Bayani da fasali
Wolf kuma kare shine dangi na kusa. Bugu da kari, wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna cikin iyali daya, wadanda ake kira canines ko canines. Da cikakkiyar magana, kerkeci ɗayan ɗayan zuriyar wannan dangi ne, wanda ake sa kuɗaɗen duwai da duwaiwai membobinsu.
Sunan da yake da wannan nau'in yana da nau'in da ake yawan kira shi: kerkeci. Amma ɗayan ƙananan jinsunan wannan nau'in kare ne kawai. Bugu da kari, kamar yadda kuka sani, karnukan gida sun fito ne daga kerkeci, saboda haka, na karshen sune kakanninsu kai tsaye.
Binciken DNA ya ba da damar ware layin zuriyar da yawa a cikin kerkeci. Mafi dacewa, waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna da huɗu daga cikinsu. Dangane da waɗannan bayanan, mafi tsufa sune kerketai na Afirka, waɗanda suka bayyana a Duniya da suka gabata shekaru dubbai da yawa.
Kuma daga baya, a cikin yankin Hindustan na zamani, wasu layuka uku na kerkeci sun fara samar da ɗayan ɗayan: Himalayan, Indiya da Tibet. Daga waɗannan rukunin kakannin kakanni huɗu, duk nau'ikan kerkeci na zamani sun samo asali, waɗanda yanzu suka bazu a kan nahiyoyi da yawa.
Yankin waɗannan wakilan fauna ya kasance mai faɗi koyaushe. Gaskiya ne, a cikin karnonin da suka gabata, har yanzu ya ragu sosai saboda ƙarancin wariyar waɗannan dabbobi. Misali, kerkeci sun mutu a Japan.
Waɗannan galibi wakilai ne na ƙananan kamfanonin Honshu da Hokkaido. Nau'in Newfoundland da ke zaune a Kanada, da wasu wasu, sun ɓace ba tare da wata alama ba. Koyaya, kerkeci yanzu sun zama gama gari a yawancin ƙasashe na Eurasia. A Rasha, ana samun su kusan ko'ina.
Iyakar abin da aka cire sune Sakhalin da Kuriles, da wasu yankuna taiga na kasarmu. A Arewacin Amurka, kewayon waɗannan mahautan ma suna da yawa kuma sun faro daga Alaska zuwa Mexico.
Abubuwa masu zuwa suna cikin bayyanar kyarkeci. Wannan da farko katon kirji ne mai raɗaɗɗa da baya, doguwar jela. Paafafunsu da ƙusassun fika ana rarrabe su da ƙarfinsu, kuma ƙafafun gaba sun fi na baya baya. Jawo daga cikin waɗannan dabbobin suna da kyakkyawar dukiya na dumi. Sabili da haka, koda a cikin yankuna masu tsananin yanayi, kerkeci suna iya samun tushen da kyau kuma suna jin daɗi.
Yayin motsi a kan wuraren da dusar ƙanƙara ta rufe, ƙafafunsu suna da ɗumi ta na'urar ta musamman na tsarin jijiyoyin jini. Akwai membranes tsakanin yatsun kerkeci, suna ƙara yankin farfajiyar ƙafafu, sabili da haka, rage lodin ƙasa yayin motsi a kanta.
Sabili da haka, koda kuwa an rufe ƙasa da wata babbar dusar ƙanƙara, kerkeci na iya yin sauri da sauƙi a kai. Daidaita yayin gudu ana samar da shi ta dabi'ar wannan dabbar don dogaro da dogaro da duka kafar, amma kawai a kan yatsun kafa. Kuma gashin kerkeci da yatsu masu kaifi suna taimakawa wajen daddalewa a kan sifila mai zafin dutsen da aka rufe da dusar kankara.
Kuma wani fasali guda yana taimakawa kerkeci don rayuwa cikin mummunan yanayin yanayi. A ƙafafunsu, tsakanin yatsunsu, akwai ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke ɓoye wani abu mai ƙanshi. Saboda haka, sawun jagora na iya bayar da bayanai ga duk garken game da inda ya tafi, don haka suna taimakawa wajen zirga-zirga, gano alkibla madaidaiciya a ƙasa. Abinda wannan dabba take kama ana iya gani akan hoton kerkeci.
Nau'in kerkeci
A cikin dangin canine, kerkeci ana ɗaukarsa memba mafi girma. Amma daidai girman irin wadannan halittu ya dogara da nau'ikan halittu da yanayin kasa na mazaunin su, yayin da masu nuna su (tsawon jiki da nauyinsa) ya bambanta sosai. Wakilan da suka fi birgewa zasu iya kaiwa kimanin kilo 100 da mita biyu a cikin girma.
Gabaɗaya, akwai kusan nau'ikan 17 na waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa, bisa ga sabon bayanan.
Bari mu gabatar da wasu daga cikinsu.
- Kerkeci gama gari (launin toka-toka). Nauyin jikin waɗannan wakilai na jinsin kerkeci ya kai kilogiram 80, kuma tsayin ya fi mita ɗaya da rabi, yayin da suke da jelar rabin mita. A waje, waɗannan dabbobin suna kama da manyan karnuka masu kunnuwa masu kaifi.
Legsafafunsu suna da ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Muzzle yana da girma, an tsara ta "gefen wuta". Sifofin sa suna bayyana kuma suna nuna yanayin dabba: daga kwanciyar hankali, nishaɗi da soyayya zuwa tsoro, zafin rai da fushi. Jawo irin wannan dabbar mai hawa biyu ce, doguwa, mai kauri.
Yanayin muryar ya bambanta. Zai iya yin ihu, kara, haushi, taɓarɓarewa a cikin yawancin bambancin. Wadannan dabbobin suna yadu a Eurasia (daga Spain zuwa Hindustan) da kuma arewacin sabuwar Duniya.
- An dauke kerkuku ne kawai na kerkeci mai launin toka da aka bayyana. Wannan nau'ikan nau'in ne. Waɗannan dabbobin suna rayuwa a gefen sanyi da dusar ƙanƙara ta har abada a Alaska da Greenland. An samo shi a arewacin Kanada.
Daga cikin wakilan jinsin, waɗannan samfuran suna da girma ƙwarai, ana rarrabe maza da girma na musamman. Kallo irin wannan dabba daga nesa, mutum na iya tunanin cewa haka ne Farin Wolf, amma bayan an duba sosai, ya zama a bayyane yake cewa fur din haske na wannan dabbar yana da dan alamar jan launi. Amma a lokaci guda yana da kauri sosai, kuma yana da laushi a kafafu da jela.
- Kerkeken daji bai fi girman Arctic ba, kuma a wasu lokuta ma ya wuce su. Tsayin kawai a kafaɗun waɗannan dabbobi ya kai kimanin mita. Daga sunan ya bayyana cewa wannan dabbobin daji.
Wolves wannan nau'ikan ana kiransa da Rashanci Tsakiya, wanda ke nuna wuraren da suka sauka, wanda kuma ya shafi Yammacin Siberia, wani lokacin har zuwa gandun-tundra har ma da arewa.
Launin waɗannan dabbobi, da girmansu, sun dogara da mazauninsu. Mazaunan Arewa galibi sun fi girma, sun kuma fi launi launi. A cikin yankuna zuwa kudu, akwai akasarin kyarketai masu launin toka-ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa na fur.
- Kerkeci na Mackensen yana da launi mai launin fari kuma ana ɗaukarsa mafi yawanta tsakanin kerkeci a yankin Arewacin Amurka. Kwanan nan, an ɗauki matakan aiki don kiwata su.
Saboda wannan, an kai waɗannan dabbobin zuwa wurin shakatawa na Yellowstone - ajiyar ƙasa da ƙasa, inda suka sami tushe kuma suka hayayyafa ta hanya mafi kyau, wanda ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga ƙaruwar yawansu. Irin waɗannan dabbobin suna cikin kyakkyawar dangantaka da kerkeci na gandun daji.
- Kerkeken maned Gabaɗaya anyi imanin cewa kerkeci basa zaune a Kudancin Amurka. Amma wannan nau'in (mazaunin wasu yankuna na yankin da aka nuna) yana da kamannuna kuma yayi kama da yawancin danginsa nesa ba kusa ba.
Irin wadannan dabbobin suna da jan gashi, kuma sun samu wannan suna ne saboda abin gogewa, kwatankwacin na doki, yana girma a kafadu da wuya. Waɗannan kerkeci suna da sifa mai ƙamshi, kuma yawanci nauyinsu ba ya wuce 24 kg.
Tunda wannan dabbar dole ne ta yi kaura sosai a yankunan da ciyayi masu tsayi, suna neman ganima a can, tana da dogayen kafafu. Wannan jinsin yana dauke da hadari.
- Red Wolf Hakanan a zahiri ba shi da kama da kwatankwacin mutane kuma yana kama da su a ɗabi'a. Tsarin jikin shi yafi kowane kamanceceniya da dodo. Amma fur dinsa mai launi da kyau kamar na dodo ne.
Areananan ƙananan ne amma masu hankali sosai. Suna da danshi mai laushi da doguwa, manyan kunnuwa zagaye da gajeren bakin bakin bakinsu. Yawancin waɗannan dabbobin suna rayuwa ne a cikin Asiya.
Rayuwa da mazauni
Yankunan shimfidar wuri iri-iri na iya zama mazaunin kyarketai. Koyaya, suna rayuwa cikin gandun daji sau da yawa. Suna iya zama a yankunan tsaunuka, amma kawai a waɗancan yankuna inda motsi a yankuna daban-daban bashi da wahala sosai.
A lokacin lokutan sanyi, kerkeci sun fi son zama cikin fakiti, kuma galibi ba sa barin yankunan da aka zaɓa a gaba. Kuma don yin alama ga abubuwan da suka mallaka, suna barin alamun ƙanshi, waɗanda ke sanar da sauran dabbobi cewa rukunin yanar gizon (yawanci yankinsu yakan kai kilomita 442) an riga an ɗauka. Sau da yawa sukan zabi wuraren da ba su da nisa da mazaunan mutane, kasancewar sun saba da yadda za su kwashe dabbobi daga mutane.
Don haka, suna bin garken barewa, tumaki da sauran dabbobin gida. Koyaya, tare da farkon lokacin dumi, waɗannan al'ummomin masu farautar sun kasu kashi biyu, kowane ɗayansu ya zaɓi wanzuwar rayuwa daga fakitin. Kuma kawai kyarketai masu karfi sun kasance a cikin yankin da ake zaune, yayin da sauran aka tilasta su je neman wasu matsugunai.
Tun zamanin da, irin waɗannan dabbobin suna kama ɗan adam da yawan tsoro. Amma wane dabba ne kerkeci, kuma shin da gaske akwai hadari ga kafa biyu? Karatun ya nuna cewa wadannan dabbobin ba su fara kai hare-hare ba.
Saboda haka, idan wata barazana kai tsaye ba ta fito daga mutane ba, to rayuwarsu ta fita daga haɗari. Banda ke faruwa, amma da wuya. Kuma a cewar masana, a cikin wadannan lamura, ana kai hare-hare ne kawai ta hanyar masu hankali, masu karfin fada aji.
Halin halin kerkeci, kuzarin su, ikon su, bayyanawa, da kuma iyawar waɗannan maƙarƙancin don jagorantar da cin nasara yaƙe-yaƙe, tun fil azal galibi kan haifar da jin daɗin mutum. Wasu daga cikin mutanen har ma sun ji dangin ruhaniya da alaƙar halitta da wannan dabbar, don haka suka zaɓi kerk totci totem dabba.
Tsoffin mutanen sun yi imanin cewa idan kun saurara zuwa ga wani tunani na ruhaniya ta hanyar tsafin tsafi, zaku iya samun kuzari daga irin wannan halittar kuma ku sami ƙarfi daga gare ta. Waɗannan halittu ne da suka ƙaru sosai.
Suna da abubuwa da yawa da zasu koya. Lokacin farauta da faɗa, suna amfani da dabaru masu ban sha'awa waɗanda yawancin mutanen da suka gabata suka amince da su don yin yaƙe-yaƙe.
Yayin lokuta lokacin da kerkeci suka haɗu a cikin fakiti, membobinta suna rayuwa ne kawai don amfanin jama'a, suna yin sadaukarwa ga duk abubuwan da suke so ga al'umma irinsu. Kuma ya zama daban kerkeci daji ba zai iya rayuwa a cikin mawuyacin yanayi na mummunan yanayi ba. A cikin waɗannan al'ummomin, akwai tsattsauran matsayi, inda kowa babu shakka yana ƙarƙashin shugaban, kuma kowane memba na ƙungiyar yana da nasa nauyin.
Jagoran wannan al'umma ana aiwatar da shi ba tare da tashin hankali da ƙuntatawa kan 'yanci ba. Koyaya, wannan tsarin ingantaccen tsari ne. Kuma ana danganta matsayin zamantakewar membobi ta hanyar jima'i, shekaru da damar mutum ɗaya.
Gina Jiki
Yayin afkawa dabbobin, kerkeci suna amfani da dabaru masu zuwa, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari ga wadannan wakilan fauna. Na farko, suna cikin kwanton bauna, suna jiran bayyanar waɗanda abin ya shafa. Sannan wasu daga cikin masu farautar sun kasance a cikin matsuguni, misali, a cikin daji, da sauran membobin rukunin mafarautan masu kafa huɗu suna tuƙa abincinsu ta wannan hanyar, ta yadda za su kai ga hallaka.
Elks da sauran marasa kulawa, kerkeci galibi yunwa tana mutuwa. Wani ɓangare na fakitin yana bin wanda aka azabtar, kuma lokacin da masu bin suka gaji, ana maye gurbinsu da wasu, cike da kerkeci masu ƙarfi. Don haka, an warware makomar wadanda aka zalunta.
Wannan shi ne duniyar kerkeci, shi mara tausayi ne kuma azzalumi. Galibi, waɗannan halittu suna iya biyan yunwar su koda ta ire-irensu, marasa lafiya da raunuka. Koyaya, waɗannan dabbobin ba zasu iya kasawa ba wajen kaifin fahimta da ƙarfin zuciya.
Irin wadannan dabbobin a cikin garken tumaki suna farautar babban wasa: barewa, boars din azurfa, barewa, barewa. Amma mutane marasa aure na wannan kabila na iya kama zomo, gophers, beraye, tsuntsayen ruwa. Kyarketai masu yunwa basa raina gawarwakin dabbobi daban-daban.
Daga menu na tsire-tsire, suna cinye 'ya'yan itace, kankana da gourds, namomin kaza, tsince' ya'yan itace, amma wannan ba abinci bane a gare su, amma sha, ma'ana, ruwan waɗannan abubuwan amfanin gona yana taimaka musu wajen kashe ƙishirwa.
Waɗannan halittu masu haɗari suna zuwa farauta da daddare. Kuma a lokaci guda suna sadarwa tare da junan su ta hanyar bada siginoni iri-iri iri-iri. Kuma gabaɗaya ɗayansu, ya kasance yana gunaguni, gurnani, kururuwa ko haushi, an ba shi dama da dama.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Muguwar auren mace daya tana mulki tsakanin kerkeci. Kuma koda bayan mutuwar abokin tarayya, ɗayan yana ba shi aminci mai kishi. Cavaliers galibi suna samun kula ga mata kyauta a cikin mummunan rikici da jini tare da abokan hamayya.
Lokacin da aka haɗu da wasu mutane masu alaƙa da jinsi guda biyu, mambobin biyun sun fara himma don neman ramin iyali, saboda suna buƙatar shirya komai a kan lokaci da kuma dacewa don bayyanar ɗiyansu.
Wasannin jima'i wanda ke faruwa yayin lokacin kerkeci yawanci yakan faru ne a cikin hunturu ko bazara. Wannan yanayin, wanda yake tattare da yanayin kerkeci, ya zama ya zama mai matukar dacewa a cikin yanayi mai yanayi mai kyau, saboda zuriyar ma'aurata suna bayyana a lokacin da sanyi ke sauka, kuma ya yi nisa da sabuwar hunturu, wanda ke nufin cewa wan kerkeci suna da lokacin girma, samun ƙarfi da koyo da yawa a lokacin wahala.
Lokacin ciki a cikin kerkolfci yakai kimanin watanni biyu, sannan arean kwiyakwiyi ake haifuwa. Ba shi da wuya a yi tunanin yadda aka haife su da yadda suke girma ga waɗanda suke da karnuka a gida, domin an riga an san cewa waɗannan dabbobin suna da kusanci sosai. Kwanakin farko na ofan kerkeci makafi ne, kuma idanunsu kawai ake yankewa bayan sati biyu.
A wannan matakin rayuwar su, 'ya' yan kwata-kwata basu da komai, kawai suna wasa tare da kururuwa don neman kan nonon mahaifiya, suna da ikon yin rarrafe kawai. Kuma a sa'an nan suna ciyarwa a kan lafuzza waɗanda iyayensu suka miƙa, amma an riga an haɓaka su akan abincin nama.
Karnuka na wata-wata sun riga sun sami 'yanci sosai, suna motsawa sosai, suna wasa tare da' yan'uwa maza da mata. Ba da daɗewa ba sabon ƙarni ya ƙara ƙarfi, kuma thea cuban suna ƙoƙarin farautar abinci.
Abin takaici, yawan mace-mace tsakanin kabilar kerkeci ya yi yawa sosai. Tuni a cikin shekarar farko ta rayuwa wacce ta fara, rabin zuriyar ya mutu saboda dalilai daban-daban. Amma waɗanda suka wuce wannan lokacin lafiya za su haifi offspringa theiransu. Irin wannan yiwuwar ilimin lissafi a cikin kerkeci yana faruwa a cikin shekaru biyu. Kuma maza suna girma shekara guda daga baya.
Wolf – dabba, kwatankwacin kare, gami da yanayin rayuwa. Sun fara jin tsufa bayan shekaru 10. Waɗannan membobin kerkuku suna da haƙƙin abinci, kulawa da kariya. Kerkerai sun mutu kimanin shekaru 16, kodayake, bisa ƙa'ida, suna iya rayuwa fiye da ashirin.
