Tuatara ko kuma a yaren Latin, Sphenodon punctatus yana nufin tsoffin dabbobi masu rarrafe wadanda suka rayu tun kafin dinosaur kuma suka ci gaba da tsarinsu na asali. A cikin New Zealand, wuri kaɗai inda yawan mutane yake, ana kama dabbobi masu rarrafe cikin almara, zane-zane, tambura, tsabar kuɗi.
Kungiyoyi masu kula da muhalli, wadanda suka damu da raguwar adadin kayan tarihin, suna daukar dukkan matakan don samar da yanayi mai dadi ga rayuwarsu, don yakar makiya na halitta.
Bayani da fasali
Bayyanar dabbar, ta kai tsawon 75 cm, tare da babban kai, da gajere gajere mai yatsu biyar da doguwar jela yana yaudara. Lizard tuatara yayin dubawa da kyau, sai ya zama abin rarrafe na wani tsari na daban na gashin baki.
Kakannin da ke nesa - kifin da aka gishiri ya ba ta kyakkyawan tsarin kwanyar. Babban muƙamuƙin da murfin kwanyar suna da alaƙa da kwakwalwa, wanda ke ba da damar ƙwarewar ganima mafi kyau.
Tuatara shine mafi tsufa halittar da ke rayuwa a zamanin dinosaur
A cikin dabbobi, ban da layuka biyu da aka saba da hakora mai siffa, an samar da ƙarin guda ɗaya, wanda yake kusa da na sama. Da shekaru, saboda tsananin abinci mai gina jiki, tuatara ya rasa dukkan haƙoransa. A wurinsu, farfajiyar keratinized ta kasance, wanda ake tauna abinci da ita.
Bakan baka suna gudana tare da bangarorin gefen kwanyar, wanda ke nuna kamanceceniya da macizai da kadangaru. Amma sabanin su, tuatara bai canza ba, amma ya kasance bai canza ba. Hakarkarin ciki, tare da haƙarƙarin hakarkarin da aka saba, an kiyaye su ne kawai a cikin ta da kada. Fata mai rarrafe ta bushe, ba ta da ƙwayoyin cuta. Don riƙe danshi, an rufe saman layin epidermis da sikeli masu sihiri.
Tuatara a hoton yana tsoratarwa. Amma ba ya kawo wani haɗari ga mutum. Balagagge namiji yana da nauyin kilogram, kuma mace rabin hakan. A saman jiki koren-zait ne mai rawaya mai rawaya a gefuna, kasan launin toka ne. An nada kambin jiki da jela mai ƙarfi.
Tuatara na miji da mace suna da sauƙin bambanta da juna ta girman su
Membranes bayyane suke tsakanin yatsun ƙafafun kafa. A lokacin haɗari, dabba tana fitar da kuka mai kaifi, wanda ba irin na dabbobi masu rarrafe bane.
A bayan kai, baya da wutsiya akwai dutsen da ya kunshi sararin samaniya. Babba idanuwan tuatara tare da fatar ido masu motsi da ɗalibai a tsaye waɗanda suke a gefen kai kuma suna barin a ga ganima da dare.
Amma banda su, akwai kuma ido na uku akan rawanin, wanda yake bayyane a bayyane cikin ƙananan dabbobi har zuwa watanni huɗu. Ya ƙunshi kwayar ido da tabarau, wanda ya haɗa ta motsin kwakwalwa zuwa kwakwalwa.
Sakamakon binciken kimiya, masana kimiyya sun cimma matsaya akan cewa wannan karin kayan na gani yana daidaita yanayin rayuwa da halittar dabbobi masu rarrafe. Idan mutum da sauran dabbobi sun banbanta yini da dare ta idanun talaka, to a cikin tuatara wannan aikin ana daukar shi ne ta hanyar kwalliyar.
A cikin hoton, farcen ido (na uku) na tuatara
Masana ilimin dabbobi sun gabatar da wani fasalin, har yanzu ba a tabbatar da su ba. Vitamin D, wanda ke cikin ci gaban ƙananan dabbobi, ana samar dashi ta ƙarin kayan aikin gani. Tsarin zuciya shima na musamman ne. Ya hada da sinus, wanda ake samu a cikin kifi, amma ba cikin dabbobi masu rarrafe ba. Kunnen waje da rami na tsakiya sun ɓace tare da membrane membrane.
Rikicin ba ya karewa a can Tuatara yana aiki a yanayin yanayin zafi kadan, wanda sauran dabbobi masu rarrafe ba za su yarda da shi ba. Matsakaicin yanayin zafin jiki mai kyau - 6-18 ° С.
Wani fasalin shine ikon riƙe numfashinka har zuwa awa ɗaya, yayin jin daɗi. Masana ilmin namun daji suna kiran dabbobi kayan tarihi saboda tsoffinsu da keɓantansu.
Irin
A ƙarshen karni na 19, an gano nau'ikan tsari na biyu na umarnin-baki wanda aka keɓe shi - tuwar Gunther, ko Tuatara na Tsibirin Islandan'uwa (Sphenodon guntheri) Wani ƙarni daga baya, an kama dabbobi masu rarrafe 68 kuma aka ɗauke su zuwa tsibirin da ke Cook Strait (Titi). Bayan shekara biyu suna lura da halayyar dabbobin daji da wadanda aka kama, sai suka koma wani wuri mafi sauki don masu yawon bude ido su gani - Tsibirin Sotes.
Launi - launin toka-ruwan hoda, ruwan kasa ko zaitun mai launin rawaya, fararen fata. Gunther's tuatara tsugune ce, da babban kai da dogayen kafafu. Maza sun fi nauyi kuma an lura da duwawu a baya.
Rayuwa da mazauni
A cikin kayan dabbobi masu rarrafe, mai saurin motsa jiki, shakar iska da kuma shakar iska tare da tazarar 7 sakan. Dabbar ba ta son motsawa, amma yana son kashe lokaci a cikin ruwa. Tuatara ya zauna a gabar tekun wasu kananan tsibirai da aka kiyaye na New Zealand, wadanda basu dace da rayuwar dan adam ba.
Rabin yawan dabbobi masu rarrafe sun zauna ne a Tsibirin Stephens, inda akwai mutane kusan 500 a kowace kadada. Yanayin shimfidar wuri ya kunshi tsarin dutse tare da bankunan da ke kan tudu, yankuna masu fadi da kwazazzabai. Areasananan yankuna na ƙasar mai dausayi suna shagaltar da ƙarancin ciyayi, marasa daɗi. Yanayin yana da yanayi mai zafi mai ɗaci, kullun kullun, iska mai ƙarfi.
Da farko baka-kai tuatara ya rayu a kan manyan tsibirai biyu na New Zealand. A lokacin bunkasar kasar, ‘yan mulkin mallaka sun shigo da karnuka, awaki, da kuliyoyi, wadanda, ta yadda suke, sun taimaka wajen rage yawan dabbobi masu rarrafe.
Lokacin da awaki ke kiwo, ciyayi da yawa sun lalace. Karnukan da masu su suka watsar suna farautar tuatara, sun lalata kayan. Berayen sun yi asarar adadi mai yawa.
Nesa, keɓance yankuna daga sauran kasashen duniya na wani lokaci na daban tuatara endemic a cikin asalinsa. Hoiho penguins, tsuntsayen kiwi da ƙananan kifayen dolphins suna wurin ne kawai. Yawancin flora suma suna girma ne kawai a tsibirin New Zealand.
Lonungiyoyin mulkin mallaka da yawa sun zaɓi yankin. Wannan unguwar tana da amfani ga dabbobi masu rarrafe. Dabbobi masu rarrafe suna iya haƙa rami da kansu don zurfin zurfin mita, amma sun fi son mamaye waɗanda aka shirya, inda tsuntsaye ke gina gida.
Da rana, dabbobi masu rarrafe ba su aiki, suna ɓata lokaci a cikin masauki, da dare sai su fita neman abinci daga mafakarsa. Rayuwar sirrin tana haifar da ƙarin matsaloli a cikin nazarin ɗabi'un da masanan ke yi. A lokacin hunturu tuatara dabba yana barci, amma a ɗan sauƙi. Idan yanayin yana da nutsuwa, da rana, yakan fito ne don yayi kan duwatsun.
Ga dukkan rashin motsin motsi a cikin kwanciyar hankali, dabbobi masu rarrafe suna gudu cikin sauri da sauri, suna jin hatsari, ko bin farauta yayin farauta. Mafi sau da yawa, dabbar ba dole ne ta yi nisa ba, tunda tana jiran wanda aka azabtar, yana jingina daga cikin ramin kaɗan.
Bayan sun kama kaji ko kuma tsuntsun da suka balaga, hatteria na raba su. Yana goge ɓangarorin mutum tare da haƙoran da suka lalace, yana matsar da ƙananan muƙamuƙin gaba da baya.
Dabba mai rarrafe yana ji a cikin ruwa kamar yadda yake a jikinsa. A can ta dau lokaci mai yawa, godiya ga tsarin halittar jikin mutum, tana iyo sosai. Bai ma manta da kududdufin da aka kafa ba bayan ruwan sama mai karfi. Beakheads yana narkewa kowace shekara. Fatar ba ta narkewa a cikin haja, kamar na macizai, amma a wasu bangarori. Tailarar da aka ɓata tana da ikon sabuntawa.
Gina Jiki
Abincin da aka fi so tuwar shine kaji da kwai. Amma idan ta kasa samun abinci, to tana ciyar da kwari (tsutsotsi, beetles, arachnids, ciyawa). Suna jin daɗin cin mollusc, kwadi, ƙananan beraye da kadangaru.
Idan zai yiwu a kamo tsuntsu, sai ta haɗiye shi, kusan ba tare da tauna ba. Dabbobi suna da yawan amfani. Akwai lokutan da manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe ke cin zuriyarsu.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Saurin girma, tafiyar rayuwa na haifar da dadewar dabbobi, kusa da shekaru 20. A cikin Janairu, lokacin da lokacin zafi mai zafi ya fara, tuatara a shirye take ta hayayyafa. Maza suna jiran mata a burbushin ko neman su ƙetare dukiyoyinsu. Bayan sun sami abin kulawa, suna yin wani abu na al'ada, suna motsawa a da'ira na dogon lokaci (har zuwa mintina 30).
Wannan lokacin tsakanin maƙwabta da ke zaune a yankunan da ke kusa da su yana tattare da rikice-rikice saboda abubuwan da suka shafi juna. Ma'auratan da aka kirkira suna kwafane a kusa da burrow, ko ta hanyar yin ritaya a cikin labyrinths.
Abincin da aka fi so na tuatara shi ne tsuntsaye da kwai.
Dabba mai rarrafe ba shi da wata gabar al'aura ta waje don saduwa. Yin takin zamani yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hada dantse da juna. Wannan hanyar tana tattare da halittar tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu rarrafe. Idan mace a shirye take tayi bayan kowace shekara hudu, to namiji a shirye yake duk shekara.
New Zealand tuatara yana nufin halittar dabbobi masu rarrafe. An tsara tsarin ƙwai ne don ci gaba ya gudana cikin nasara ba cikin mahaifa ba, amma a ƙasa. Harsashin ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin keratinized tare da haɗawar limescale don ƙarfi mafi ƙarfi. Ramin huda ciki yana ba da damar iskar oxygen kuma a lokaci guda yana hana shigar ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa.
Amfrayo yana girma a cikin ruwa mai matsakaici, wanda ke tabbatar da daidaitaccen yanayin ci gaban gabobin ciki. Watanni 8 8 bayan an kwana, an kafa qwai kuma a shirye suke su shimfida. A wannan lokacin, mata sun kafa wasu yankuna na musamman a gefen kudancin tsibirin.
Turuwar ta tumatir a cikin ramuka mara zurfin ƙasa
Kafin daga karshe ya tsaya a wurin da amfrayo zai ci gaba, tuatara tana hako ramin gwaji da yawa.
Kwanciya da ƙwai, lambobi har zuwa raka'a 15, na faruwa yayin mako a daren. Mata suna ciyar da lokutan hasken rana a kusa, suna kiyaye kullun daga baƙi waɗanda ba a gayyata ba. A ƙarshen aikin, an binne mason ɗin kuma ciyayi sun rufe shi. Dabbobin sun koma rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun.
Fari mai launin rawaya-launin ruwan kasa, ƙwai na tuatara ba su da bambanci a cikin girman su - 3 cm a diamita. Lokacin shiryawa ya ƙare bayan watanni 15. Tiananan dabbobi masu rarrafe santimita 10 suna ɗora kwanson ƙwai da haƙori na musamman, kuma da kansa suka fita.
A hoton yana santsi tuatara
An bayyana tsawon lokacin ci gaba ta lokacin ɓoye a cikin hunturu, lokacin da rayayyar tantanin halitta ya tsaya, haɓakar amfrayo zai tsaya.
Nazarin da masana kimiyyar dabbobin New Zealand suka nuna sun nuna cewa jinsin tuatara, kamar kada da kunkuru, ya dogara da yawan zafin jikin da ake samu. A 21 ° C, adadin maza da mata kusan ɗaya ne.
Idan yawan zafin jiki ya fi na wannan mai nuna alama, to da yawa mazan suna ƙyanƙyashe, idan ya fi ƙasa, mata. Da farko, dabbobin samari sun fi son yin aiki da rana, tunda akwai yiwuwar yiwuwar halakar su ta dabbobi masu rarrafe.
Ci gaba mai rarrafe tuatara saboda jinkirin metabolism, ya ƙare da shekaru 35-45. Cikakken lokacin girki ya dogara da yanayin canjin yanayi. Yadda suka fi dacewa (mafi yawan zafin jiki), saurin balaga zai zo. Dabbobi masu rarrafe suna rayuwa shekaru 60-120, wasu mutane sun cika shekaru biyu.
Fiye da shekaru ɗari da suka wuce, gwamnatin New Zealand ta gabatar da tsarin kiyayewa, ta sanya matsayin ajiyar tsibiran da ke da bakin-baki. Dabbobi masu rarrafe suna cikin littafin Red Book na Duniya. Daruruwan dabbobi ne aka bayar da gudummawa ga gidajen namun daji a fadin duniya don samar da yanayi mai kyau da kuma kare jinsunan.
Masu rajin kare hakkin dabbobi sun damu game da 'yantar da tsibiran daga beraye da madogara. An sanya kudade masu yawa daga kasafin kuɗi don waɗannan dalilai. Ana ci gaba da ayyukan da sabbin fasahohi don kawar da maƙiyanmu na halitta masu rarrafe.
Akwai shirye-shirye na kaurar dabbobi masu rarrafe zuwa wurare masu aminci, don tarawa, kiwo na wucin gadi, da kiwon dabbobi. Dokar muhalli ce kawai, kokarin hadin gwiwa na gwamnati da kungiyoyin jama'a za su iya tseratar da dadadden dabbobi masu rarrafe a duniya daga halaka.
