suna zama a ƙauyuka, suna yin matattara tare da ƙaramar ƙasa squirrel.
- Daursky
Wakilan jinsunan suna da launi mai haske: baya baya-yashi-toka-toka wanda ba a iya saninsa da kumbura, ciki yana fawn, gefen yana da launin toka tare da tsatsa. Matsakaicin tsayin jikin 20 cm, a cikin mafi girman mutane - 23 cm.
Yana kafa ƙauyuka a cikin matakan Transbaikalia, saboda haka suna na biyu - Transbaikalian gopher. M baƙo zuwa gida na gida da na rani, wuraren kiwo, ba da nisa da gonaki ba. Yana zama tare da manyan hanyoyi ko kusa da hanyar jirgin ƙasa, yana mamaye burkin wani.
Yana rayuwa da kansa, ba a haɗa shi cikin ƙauyuka na rukuni. Yayin lokacin saduwa, Daurian gopher ya sami damar shawo kan kilomita 1.5. Ana yin burodi a kowace shekara ba tare da mafita ta gaggawa da gophers ba. Kafin zama cikin nutsuwa, yana rufe mashigin shiga da ciyawa.
- Jan kunci
Jinsin na kowa ne a kudancin Urals, a cikin Caucasus, a Yammacin Siberia, Kazakhstan. Gopher ya samo sunansa daga manyan tsattsauran launi ko launin ruwan kasa a kan kumatu. Dangane da girma da nauyi, yana cikin rukunin tsakiya.
Bambancin jan-kunci mai jan hankali shine cewa tare da tsayin jiki ya kai 26-28 cm, yana da ƙaramar wutsiyar da ba daidai ba gwargwadonta yakai 4-5 cm. Babban ɓangaren jikin shine launin ruwan zinare-mai launin ruwan kasa mai ruwan toka mai haske. Wutsiya ta zinariya ce, mai ɗimbin yawa. Red sautunan da ke cikin wasu nau'ikan a gefen ba su da kyau bayyane ko ba su gaba ɗaya.
Jan gofer din da ke fuskantar fuska yana tsaye tare da karamin kai-hanci, manyan hakora da idanu. Yawancin mazaunan sune ciyawar fuka-fukai da tsire-tsire. Lokaci-lokaci ana samunsu a cikin dajin-steppe da kuma ciyawar tsaunuka, wanda bai fi kilomita dubu 2 sama da matakin teku ba.
Kusa da kudu, yawancin dabbobi suna zama karami, kuma launi na dusashewa. Rodents na jinsin ya zama yankuna. Cutarwa ga albarkatun hatsi, lambun kayan lambu. Mugayen masu ɗauke da cutar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, annoba.
- Dogon lokaci
Gabas mai nisa yanki ne na rarraba manyan nau'ikan ɓoyayyen ƙasa, waɗanda jikinsu ya kai 32 cm a girma, kuma jelar ta ninka ta ninki biyu. Nauyin namiji rabin kilogram ne, mace ƙasa 100 g. Ana ganin tabon fari mai haske a bayan gwal mai ruwan kasa. Bangarorin jajaye ne, ciki rawaya ne, kai, tare da bayyana kunnuwa fiye da na sauran halittu, ya fi duhun baya duhu.
Dabbobi suna zama a cikin tsaunuka masu ƙanƙani, gandun-tundra, steppes, dazuzzuka gandun daji, inda ciyawar steppe ke girma. Karnuka Prairie suna haƙa burbushin hadaddun wurare tare da yalwa da dalilai daban-daban. Sautunan da ƙwararrun ƙwallan ƙasar masu dogon lokaci suke yi idan aka kwatanta su da magpie chirping. Sun fada cikin rashin himma, wanda ya ɗauki sama da watanni shida, bayan farkon dusar ƙanƙara.
- Beringian ko Ba'amurke.
Gophers na wannan nau'in a Rasha suna gama gari ne a Kamchatka, inda ake kiran su evrazhka, a cikin Kolyma, Chukotka. Sun fi son zama a ƙasar noma kusa da ƙauyuka, amma ana samun su a cikin daji.
Jikin yana da tsayi zuwa 32 cm, kuma wutsiyar ya kai cm 12. Bayanta launin ruwan kasa ne mai launin ruwan toka, kan ya fi cika cikin sautuka. Gefen, ciki na beraye masu launi ja mai haske. Saboda yanayin sanyi, beraye sun fi son abincin dabbobi (kwari). Suna karɓar jin daɗi daga masu yawon buɗe ido kuma suna yin filaye a wuraren ajiyar motocinsu. Suna zaune ne a cikin yankuna, suna haƙa ramuka masu rassa, inda aka keɓe wuri don kayayyakin da ake ci bayan sun farka daga rashin bacci.
Rayuwa da mazauni
Kodayake ana samun wasu nau'in a cikin dazuzzuka da kuma gandun daji na itacen oak, yawancinsu sun fi son zama a cikin shimfidar shimfidar wurare. Wannan saboda yiwuwar kiyaye lafiya ne. Gophers suna da makiya na halitta da yawa. Wadannan sun hada da owls, kites, hawks. Daga dabbobi - fox, badgers, Wolves, raccoons. Bandaging, macizai, ferret sune mafi haɗari, saboda zasu iya shiga cikin gidan kai tsaye.
Steppes, makiyaya, makiyaya mai ƙarancin tsire-tsire masu ƙarancin wurare sune wuraren zama na haƙori. Bayan shan dabbar a cikin shafi kuma bincika yankin da ke kusa, dabba ta lura da haɗarin a cikin lokaci kuma ta gargaɗi dangin ta da siginan murya. Karnuka farare ba koyaushe suke neman mafaka a gidansu ba. Ya faru da cewa sun shiga cikin rami na farko da suka tsinkaye, inda suka haɗu da juriya na mai shi.
Yanayi ya samar wa gophers kafafu masu ƙarfi tare da kaifi masu kaifi da tsari na musamman na muƙamuƙi don sauƙaƙa tona ramuka. Kowace dabba, ba tare da la'akari da ko tana rayuwa ne a cikin mulkin mallaka ba ko kuma ita kadai, tana da nata "ɗakin" na kansa, kuma galibi da yawa.
Wasu nau'ikan suna huda ramuka zurfin mita uku kuma tsawonsu yakai mita 15. Gopher dabba ce mai ban tsoro. Tana ciyarwa da safe, lokacin da rana ta bushe raɓa a kan ciyawa, da kuma yamma. Yana cinye lokutan da suka fi zafi a cikin rami, ya tafi faɗuwar rana.
Don lokacin hunturu, yana hibernates, wanda ya dogara da yanayin yanayin yanayin mazaunin. Yankin arewa mafi nisa, lokacin bacci yayi tsawo. Matsakaicin lokaci shine watanni 9. Kafin yin bacci a cikin jikin beraye, kaifin metamorphoses na faruwa. Matsayin steroids yayi tsalle sosai, yawan tsoka yana ƙaruwa sosai, sunadaran sunadaran a lokacin sanyi.
Gopher yana bacci sosai. Za a iya farka ta da digon zafin da ke ƙasa -25 ° С.Wannan ana amfani da shi sau da yawa ta chope steppe, wanda ke cin gophers na bacci. A yayin rawar, dorinar suna rasa rabin nauyinsu na asali. Fari da rashin abinci mai gina jiki suna haifar da gaskiyar cewa dabbobin suna bacci a lokacin rani, suna jiran lokuta masu wahala.
Gina Jiki
Abincin Gopher ya hada da abincin tsirrai da na dabbobi. Yanayin ya dogara da wurin sasantawa. A arewa mafi nisa da beraye suna rayuwa, yawancin furotin na dabba da suke buƙata. Mafi yawan abincin shuka sun hada da:
- hatsi, hatsi;
- kankana;
- ganye (clover, wormwood, bluegrass, dandelion, highlander, nettle, knotweed);
- kwararan fitila na albasar daji, tulips;
- sunflower, itacen oak, maple, apricot tsaba;
- ƙananan harbe na Willow;
- namomin kaza, berries.
Dogaro da yanayi, kumbun ƙasa suna ciyarwa akan ɓoye ko ɓangarorin kore na shuke-shuke, tsaba. Bayan sun isa lambuna, dabbobi cikin farin ciki suna cinye karas, beets, kwararan fitila da farin ciki. Daga abincin dabbobi, abincin ya hada da:
- kwari (beetles, farar, tsutsotsi, fara);
- tsutsa;
- qwai tsuntsaye;
- mice beraye, kajin.
Tare da karancin tushen abinci, gophers suna cin abinci mai lalacewa, gawa. An bayar da rahoton lamuran cin naman mutane a manyan ƙauyuka.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Duk da siriri da rauni bayan rashin nutsuwa a cikin gophers, lokacin saduwa yana farawa yan kwanaki bayan farkawa. Ba tare da faɗa tsakanin abokan hamayya don kula da abokai ba.
Mata masu takin zamani suna ɗauke da sa cuba na tsawon wata guda. Daga biyu zuwa goma sha shida ake haihuwa. Adadin zuriyar kai tsaye ya dogara da mazauni da kuma samar da abinci.
Jarirai suna ciyar da nonon uwa tsawon wata daya da rabi, bayan makonni biyu suna fara gani. Zasu iya ciyarwa da kansu bayan kwanaki 30, amma zasu kasance cikin kabarin gama gari na tsawon watanni uku. Matar tana kiyaye yara daga baƙin da ba a gayyata ba. Don bayyana mafi girma, a wannan lokacin yana kunna wutsiya, yana toshe hanyar. Yaran da suka girma sun yi ƙaura zuwa kabarin da iyaye suka haƙa a hankali.
Arshen bazara, al'amuran cin naman mutane da masu lalata su ne dalilan yawan mutuwar ƙananan dabbobi. A cikin daji, beraye ba su daɗe - shekaru 2-3. Wasu mutane, a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau, suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru takwas.
Ba kawai ƙwayoyi ke ɗauke da cututtukan cututtuka ba kuma suna barin manyan wurare masu kaifi a filayen da aka shuka hatsi. Tabbatacce rawar gofer a yanayi shi ne kamar haka:
- rage yawan kwari;
- kara tasirin danshi da iska, yana hanzarta bazuwar kwayoyin halitta;
- karuwar yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan tsuntsayen da ke cin ganyayyaki.
Jawo daga babban ɓarnar ƙasa, wanda aka samo a cikin bazara, ya zama kamar kwaikwayo na mink. Ana kula da gabobin numfashi tare da kitse mai tsabta na muhalli. Samfurin yana hanzarta cire abubuwa masu guba daga jiki, yana da tasirin tonic da na kwayan cuta.
Masu karatu suna da sha’awa gopher dabba ja littafi ko a'a... Smallananan, masu launin ja da launuka masu launuka daban-daban an sanya su matsayin masu haɗari da ƙarancin yanayi a cikin Yankin Stavropol, Altai, Caucasus, a cikin Bryansk, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod da sauran yankuna. Dalilai kuwa su ne nome gona da ya yadu, da amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, da karuwar masu farauta, da kona ciyayi.
Wasu nau'in kare mai gushewa sun ɓace koda a cikin ajiyar yanayi. Akwai buƙatar gaggawa don ƙirƙirar kayan halittu da wuraren nursery. Adana kimar ɗabi'ar dabbobi na ƙasar aiki ne na ƙasa baki ɗaya.
