Bayani da fasali
Merlin – tsuntsu, waɗanda masana kimiyyar halittu suka lasafta su zuwa ga dangin falcon, tsakanin waɗanda membobinsu ake ɗaukar mafi girma. Kuma wannan hakika haka yake, domin hatta mazan irin wadannan tsuntsayen, wadanda yawanci basu fi mata girma ba, tsayinsu yakai rabin mita ko fiye. A lokaci guda, girman mata na iya a wasu lokuta ya kai 65 cm tare da nauyin kilogiram 2.
Idan muka kwatanta wakilan da aka bayyana na dangi tare da 'yan uwansu, to fa wutsiyarsu a hankali ta fi tsayi, amma fikafikan, akasin haka, sun fi guntu; raƙuman raƙuman raƙuman ruwa sun fi haɓaka, kuma labulen ya fi taushi. Amma babban bambanci tsakanin gyrfalcon shine girmansa, tun a zamanin da an dauke shi babbar fa'idarsa a kan falcons a cikin farautar kasuwanci, wanda waɗannan tsuntsaye mutane suka yi amfani da shi tare da sauran falcons na ƙarni da yawa.
Tsuntsu Gyrfalcon
Gyrfalcon kuma ya fi dangin falcon girma - tsuntsayen da ba su fi girma da hankaka ba. Koyaya, waɗannan wakilan masarautar masu fukafukai suna kama da juna zalla a zahiri. Kuma shima gyrfalcon yana kama da dangin da aka nuna a cikin murya, amma ba kamar shi ba, yana fitar da sautuka mafi kara: "kyak-kyak", kuma yana sake su a cikin karami da kara karfi.
Wani lokaci yakan juyo kamar wanda aka zana: "kek-kek". Amma ana iya jin babban abu mai nutsuwa daga wannan tsuntsu a cikin bazara. A cikin iska, gyrfalcon yana hanzari da sauri yana tafiya gaba da sauri, yana hawa sama kuma baya tashi sama. Irin waɗannan tsuntsayen suna cikin madaidaicin matsayi cikin mafi tsananin ƙarfi.
Menene gyrfalcon yayi kama? Wannan tsuntsun mai girman gaske an banbanta shi da wani kayataccen launi, mai launi mai kyau da kyau, tsari mai rikitarwa wanda ya kunshi hadewar wuraren fari, launin toka, launin ruwan kasa da sauran wuraren launuka, amma yawanci cikinsa yafi haske fiye da asalin asalin gashin.
Fukafukan waɗannan halittun suna da kaifi, manya; fitarwa ta tsaya a bakin baki; ƙafafu rawaya ne, masu ƙarfi; wutsiya doguwa ce. Launi iri daban-daban na irin waɗannan tsuntsayen na iya mamaye yankunan fari, launin ruwan kasa, baƙi da azurfa, kuma tsarin fuka-fukan su ma daban ne.
Gyrfalcon a cikin hunturu
Amma mafi kyau duka, zaku iya fahimtar fasalin bayyanar waɗannan tsuntsaye, kuna shafawa akan hoto gyrfalcon... Irin waɗannan tsuntsayen ana samun su galibi a yankunan arewacin Eurasia da Amurka, suna zaune ne a cikin masarufi har ma da mafi tsananin - yankunan arctic, amma kuma suna daɗa yaduwa sosai kudu.
Irin
Tambayar yawan kananan lambobi da nau'ikan wadannan tsuntsayen na haifar da sabani sosai tsakanin masana halittu. Ciki har da mai kawo ce-ce-ku-ce, tambaya ce ta wacce irin siffofin wadannan wakilan dabbobin da ke da fuka-fuki a cikin kasarmu. Misali, da farko anyi zaton cewa Yaren mutanen Norway, Icelandic, da polar gyrfalcones suna cikin jinsuna daban daban.
Yanzu al'ada ce a ɗauka cewa dukkan nau'ikan arewa iri ɗaya ne, an kasasu zuwa ƙananan ƙananan jinsuna da jinsunan ƙasa. Akwai matsaloli da yawa kamar yadda aka rarraba wasu nau'ikan wadannan tsuntsayen. Amma zamuyi bayanin kowannensu daki daki.
1. Yaren mutanen Norway Gyrfalcon... Irin wadannan tsuntsayen ana samunsu a gabar Tekun Fari, a Lapland da Scandinavia. Gabaɗaya merlin – ƙaura, amma kawai sashi. Dogaro da mazaunin, yana iya zama mai nutsuwa. Amma mazaunan yankunan arewaci, kamar wakilan jinsunan ƙasar Norway, yawanci sukan koma kudu tare da farkon yanayin sanyi. Saboda haka, a lokacin hunturu, ana iya kiyaye su a yankuna daban-daban na Tsakiyar Turai, wani lokacin har ma a wasu yankunan kudancin wannan nahiya.
Yaren mutanen Norway Gyrfalcon
Tsuntsayen da aka bayyana jinsinsu suna kama da falcons a launi. Suna da launin ruwan kasa-mai launin toka-toka na babba, wanda aka yi wa ado da launuka masu launin toka-da-toka da tabo. Kan su yana da duhu, jelar ta yi furfura-da toka-toka. Partasan ɓangaren jikinsu mai haske ne. Akwai kaifin haƙori a saman muƙamuƙin baki. Zoben rawaya mai haske yana tsaye kewaye da idanun irin waɗannan tsuntsayen. Tsawon fikafikan membobin wannan nau'in yakai kimanin 37 cm.
2. Ural Gyrfalcon, wanda ya fi na baya girma, galibi an rarraba shi a Yammacin Siberia. Koyaya, a wasu lokuta na shekara, irin waɗannan tsuntsayen suna iya ƙaura zuwa wasu yankuna. Misali, ana ganin irin wannan gyrfalcons a yankin Baikal, a kudancin Altai, har ma a cikin jihohin Baltic. Wadannan tsuntsayen sun banbanta da jinsin Yaren mutanen Norway a cikin launi mai haske tare da tsari mai fadi na yau da kullun.
Ural Gyrfalcon
Fuka-fukan gashinsu na launukan ocher ne masu haske kuma ana yin su da silsila da layi mai tsawo. Wani lokaci, tsakanin tsuntsayen irin wannan, samfuran fararen samari zasu hadu. A kwanan nan, al'ada ce ta tura su zuwa wani jinsin daban, amma yanzu ra'ayoyin masu lura da tsuntsaye sun canza.
3. Farin gyrfalcon a tsakiyar zamanai, wato, a lokacin da shaharar falconry, an dauke shi mafi daraja kuma an fifita shi ga wasu don kyawunta, kodayake irin waɗannan tsuntsayen a lokacin, kamar yanzu, ba su da yawa sosai.
Farin gyrfalcon
A zamanin da, wadannan tsuntsayen sun kasance kyautuka kuma an gabatar da su ga manyan shugabannin sojoji da masu mulki a lokacin wani sabani na siyasa domin cimma yarjejeniya, zaman lafiya da kwanciyar hankali. A mafi yawancin lokuta, akwai kyawawan halittu masu fikafikai masu fuka-fukai masu launin fari mai fari-fari a cikin yankunan arewa, a cikin tsayayyun wurare masu sanyi.
4. Grey gyrfalcon... Irin waɗannan tsuntsayen ana samun su, a matsayin ƙa'ida, a gabashin Siberia. Kuma sun bambanta da nau'ikan Ural kawai a cikin ƙananan bayanai game da bayyanar su. Musamman, suna da 'yan alamun digo-digo a jikinsu. Amma koda a cikin girma, wakilan waɗannan nau'ikan siffofin guda ɗaya ne.
Grey gyrfalcon tare da ganima a cikin jirgin
5. Altai gyrfalcon - raƙuman tsaunuka, wanda aka ɗauka ba safai ba. Yawanci ana samunsa zuwa kudu sosai fiye da waɗanda suka zo wurin. Baya ga Altai, ire-iren tsuntsayen sun fi yawa a cikin Tien Shan, Sayan, Tarbagatai. Akwai shari'ar ƙaurarsu zuwa Mongolia, Turkmenistan, ƙasar Siberia. Launin waɗannan tsuntsayen ana ɗaukar su mafi daidaituwa fiye da ta dangi, kuma akwai nau'uka biyu: haske (mafi ƙaranci) da duhu.
Altai gyrfalcon
A ƙarshen bayanin ƙididdigar (yau ana ambaton su galibi cikin sifa ɗaya: "gyrfalcon"), yakamata a sake bayyana cewa dukkan su har yanzu basu isa yin karatun su ba, kuma rabe-raben su ya bugu. Misali, yawancin masu lura da tsuntsaye sun yi imani da cewa nau'i daya ne kawai daga cikin wadannan tsuntsayen suke yaduwa a duk yankin Arctic America da Greenland, kuma launin launin tokarsu da fari ya kamata a yi la’akari da sauye-sauyen mutum daya wanda yake wasu mutane. Koyaya, ba duk masanan kimiyyar dabbobi ne suka yarda da wannan ra'ayin ba.
Rayuwa da mazauni
Hanyar rayuwar waɗannan tsuntsayen kuma ba ta wadataccen karatu. An san cewa waɗancan nau'ikan gyrfalcon waɗanda ke zaune a yankunan arewa, a lokacinda ake yin gida-gida, galibi suna yadawa ne a kan Tekun Polar kuma suna sauka a kan duwatsu masu duwatsu. Hakanan ana samun Gyrfalcons a cikin yankin gandun daji, musamman, waɗannan yankuna suna zama Siberia, Gabashin Turai, Scandinavia, da kuma arewacin arewacin nahiyar Amurka.
Amma har ma a wannan yanayin, suna da niyyar ba da nisa da tekuna, manyan koguna da sauran manyan wuraren ruwa. Kuma wannan abin fahimta ne, saboda yankuna na arewa, inda tsuntsayen wannan nau'in suke sauka, galibi suna da wadatacciyar rayuwa kusa da ruwa.
Farautar Gyrfalcon ta kama ganima
Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, wasu daga cikin gyrfalcons, gwargwadon wurin rarrabawa, na iya zama marasa nutsuwa, wasu daga cikinsu suna yawo a lokacin lokacin hunturu, suna ƙaura zuwa dajin da ya fi dacewa da belin gandun daji-tundra. Sauran nau'ikan ƙaura suma ana san su. Musamman, wasu ƙananan yanki, alal misali, Asiya ta Tsakiya, sun ƙaura daga manyan tsaunuka zuwa kwari. Gyrfalcons kuma suna yin wasu motsi.
Gyrfalcon a cikin littafin ja ko a'a? Babu shakka, wannan wakili ne mai yawan gaske game da fauna masu fuka-fukai, sakamakon haka aka sanya shi cikin littafin. Kuma yawanta kullum yana raguwa. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon fadada sararin samaniyar wayewar kan mutane, yayin da mutane da yawa ke mutuwa sakamakon ayyukan mafarauta, suna fadawa tarkon su.
Kamawar gyrfalcons shima sananne ne a Rasha, saboda a ƙasashen waje ana iya siyar da waɗannan tsuntsayen don kuɗi mai kyau. Tun zamanin da, suna da daraja kamar tsuntsayen farauta don farauta. Kuma yawancin yan koyo har yanzu suna yaba wadannan tsuntsayen. A dabi'a, gyrfalcons suna iya kai hari ko da bear idan hakan yana da haɗari ga kajinsu. Amma mafi karfin hali da firgita daga tsuntsaye ne kawai ke da ikon afkawa masu aikin gyrfalcons da kansu. Asali, gaggafa zinariya ce kawai ke da haɗari a gare su.
Saurari muryar gyrfalcon
Gyrfalcons suna da ƙoshin lafiya da ƙoshin lafiya, sabili da haka cututtuka tsakanin waɗannan wakilai na ƙabilar fuka-fukai basu yadu ba kuma suna da wuya. Koyaya, rayuwa cikin kamuwa, irin waɗannan tsuntsayen suna cikin haɗarin kamuwa da cuta, saboda basu da kariya daga ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke rayuwa a jikin mutum. Abin da ya sa gyrfalcons da aka kama sau da yawa suna mutuwa.
Gina Jiki
Merlin – tsuntsu mai farauta kuma sabon abu karaya. Irin waɗannan mafarautan suna son zama kusa da mazaunin gull, gillemots, da sauran wakilan dangin guillemot, kusa da abin da ake kira bazaars ko tsaunukan tsuntsaye. A lokaci guda, suna afkawa membobin waɗannan yankuna kuma suna ciyar dasu.
Abincin don gyrfalcons galibi tsuntsaye ne masu matsakaici, kuma wani lokacin har dabbobi masu shayarwa. Abun yau da kullun na cin nama ga wakilan da aka bayyana na fauna mai fuka-fukai ya kai kimanin 200. 'Yan gyrfalcons galibi suna cin abincinsu ne ba da nisa da wuraren zangon hunturu ko gurbi ba. Anan zaka iya samun dumbin dumbin kashi da kasusuwa da abinci da ba a ci ba, aka cire ulu da gashin fuka-fukan wadanda ke fama da irin wadannan dabbobin.
Gyrfalcon yana cin ganima
Harin na Gyrfalcon yayi kama da yadda falcons ke kai hari. A yayin farauta, suna iya hawa zuwa babban tsayi, daga inda suke rurrushe, suna ninka fikafikansu, cikin tsananin gudu, suna kai hari ga ganima. Bugun bakinsu nan da nan na iya hana abun kai hari ga rayuwa. Zasu iya karya wuyansa ko su ciji bayan kansa. A wasu lokuta, sukan dauki wanda aka azabtar tare da su, suna cafke ta da filon hannu. Gyrfalcon na iya afkawa tsuntsaye kai tsaye a cikin iska.
Merlin yana neman farauta shi kadai. Wannan kuma ya shafi lokutan renon zuriya, amma kawai a wannan lokacin, ma'aurata yawanci suna neman ganima a cikin layin yanar gizo guda ɗaya da aka zaɓa kuma suka ci su. Don chickan chickan kaɗan, uba ya kama kuma ya kawo ganima. Mahaifiyar, a gefe guda, tana yi masa yankannan ne domin 'ya'yan: tana cire sassan gabar jiki da kai, sannan kuma ta fizge ta. Duk waɗannan shirye-shiryen ana yin su ne a wajen gida don kada a sami datti da ruɓaɓɓun sassan jikin da halittu masu rai suka kama.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
A cikin dangantaka da kishiyar jinsi, waɗannan wakilai na ƙabilar fuka-fukai suna da auren mace ɗaya sosai, ma'ana, sakamakon ma'auratan suna kasancewa tare da juna har tsawon rayuwarsu. A matsayinka na doka, gyrfalcons gida a cikin duwatsu, suna zaɓar maɓuɓɓugan mara kyau ko raƙuman ruwa a matsayin mazaunin kajin na gaba, galibi ana rufe su da alfarwa ko kara daga sama.
Gida Gyrfalcon akan bishiya
Gidajensu ba ginannen gini bane, kuma don na'urar mata ne kawai ke yada fuka-fukai, gansakuka da ciyawar bushewa a cikin tsaunukan dutse. A wasu lokuta, iyaye suna yin sauƙin idan sun sami damar nemo ƙwallan da suka dace na sauran tsuntsaye, galibi gaggafa zinariya, ungulu, hankaka, suna mamaye su.
Amma, da sun sami wuri mai kyau, waɗannan tsuntsayen sukan koma can sau da yawa kowace shekara. Suna ba shi koyaushe, suna amfani da shi shekaru da yawa, a wasu yanayi na ƙarnika, suna mai da shi ga zuriya masu zuwa. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa irin waɗannan nest suna daɗa samun kwanciyar hankali a kan lokaci kuma suna girma, wani lokacin sukan kai mita a diamita kuma tsayinsa ya kai mita ɗaya da rabi.
Gyrfalcon kuma yana yin gida gida a cikin duwatsu.
Kwai yawanci irin wadannan tsuntsayen sukan sanya shi har guda biyar a lokaci guda. Amma sau da yawa akan sami kaɗan daga cikinsu cikin kamawa. Girman ƙwai, waɗanda suke launin ruwan kasa ne, sun ma fi ƙwai kaza, kuma yawanci nauyinsu bai wuce gram 60 ba. Shiryawa ya wuce sama da wata guda. Kiwo da ciyar da kajin yana ɗaukar kimanin makonni takwas.
Kuma wani wuri a rabi na biyu na bazara, sabon ƙarni ya tsufa kuma ya isa ya bar gidan shurin. Amma iyaye suna ci gaba da kula da yaransu har zuwa watanni huɗu, kuma har zuwa watan Satumba yaran da aka haifa suna son kasancewa tare. Yana da shekara guda, samari tsuntsaye sun balaga sun sami havea offspringan nasu. Kuma tsawon rayuwar gyrfalcon a cikin yanayinta na asali na iya zama kimanin shekaru 20.
