Stepnaya dan iska, a waje kama da ƙaramin jimina, mazaunin ƙauye ne na ciyawa. A da, tsuntsaye suna zaune a yankunan hamada na Eurasia da Afirka. A kudancin Rasha, ana ba da daraja ga tsuntsaye a matsayin "wasan sarauta". Bacewar ko'ina a yau bustard - a cikin littafin Red.
Bayani da fasali
Babban tsuntsu ɗan asalin ƙasar don oda. Sunan na biyu shi ne dudak. Ma'anar Proto-Slavic na kalmar bustard ta ta'allaka ne da haɗuwa da "gudu da sauri" da "tsuntsu". Abubuwan da ke tattare da bustard don gudu, kuma ba tashi cikin haɗari ba, sun sami tushe cikin kalmar.
Dan tallata gama gari
Ta hanyar babban gini, tsuntsu yayi kama da turkey. Chestarin da aka faɗaɗa, wuya mai kauri. Girma mai girma ban sha'awa. Maza suna da nauyi kimanin kilo 19, nauyin mata rabinsa ne. Tsawon manyan mutane ya kai mita 0.8 - 1. Ba abu mai wahala a gane bustard din ta fukafukinsa masu fadi ba, doguwar wutsiya tare da madaidaitan fasali a karshen. Adon-zane mai kwalliyar kwalliya a cikin sifa mai laushi ta danniya dan matse jiki, yana bayyana farin wutsiya. Lokacin da tsuntsun ya yada fikafikan sa, tsayin sa yakai 210-260 cm.
Limasussan ƙarfi na bustard ba su da plumage, an rufe su da sikeli masu ruwan toka. Afafu suna dacewa sosai don motsawar ƙasa, gudu da sauri. A kan yatsun kafa, 3 yatsun kafa. Mai gori ya san yadda ake tashi sama da kyau, amma ya fi son rayuwar ƙasa. Ana tashi tare da ƙoƙari, amma sai ya ɗauki sauri. AT bayanin kwastomomi za ka iya ƙara cewa a cikin jirgin sai ta miƙa wuya, ta ɗauki ƙafafunta. Masana ilimin kimiyyar halittu na ganin shi babban tsuntsu ne mai tashi sama tsakanin dangi masu fuka-fukai.
Landan motley ya hada da tabarau na launin ruwan kasa, launin toka, fari, baƙi. Daga nesa kan yanayin gashin fuka-fuki mai launin ja-goro yana bayyane a bayyane. Fitila mai haske a wuya da kai. Ciki, nono, karkashin kasa, fikafikan fika fari ne. Idanu tare da iris mai duhu, bakin ashy.
Bustard a cikin jirgin
A lokacin bazara, 'kwalayen' kirji ya bayyana a cikin jijiyar maza, tufkar tsuntsu mai tauri ya bayyana, aka juya shi baya da kuma daga gemun baki. Adon ya kasance har zuwa ƙarshen bazara, ya bar tare da kaka mai narkewa.
Arni ɗaya da suka gabata, ana ɗaukan tsuntsun wani abu ne na farauta. A cikin kafofin adabi, tunatarwa koyaushe tana bayanin dukkanin garken bustards, waɗanda ake cin karo dasu koyaushe akan hanyoyin. Dubun dubatar tsuntsaye ne suka mamaye kwaruruka kafin tashinsu na kaka. Bustard ya zama wurin hutawa, ana nuna shi a jikin rigunan makamai na garin Lgov, akan tutar yankin a Ingila. Tsuntsun a halin yanzu wani nau'in hatsari ne dake cikin daji. Dalilin raguwar yawan jama'a ya ta'allaka ne da farauta mara izini, sauya fasali, da karuwar kayan aikin gona.
Daga cikin abokan gaba, wadanda suka fi hatsari su ne masu cin karensu babu babbaka - dawakai, kerkeci, karnuka da suka bata. Feananan mata an auka musu da gaggafa ta gaggafa, gaggafa zinariya, gaggafa fari-mikiya. Magpies, rooks, da hankaka sun tsunduma cikin lalata gida gida. Tsuntsaye masu wayo suna kewaya kayan aikin filin, wanda ke tsoratar da yara daga gidajen su, yana barin ƙwai ga masu farauta.
Dan sauka
Ingan wawa da kyau a saurara yayin halin yanzu. A wasu lokutan kuma, ta kan yi shuru. Maza suna fitar da sautunan da ke kara kusa. Mata suna yin ihu mara ƙarfi idan sun kira kajin. Daga gurbi, zaku iya jin gajerun hanyoyin ƙananan dabbobi masu tasowa.
Saurari muryar dan iska
Irin
Manyan 'yan fasa gida suna rayuwa a nahiyoyi daban-daban, sun bambanta cikin girma, launi, halayen ciyarwa. A cikin duka, akwai nau'ikan 26 a cikin jinsin 11.
Daga cikin manyan wakilan manyan tsuntsaye:
Bustard Corey
- bustard Corey - mazaunin savannas na Afirka, yashi mai hamada mai yashi. Fure-ruwan toka-launin ruwan kasa. Suna jagorancin rayuwa mai nutsuwa, motsi kadan. Tsuntsu mafi girma a Afirka. Maza sun kai nauyin kilogiram 120. Suna zaune cikin rukunin mutane 5-7;
- Dan Indiya - yana zaune a sarari, filaye, kufai. Tsayin tsuntsu ya kai mita 1, nauyin mutum kusan kilogram 18 ne. Yana tafiya cikin daukaka, kowane mataki bashi da hanzari, a hankali. Farautar farauta ta zama kusan dalilin hallaka tsuntsayen gaba daya. Suna karkashin kariyar jihar.
Dan Indiya
Bananan fasa-ƙuri suna da mahimmanci ga Afirka. Don tabbatarwa tabbas menene sunan mafi ƙarancin tsuntsu na bustard, wuya. Dukkanin mutane nau'ikan nau'ikan matsakaita 5 suna da nauyin 1-2 kilogiram. Shahararrun 'yan fasa kai sune:
Bustard mai ƙura
- baki-makogwaro - tsuntsu mai kara mai kalar launi mara dacewa. Manyan launuka masu launin shuɗi-launin toka suna canza ƙarfin launi. Tsawon tsuntsayen yakai cm 50-60. Suna zaune ne a cikin busassun jeji masu busasshen ciyayi;
- kasar Senegal - mutane masu launi ja-ja tare da tsari mai kyau. Namiji ya banbanta da shuɗin zane a makogwaro. Matsakaicin nauyin mutum shine kilo 1.5. Mazaunan savannas na Afirka.
Dan kasar Senegal
A yankin ƙasar Rasha, bayan Soviet bayan-sarari, akwai nau'ikan 'yan kwalliya guda 3:
Bustard Jack ko kyau
- jack (mara kyau mara kyau). Abubuwan da aka keɓance na tsaka-tsakin tsuntsaye suna cikin zigzag gudu. An mai da hankali ga manyan idanu tare da bakan gizo mai haske. A lokacin saduwa, maza suna daukar hoto mai ban al'ajabi, ɗaga ɗagawa, abin wuya mai launin fari da fari a wuya, wutsiya;
- dan iska - girman tsuntsu mai kaza ko baki. Launi mai launi mai duhu mai duhu. A wuyansa, abin wuya na ratsi da fari shine babban adon tsuntsaye. Sunan yana nuna sautukan da fukafukai suke yi a cikin jirgin. Takeoff amo, jujjuyawar iska, rawar jiki, motsi mara daidaito;
- gama gari - tsuntsun yana da girma sosai, yana yin nauyi har zuwa kilogiram 16. Zaune a cikin yankuna steppe Wuya mai kauri, kafafu masu kauri, dafaffen farin-launuka masu launuka masu launin duhu.
Namiji ɗan iska yayi rawar rawa
Rayuwa da mazauni
Bustards suna aiki yayin rana. Da safe da maraice suna cikin farautar abinci; suna yin awanni masu zafi a ƙasan ciyawa a inuwa. A cikin yanayi mai sanyi, ba sa hutawa, suna tafiya a hankali tare da taka tsantsan, a hankali suna lamuran ciyawar, kuma galibi suna tsayawa. Idan akwai haɗari, sai su ɓuya a cikin ciyawar ciyawa ko kuma nan da nan su tashi.
Tsuntsu koyaushe yana gudu kan iska, yana tashi kai tsaye. Jirgin jirgi na bustards da yawa ya rikice, baya samar da lambobin iska. A ƙasa, filayen fika-fuka-fuki, fuka-fukan tashi mai duhu a bayyane suke bayyane. Tsuntsayen suna runguma a cikin ƙananan garken unisexual, wani lokaci akan same su kai tsaye. A lokutan sanyi, suna kankama cikin manyan garken mutane har ɗari.
Balaraben larabawa da masu cin kudan zuma
Iyalan Bustard galibi suna yin rayuwa mara daɗi; a yankunan arewacin, tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura daga wani ɓangare suna rayuwa, suna barin hunturu a ƙarshen kaka. Manyan 'yan baranda suna zaune a yammacin Siberia, a yankin gabas daga Tekun Caspian zuwa Urals. Rarraba yanki mai yawa alama ce ta saurin daidaita yanayin halittu. Ana ganin tsuntsun a shimfidar shimfidar mutum. Tsuntsaye suna fifita matattakala masu ciyawa, suna buɗe wurare marasa tudu ba tare da kwazazzabai ba.
Can, inda dan iska yake zaune, babu filayen da ke da ƙarancin ruwa, yankuna masu gishiri na tudu.Bustard tsuntsu ne zaune a yankunan da aka tsarkake na shiyyoyin arewa. Ya danganta da mazaunin ne ko 'yan fasa zasu bar gidajen su. Bukatar ƙaura tana da alaƙa ba yawa tare da digo a cikin zafin jiki kamar kaurin dusar ƙanƙara. Rashin kayan abinci shine babban dalilin ƙaura ɗaruruwan kilomita zuwa yankunan da ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara take.
Gina Jiki
Abincin bustard ya hada da shuka, abincin dabbobi. Rabon abincin ya dogara da dalilai da yawa:
- wuraren zama;
- jinsi;
- shekaru;
- tushe tushe.
Abincin shuka ya hada da ganye, ganye, furanni, tsaba iri. Tsuntsaye suna sha'awar dandelions, tansy na yau da kullun, skerda, kifin akuya, gonar tsire-tsire, kabeji, peas, da tsire-tsire. Lokaci-lokaci, ana hada rhizomes na albasa da ciyawar alkama a cikin abinci. Tare da karancin abinci, 'yan bustards suna cin harbe-harbe tare da tsarin zare, alal misali, ganyen gwoza, wanda daga baya yakan haifar da rashin narkewar tsuntsaye, wani lokacin har zuwa mutuwa.
Bustard mace neman abinci
A cikin abincin abincin dabbobi, kwari iri-iri, tsutsarsu. Kuru'u, fara, fara, fara, beetles, gami da ƙwaro na Colorado, sun zama ganima ga 'yan ɓata gari. Tsutsotsi na duniya, katantanwa, kwadi, kadangaru, da ƙananan beraye sun shiga cikin abinci. Wani lokacin ganima ita ce naman ciyawar larks na yin gida a ƙasa.
Karkatawa ba sa tono ƙasa, kamar cranes, ba sa motsa ciyawa da ƙafafunsu da baki. Tsuntsayen suna cinye abinci a saman ƙasa, suna kama dabbobi tare da saurin tsalle, suna kama bakinsu, suna girgiza su, suna bugun ƙasa kafin su haɗiye abincin. Wasu lokuta 'yan fasa suna haɗiye ƙananan duwatsu don inganta narkewa. Suna nika abin da ke cikin ciki kamar dutsen niƙa. Ruwa abu ne mai mahimmanci na abincin tsuntsaye. Bustards suna tashi zuwa jikin ruwa, a lokacin sanyi suna cinye dusar ƙanƙara.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
A wuraren da tsuntsayen suke tsugunno a farkon bazara. Lokacin da ƙasa ta bushe, toshiya kan taru a wuraren da za a yi bikin aure. Manyan 'yan iska ba sa samar da nau'i-nau'i na dindindin, akwai mata da yawa a cikin rukuni, saboda haka a cikin "harems" na maza akwai abokan hulɗa 2-3, waɗanda kuma ba sa bambanta a cikin zaɓin zaɓi.
Bustard mating wasanni
Ma'aurata suna kasancewa har zuwa ƙarshen Mayu - farkon Yuni. Maza suna nuna shagulgulan bikin aure sau da yawa da sassafe. Kowa ya mallaki yankin sa, yana nuna fikafikan sa, yana yada farin fuka-fukai. An jefa wutsiyar fan a bayanta. Gwanin abin wuya da "gashin-baki" an daga su yadda ya kamata. 'Yar jakar makogwaro ta kumbura akan goiter din .. An jawo kan cikin kafadun. A wannan lokacin bustard a cikin hoto kwallon mara fasali a kafafu.
Don haka yana takawa, yana juyawa tsawon dakika 10-15, yana fitar da iska, ana jin karamin sautin sa a kusa. Sannan ya koma yadda yake a da. Maimaitawa sau da yawa a minti wani lokacin ana faruwa a sabon wuri. Babu gasa mai zafi kafin faɗa. Nunin maza na maza yana jan hankalin mata.
Tsuntsaye suna yin ƙwai a cikin gida, wanda mace ke ginawa a ƙasa. Wani ɓacin rai mai kama da zagayowa ne da farko aka fara kafaɗun tafin kafa, sannan ta juyawar jiki. Babu kwanciya a ciki.
Kajin gama gari gama gari
A cikin gida akwai ƙwai 1-2 na launin kore-rawaya, wani lokacin suna shuɗi, tare da tsari mai rikitarwa, da harsashi mai walƙiya. Shiryawa har zuwa kwanaki 28. Namiji baya shiga cikin kula da zuriyar. Mace ba ta da nutsuwa, wani lokacin tana ciyarwa a kusa. Idan akwai haɗari, yana ƙoƙarin juyar da hankali ta hanyar halayen tsuntsu da aka ji rauni. Kajin da suka bayyana da sauri suna barin gida, amma da farko, har sai sun sami ƙarfi, suna kusa da uwa.
Suna ciyar da ƙwayayen tururuwa tare da ciyarwa, wanda uwa ke kawowa na sati 2. Lokacin da suka cika wata daya, suna tsayawa a kan reshe, suna nuna ‘yanci. Ana kiyaye sadarwa tare da uwa har zuwa ƙarshen kakar, lokaci-lokaci har zuwa bazara mai zuwa. A dabi'a, 'yan baranda suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 20, idan ba su zama ganima ga masu lalata ko mutane ba. Masu lura da tsuntsaye da masu kiyaye muhalli suna da hannu dumu-dumu wajen kiyaye tsuntsaye.
