Bayani da fasali
Lemmings ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa ne waɗanda masanan dabbobi suka rarraba a matsayin memba na dangin hamster. A waje kuma a cikin girma, da gaske suna kama da dangi masu suna. A zahiri, a ƙarƙashin sunan "lemming»Al'ada ce ta haɗa ƙungiyoyin dabbobi da yawa lokaci guda, waɗanda suke da alaƙa da juna kuma suna cikin tsarin haƙoran ƙananan yara.
Ulu ɗin waɗannan wakilai na duniyar dabba tana da matsakaiciyar tsayi, lokacin kauri, tana iya zama launin ruwan kasa-toka a inuwa, mai kaɗaita, a wasu yanayi ana bambanta ta da launi iri-iri. Irin waɗannan dabbobi suna da kyau sosai kuma suna da yawa. Jawo a kawunansu, mai ɗan tsayi a cikin sifa, ya rufe ƙananan kunnuwa gaba ɗaya.
Kuma a jikin sauran, ulu tana juyawa tayi girma sosai kuma har takai ga tafin tafin wasu nau'in. Beads-idanu sun tsaya kan bakin bakin da yake taƙaitaccen bayani. Theafafun waɗannan halittun gajeru ne, wutsiya galibi ba ta wuce cm 2 ba.
Yin lemo – dabbar tundra da sauran yankuna masu kama da juna na arewacin arewacin: gandun-tundra da tsibirin Arctic, sabili da haka a yawancin nau'ikan, launin gashi a lokacin hunturu yana haskakawa har ma yana samun farin launi don dacewa da yanayin yanayin dusar ƙanƙara. Ana samun irin waɗannan dabbobi a cikin yankuna masu sanyi na Eurasia da kuma cikin yankuna masu dusar ƙanƙara na nahiyar Amurka.
Irin
Akwai wadatattun jinsin wadannan wakilan na fauna na arewa, kuma al'ada ce, bisa ga rarrabuwa yanzu da aka yarda da ita, don haɗa dukkansu zuwa zuriya ta huɗu. Wasu daga cikin nau'ikan (kusan shida daga cikinsu) mazaunan yankunan Rasha ne. Bari muyi la'akari da irin wannan dalla-dalla, kuma a cikin dalla-dalla ana iya ganin siffofin bayyanar su a cikin hoton lemmings.
1. Yabon Siberia... Wadannan dabbobi ana sanya su azaman lemmings na gaskiya. Suna da girma sosai idan aka kwatanta da 'yan'uwansu. Girman maza (sun fi girma a sigogi ga mata) na iya kai tsawon 18 cm kuma ya kai nauyin fiye da gram ɗari.
Irin waɗannan dabbobin suna da launi mai launin rawaya-ja tare da haɗuwa da launin ruwan kasa da launin toka mai launin toka a wasu yankuna. Wani sanannen bayani dalla-dalla game da bayyanar shi ne ratsi mai baƙar fata wanda ke gudana daga sama a tsakiya ta cikin jiki duka zuwa jela.
A cikin wasu al'ummomi, alal misali, waɗanda ke rayuwa a tsibirin Arctic na Rasha (Wrangel da Novosibirsk), bayan jikin yana cike da tabo mai yalwa. Wasu ƙananan raƙuman raye suna rayuwa akan babban yankin. Suna zaune a cikin yankunan tundra da dumi mai zafi a cikin yankunan Arkhangelsk da Vologda, har ma da ƙasashen Kalmykia.
Yammacin Siberian yana da launi daban-daban
2. Amur lemming... Kamar dai membobin tsohuwar halittar, waɗannan dabbobin suna daga jinsin lafazin gaskiya. Mazaunan dajin taiga ne. An rarraba daga yankunan arewacin Siberia da gabas, har zuwa Magadan da Kamchatka.
Suna girma cikin tsayi da cm 12. A lokacin hunturu, ulu ɗinsu silky ne, doguwa, a launi launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu tare da ƙarin launin toka da taɓa tsatsa. Kayan su na bazara launin ruwan kasa ne tare da ratsi mai baƙar fata tare da bayanta.
Amfani da lemar Amur yana da sauƙin ganewa ta duhun duhu tare da baya
3. Yin maganar daji - nau'ikan nau'in jinsi iri daya. Tana zaune a cikin dazuzzuka masu danshi, amma kawai tare da yalwar gansakuka, a cikin ciyawar da irin waɗannan talikan ke yin rami. Suna zaune a arewacin Eurasia, an rarraba su sosai: daga Norway zuwa Sakhalin.
Idan aka kwatanta da dangin da aka bayyana a sama, girman lemar wannan nau'in karami ne (tsayin jiki kusan 10 cm). Mata sun ɗan wuce sigogin maza, amma nauyinsu yawanci bai wuce 45 g ba.
Siffar irin waɗannan dabbobin ita ce kasancewar a bayanta, an lulluɓe ta da furfura mai launin toka ko baƙi, wuri mai launin ruwan kasa (wani lokacin yakan bazu daga baya zuwa bayan kai). Jawo dabba a saman yana da ƙarfe mai ƙarfe, a kan ciki ya fi sauƙi.
A hoto lemming sanarwa
4. Yammacin Yaren mutanen Norway Har ila yau, na ainihin lemmings. An rarraba shi a cikin yankunan tsaunuka-tundra, galibi a ƙasar Norway, kazalika a arewacin Finland da Sweden, a cikin Rasha yana zaune akan Kola Peninsula.
Girman dabbobin ya kai santimita 15, kimanin nauyin kusan 130 g. Launin launin ruwan kasa ne mai launin toka-toka tare da ratsi mai baƙar fata tare da baya. Irin wannan dabbar galibi tana da kirji mai duhu da maƙogwaro, da ciki mai ruwan toka-mai rawaya.
5. Yin leffin Hoofed - jinsi ne daga jinsi iri daya. Ya sami sunansa don fasali mai ban sha'awa. A gaba, a kan yatsun tsakiyar waɗannan ƙananan dabbobi, farcen ya yi girma sosai har ya zama kamar "kofato" kamar shebur.
A cikin bayyanar, waɗannan wakilai na fauna suna kama da beraye tare da gajerun kafa. Suna zaune yankuna masu sanyi daga Farin Tekun zuwa Kamchatka. A dabi'ance, sun saba sosai da rayuwa cikin mawuyacin yanayi.
Ulu is nasu mai laushi ne, mai kauri, har ma ya rufe tafin kafa. A lokacin hunturu tsarkakakke ne a launi, a lokacin rani yana da launin toka-toka tare da launin ruwan kasa, mai tsatsa ko mai launin rawaya, wanda aka yiwa alama tare da tsiri mai tsayi mai tsayi. Mafi yawan dabbobi na wannan nau'ikan suna girma har zuwa 16 cm, ƙananan samfuran - har zuwa 11 cm.
Horarwar da kofato ya samo sunanta ne daga tsarin tafin hanunta.
6. Lemming Vinogradov Har ila yau, daga nau'in lemmings na kofato. Kuma a wani lokaci a baya, masana kimiyya sun kasance ne kawai daga wasu nau'ikan tabo na kofato, amma yanzu an san shi a matsayin nau'in halitta mai zaman kansa. Irin waɗannan dabbobin ana samunsu a cikin fadada Arctic a tsibirin Wrangel, kuma sun sami suna ne don girmama masanin kimiyyar Soviet Vinogradov.
Suna da girman gaske, suna girma har zuwa cm 17. Suna da launin toka-toka-toka a saman tare da ƙari na wuraren kirji da kirim, da kuma gefen jan launi da ƙasan haske. Wannan jinsin ana daukar shi karami kuma yana da matsayin kiyayewa.
Mafi ƙarancin nau'in lemmings - Vinogradov
Rayuwa da mazauni
Wet yankuna masu danshi na gandun daji-tundra, tundra mai tsaunuka da yankuna masu dusar ƙanƙara masu arctic - wannan shine mafi kyawun lemming mazauninsu... A dabi'ance, irin waɗannan dabbobi sun yarda da daidaikun mutane, sabili da haka ba sa kafa yankuna, suna guje wa ma al'umma irin tasu.
Lectungiyoyin tara abubuwa ba abu ne na musamman a gare su ba, amma damuwa na son kai don jin daɗin kansu shine asalin manyan bukatun su. Suna gujewa da ƙin sauran wakilan duniyar dabbobi, da kuma takwarorinsu.
Lokacin da wadataccen abinci ya wadace su, waɗannan dabbobin suna zaɓar rayuwa wasu takamaiman wurare masu sauƙi a gare su kuma suna jagorantar zama can, ba barin wuraren da suka saba ba tare da wani dalili ba, har sai duk tushen abinci ya kare a can. Burrowai da aka haƙa da kansu suna zama musu gida, wanda suke ƙoƙarin sanyawa nesa da mazaunin sauran bayanan.
Babban haɗuwa daga gare su a cikin nests yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin hunturu kuma yana da halayyar kawai ga wasu nau'in. Abubuwan mallakar waɗancan dabbobi a wasu lokuta kan ɗauki nau'ikan hanyoyin hawa da yawa, waɗanda ba za su iya shafar ciyayi da microrelief na yankin da dabbobi ke zaune ba.
Lemun tsami – dabbobin arctic... Sabili da haka, labyrinth ɗin da suka shirya a cikin irin waɗannan yankuna galibi ana samunsu kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara mai kauri. Amma waɗancan nau'ikan da ke rayuwa a cikin gandun-tundra zone na iya gina matsugunan buɗe ido a lokacin bazara, gina su daga ɓarke da gansakuka.
A lokaci guda, hanyoyin da wadannan halittu suka bi sun tashi ne ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kuma dabbobin suna tafiya tare da su kowace rana, suna cin dukkan ciyawar da ke kewaye. Yankuna iri ɗaya suna ci gaba da ba da gudummawa a lokacin sanyi, suna juyawa zuwa labyrinths ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin mawuyacin lokaci.
Irin waɗannan dabbobin, duk da ƙanƙancinsu kuma ba kamannin surar yaƙi ba, galibi suna zama masu ƙarfin hali. A gefe guda, ba abin mamaki bane, saboda an haife su ne kuma sun girma cikin mawuyacin yanayi, saboda haka matsaloli suka taurare su. Ba za a iya kiran Lemmings mai zafin rai ba, amma, suna kare kansu, suna iya kai hari ga rayayyun halittu da suka fi su girma: kuliyoyi, karnuka, har ma da mutane.
Sabili da haka mutum ya fi son yin hattara da su, kodayake irin waɗannan gutsuttsura ba za su iya cutar da shi ba. Koyaya, suna da iya cizon. Irin waɗannan dabbobin suma suna zama masu rikici a cikin mawuyacin lokaci tare da rashin abinci.
Lokacin da suka haɗu da abokan gaba, suna ɗaukar matsaya mai ban tsoro: suna tashi a kan ƙafafunsu na baya, suna bayyana yanayi mai kama da yaƙi tare da dukkan bayyanar su, kuma suna haifar da kukan yaƙi.
Saurari muryar lemming
Amma a cikin lokuta na yau da kullun, waɗannan halittun sun fi dacewa cikin tsananin taka tsantsan, kuma da rana basa barin matsugunansu ba tare da wani dalili ba. Kuma da dare sun fi so su ɓuya a bayan mafaka daban-daban, misali, duwatsu ko a cikin danshin moss.
Dangane da wannan, masana kimiyya suna da matsaloli masu mahimmanci game da ikon ƙayyade adadin lafazin da ke rayuwa a wani yanki. Kuma ko don kawai bayyana kasancewar su a wasu yankuna wani lokacin ba wata dama mai yawa.
Lemmings ba ya kawo fa'ida mai yawa ga mutane, amma suna da matukar mahimmanci ga tsarin halittar tundra. Makiyansu sune karnukan arctic, weasels, Wolves, Foxes, a wasu lokuta geese daji da tsutsa. Mujiya da marassa karfi suna da matukar hatsari a gare su.
Kuma duk da ƙarfin zuciyarsu, waɗannan ƙananan mayaƙan ba sa iya kare kansu daga irin waɗannan masu laifin. Koyaya, bayarwa lemming bayanin ba shi yiwuwa a ambaci cewa, a matsayin abinci ga jerin sunayen rayayyun halittun, wadannan dabbobi suna yin nasu, wanda aka sanya musu ta hanyar dabi'a, rawar da suke takawa a rayuwar Arewa.
Gina Jiki
Yana da ban sha'awa cewa irin waɗannan ƙananan dabbobin suna da tsananin magana. A rana, suna shan abinci sosai wanda nauyinsa yakan wuce nasu sau biyu. Kuma idan mukayi lissafin yawan girman kayan lambu na shekara shekara wanda suke cin su, to yakai wani lokacin harma ya sami 50 kg.
A wannan yanayin, menu na dabbobi daga irin waɗannan samfuran shine, misali, berries, gansakuka, sabo ciyawa, ƙananan harbe na shuke-shuke daban-daban na arewa, shrubs da bishiyoyi. Bayan sun ci komai a kusa da shafi daya, suna ci gaba da neman sabbin hanyoyin samun abinci. A lokacin rani, kwari ma na iya zama abincin abinci.
Lemmings kusan zasu iya taunawa akan antar dawa da aka zubar
Oƙarin sake cika tanadin makamashi a cikin ƙananan jikinku (kuma koyaushe akwai ƙarancin su a cikin mawuyacin yanayi tsakanin rayayyun halittu) lemming na rodent Dole ne in yi amfani da nau'ikan abinci da ba a saba da su ba. Musamman ma, dawakai na barewa, waɗanda aka san su da zubar da irin waɗannan dabbobin kowace shekara, kuma lemo yana cinye su wani lokacin, ba tare da ko da tsirarun saura ba.
Don neman abinci, irin waɗannan dabbobin suna iya shawo kan kowane irin cikas, suna hawa kan magudanan ruwa kuma suna hawa ƙauyukan mutane. Sau da yawa irin wannan wadatar zuci yana ƙare musu da bala'i. Lemmings ana kashewa, ana murƙushe su akan hanyoyi ta motoci, kuma ana nutsar da su cikin ruwa.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Yin lemo – dabba, Wanda aka banbanta shi ta bangaren haihuwa. A lokaci guda, irin waɗannan halittu suna ninka, duk da mawuyacin yanayi, har ma a lokacin sanyi. Mace daya tana samar da yara biyu a kowace shekara (idan akwai wadataccen abinci, yana iya zama shara uku ko sama da haka, wani lokacin har zuwa shida), kuma a cikin kowane ɗayansu, a ƙa’ida, aƙalla akwai cuba fivea biyar, kuma a wasu halaye, an haifi goma daga cikinsu.
'Ya'yan lemo
Kuma mazan da suka cika wata biyu sun riga sun iya haifuwa. Amma irin wannan balaga da wuri ya zama daidai, saboda wadannan dabbobin galibi basu wuce shekaru biyu ba kuma galibi suna mutuwa koda a baya saboda mawuyacin yanayin rayuwa da rashin wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki.
Yawanci lemmings na yara ana tashe su a cikin shuke-shuke. Wani lokaci irin waɗannan gidajen suna ɗaukar bayyanar manyan ƙauyuka. Amma bayan makonni biyu kawai, matsalar wahalar sabon ƙarni ta ƙare, kuma matasa, aka ba wa kansu, suka fara rayuwa mai zaman kanta.
Yayin da mata ke tsunduma a cikin lada, aka ɗaura su da wani gidan yanar gizo na nest, wakilan maza na jinsin lemmings suna tafiya, ma'ana, ba zato ba tsammani suna neman wasu yankuna masu wadataccen abinci.
Masana kimiyya sunyi rikodin ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin irin waɗannan dabbobi kusan sau ɗaya a kowace shekaru talatin. A yayin irin wannan tsalle-tsalle suna da mahimmanci, abubuwan ban sha'awa masu ban sha'awa suna bayyana a cikin halayen lemmings.
Gudanar da wasu jagororin nasu, ba su san tsoro ba, suka koma cikin rami, teku, tabkuna da koguna, inda da yawa daga cikinsu za su mutu.
Irin wadannan hujjojin sun haifar da tatsuniya game da zargin kisan kananan yaran nan. Koyaya, bayani a nan, kamar yadda masana kimiyya suka yi imani yanzu, ba ya ta'allaka da sha'awar kashe kansa. Kawai don neman sabbin yankuna don wanzuwa, lemmings gaba daya sun rasa ma'anar kiyaye kansu. Ba za su iya tsayawa cikin lokaci ba, suna ganin cikas, don haka suka lalace.
