Bayani da fasali
A cikin ƙungiyar rodents beaver ana ɗaukar kusan mafi girma daga cikin wakilanta. A Gabas ta Tsakiya, ba ta da girma daidai. Amma a Yamma, capybara ne kawai za'a iya kwatantasu da su - dabba mai shayarwa wacce itace zakara a cikin girman kwayar halittar dabbobin duniya.
Game da masu bea, waɗanda ke zaune a yankin Eurasia suna da mita, har ma da ƙari, girman su, yayin da nauyin su ya kai kilogiram 32. Koyaya, a Kanada akwai wakilan beaver family kuma suna da ƙarfi sosai. Nauyin tsofaffi na iya isa zuwa kilogiram 45.
A cikin hoto, ɗan kwalliyar gama gari
Kuma ba haka bane beavers Sabuwar Duniya tana da girma sosai (yawanci akasin haka), kawai suna girma ne ba kawai a cikin ƙuruciya ba, amma har tsawon rayuwa, sabili da haka suna iya yin alfahari da rikodin alamun nauyin jiki ta tsufa. A lokaci guda, a cikin gasa tsakanin jinsi a cikin wadannan dabbobin da ke rayuwa a wadannan nahiyoyin biyu, samfuran mata ne suka mamaye komai, gami da girma da girma.
Har ila yau, yana da ban sha'awa cewa kakannin beavers na zamani - halittun da suka samo asali bisa ga tushe daban-daban a Asiya ko Arewacin Amurka a ƙarshen Eocene (shekaru miliyan 40 da suka gabata) kuma suka wanzu a duniya daga baya - suna da kusan mita uku a girma kuma nauyinsu ya kai kusan kilogiram 350 (wannan yana da hikima. ya nuna ta samfurin burbushin abubuwan wancan lokacin, wadanda masana binciken burbushin halittu sukayi nazari).
Beaver ta zamani tana da fasali kamar haka. Jikinta kamar ya tsugunne saboda gajerun kafafu, kuma gabobin da kansu suna da yatsu biyar, sanye take da fika masu ƙarfi. Kan dabba karami ne, bakin al'ajabi ya yi tsawo, goshin yana zubewa.
Ana bambanta idanu da ƙananan zagaye na baki, da kuma babban hanci. Kunnuwan beavers suna da fadi, gajeru, tamkar an sare su. Waɗannan halittun raƙuman ruwa ne, sabili da haka, ta ɗabi'a, suna da cikakkun bayanai game da bayyanar da ke taimaka musu zuwa rayuwa mai kyau a cikin wannan yanayin.
Kuma da farko dai, waɗannan sune membran ɗin a kan ƙafafu da doguwar doguwa mai siffa irin ta baka, wanda aka rufe shi da raƙuman gashi da sikeli, da kuma kusan cikakkiyar rigar. Latterarshen na da ƙyalle mai laushi, mai laushi, wanda a samansa gashi yake girma da laushi. Wannan fur din yana da sheki da kyau kwarai da gaske, yana iya zama baƙi, kirji a launuka iri-iri, ko launin ruwan kasa mai duhu.
Nau'in Beaver
Iyalin beaver a zamanin da sun kasance da yawa fiye da yadda yake yanzu. Amma a yau ya ƙunshi nau'i biyu ne kawai, waɗanda muka riga muka ambata a sama, saboda an rarraba su daidai gwargwadon mazauninsu.
Kogin Beaver
Waɗannan su ne Eurasia da Kanada iri. Ya rage kawai don bayyana su dalla-dalla, ambata a lokaci guda cewa dukansu ana ɗaukarsu kayan tarihi. Zuwa yau, a tsakanin rodents, kamar yadda masanan suka gano, masu sana'ar bea ba su da dangi na kusa, kodayake a baya suna cikin jerin masu samar da sunadarai.
- Kogin ruwa (na kowa) mai kwalliya - kamar yadda al'ada ce don kiran nau'ikan Eurasia. An samo shi a cikin Rasha, kuma mazaunin China da Mongolia ne. Yawanci yakan sauka kusa da tafkunan yankin gandun daji (tabkuna, tafkuna ko koguna marasa nutsuwa), bankunansu suna da wadataccen ciyayi na itace.
- Beaver na Kanada asalin ɗan kudancin Kanada ne da wasu jihohi a Amurka. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa ba da daɗewa ba jinsin ya ratsa (mai yiwuwa, an gabatar da shi) zuwa Scandinavia. Ya sami tushe a can kuma ya fara yaduwa zuwa Gabas. Wakilan wannan, kamar nau'ikan da suka gabata, suna zama kusa da ruwa kuma ba zasu iya wanzuwa ba tare da shi ba. A cikin wannan ɓangaren ne suke ciyar da babban ɓangare na rayuwarsu.
A bayyane, membobin jinsunan duka suna kama da juna. Amma mazaunan Tsohon Duniya suna da babba kai kuma basu da siffar zagaye; bakin bakin, idan aka kwatanta shi da wadanda aka nuna, ya fi guntu, ba shi da kyau a karkashin kasa, kunkuntun jela da kananan kafafu. Jikin mazaunan Amurka ba shi da tsawo, kunnuwa sun fi girma, kuma ƙafafu sun fi tsayi, wanda ke ba su damar motsawa a ƙafafunsu na baya. Suna da launin ruwan kasa-ja ko baƙi.
Beyaun Kanada
Bambance-bambancen halittu ma sun kasance masu mahimmanci a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan. Lambobin chromosomes dinsu (48 a kogi da 40 a Kanada) basu zo daidai ba, wanda ke bayanin rashin yiwuwar tsallaka wadannan biyun, da alama suna da alaka da juna, kodayake masana kimiyya sun sha yin yunkurin rashin nasara.
Centuryarni ɗaya da suka gabata, waɗannan wakilan fauna suna cikin mummunan barazanar halaka. Beavers na Rasha ba banda haka. Amma an dauki matakan kare su kuma an tabbatar da cewa suna da tasiri. A zamanin yau, waɗannan dabbobin suna zaune a cikin yankin ƙasarmu mai girma, daga Siberia zuwa Kamchatka.
Rayuwa da mazauni
Yankin da beavers ya zauna za'a iya rarrabe shi da sauran ta alamun saukakke. A wuraren da waɗannan dabbobin ke aiwatar da ayyukansu mai mahimmanci, koyaushe akwai bishiyoyi da yawa da suka faɗi tare da sabon yanka a cikin siffar mazugi. Irin wannan kayan yana da mahimmanci ga halittu masu aiki don gini da tsari. Kuma, ba shakka, mahimmin sharaɗi don kasancewar masu yin bea a wani yanki shi ne kasancewar tafki: tafki, tafki, kogi, ko kuma aƙalla rafi.
A ka'ida, wadannan halittun ruwa-ruwa basa iya rayuwa ba tare da ruwa ba, amma ba tare da iska ba zasu iya rike kusan rubu'in sa'a. Sabili da haka, a kowane haɗari, alal misali, ɓoyewa daga masu farauta: kerk wci, beyar ko kerkineci, waɗannan halittun suna shiga ƙarƙashin ruwa, inda suke zaune. Suna zaune a cikin manyan al'ummomin abokantaka, kuma membobinsu, idan ya cancanta, na iya sanar da theiran uwansu 'yan kabilu game da masifar da ke tafe. A irin wannan lokacin dusar kankara da ƙarfi yana buga wutsiyarsa a kan ruwa. Kuma wannan alama nan take kowa da kowa daga kamfaninsa yake tsinkaye, wanda ke cikin tafki.
Waɗannan halittu suna aiki ba dare ba rana a lokacin bazara, amma suna aiki a lokacin magariba, suna aiki har dare har wayewar gari, kuma suna hutawa da rana. Aikin su shine sare bishiyoyi da gini. Kuma a cikin wannan an taimaka musu da haƙoransu masu kaifi wanda ba sabawa ba, wanda zai iya saukake itace. Beaver na iya yin ƙasa da wata siririyar itace cikin rabin sa'a, amma a kan manya-manyan bishiyoyi masu kauri wani lokaci tana aiki dare da yawa a jere. A lokaci guda, ba a bayyane kawai kokarinsa ba, har ma ana iya ji, kuma ana jin sautukan halayyar ɗan kwali har tsawon mita ɗari.
Bukkokin wadannan dabbobin suna gare su amintaccen tsari daga mummunan yanayi da makiya. Don ginin gidansu, irin waɗannan halittu suna haƙa ramuka, suna zaɓa wa waɗannan manyan bankunan a wuraren da ƙasa ke da ƙarfi ƙwarai. Beaver burrows suna da hadaddun tsari. Ramin da ke cikinsu ya ƙare da keɓaɓɓu, manya da ƙanana "ɗakuna" kuma suna da mashigar ruwa. Bangunan mazaunin an ƙarfafa su da yumɓu da ƙanƙara, yayin da ƙasan, wato, wani nau'in bene, an rufe shi da gutsuttukan itace.
Waɗannan dabbobin suna aiki tuƙuru kuma suna gina gidaje, waɗanda halittu ne daga rassa, waɗanda aka yanka su da sikari da yumɓu. Kyakkyawan tsarin gine-gine shine beaver dam... Irin waɗannan gine-ginen galibi ana gina su ne a kan rafuka, kuma tabbas suna da ɗan nisa daga ƙauyukan waɗannan dabbobi. Abin lura a nan shi ne a sauƙaƙe ambaliyar kogin da kuma hana ta yin zurfin zurfin shiga kusa da gidajen beaver.
Beavers suna gina madatsun ruwa daga bishiyoyi
Kuma wannan yana taimakawa sosai ga tarin abinci, sannan kuma yana ƙara yawan ambaliyar ruwa a yankin da dabbobi ke zama, wanda shine kyakkyawan tasiri don ƙara lafiyar rayuwa. Beavers suna hutawa sosai daga aikinsu a cikin hunturu, suna ɓatar da cikakken lokacin da ba a dace ba a cikin bukkar tasu a cikin yanayin rabin bacci. Wasu lokuta suna fita waje, amma don kawai su sami abun ciye-ciye.
A gefe guda, ya nuna cewa beavers suna da lahani sosai ga yanayi. Koyaya, suma suna kawo fa'idodi da yawa ga tsarin halittu. A wuraren da aka gina madatsun ruwa da kuma inda ambaliyar ruwa ke faruwa, ana kiwon kifaye da yawa, kwari na cikin ruwa suna kiwo sosai kuma ana samun manyan wuraren dausayi.
Wadannan dabbobin, tabbas, suna lalata adadi mai yawa na bishiyoyi, amma galibi wadanda suka girma kusa da ruwa ne ake sarewa. Don ƙari ba su da'awar. Beavers sun yi nasarar amfani da kututtukan bishiyoyi da suka faɗi don gina madatsun ruwa, amma suna cizon rassa, kayan lambu iri-iri, ganye da baƙi.
Gina Jiki
Waɗannan dabbobin suna da ciyawar musamman. Koyaya, abincinsu ba za'a iya kiransa talakawa ba. Masana ilmin dabbobi da ke nazarin rayuwarsu da hanyoyin ciyarwar, suna da'awar cewa tsarin abincinsu ya haɗa da kusan ɗari uku na tsire-tsire daban-daban. Samun wadataccen abinci da nau'ikan nau'ikan ma'auni ne wanda waɗannan dabbobin suke aiki dashi yayin zaɓar wurin zama. Suna cinye haushi a cikin aikin, suna son yin liyafa a kan willow, Linden, aspen, Birch, poplar, alder da ɓarnar sauran bishiyoyi da yawa. Suna kuma cin zobo, nettle, sedge, reeds, suna da matukar ban sha'awa game da lili na ruwa.
Masu sayar da Beavers suna da tattalin arziki sosai, suna kula da lafiyar 'yan uwa, sabili da haka suna yin tanadi mai yawa don lokacin sanyi. A hankali suna narkar da rassan bishiyoyi zuwa kasan tafkin, inda suke kirkirar wani irin "cellars". Babbar dangin beavers na iya adana fiye da cubic mita goma na irin wannan abincin don lokacin sanyi. Wani lokaci yakan faru cewa kogin yana kwashe abubuwan da ke cikin ma'ajiyar. Kuma wannan shine lokacin da dabbobi zasu bar mafaka masu dadi su fita cikin sanyi don neman abinci. Wannan ba kawai rashin dadi bane, amma kuma yana da haɗari, saboda a cikin irin wannan lokacin yunwa yana da mafi sauƙi don zama ganimar masu farauta, alal misali, kerkeci.
Hakanan mutane na iya zama masu haɗari ga waɗannan dabbobi masu aiki da lahani. Farautar Beaver bisa hukuma yana farawa a Rasha a ƙarshen kaka kuma yana nan har zuwa farkon bazara. Masoyan wannan aikin, wanda akwai su da yawa, ku lura cewa waɗannan halittu suna da hankali sosai. Hanya mafi kyau don farautar su shine dauke da bindiga.
Idan kayi amfani da tarko don kama dabbobi, to gashinsu mai tamani na iya lalacewa sosai. Naman waɗannan dabbobin suna da launi ja kuma ana ɗaukarsu karɓaɓɓe. Ya ɗanɗani kamar zomo. Koyaya, yana da dandano na musamman, sabili da haka ana amfani da kayan yaji na musamman don shirya shi.
Ana sayar da fatun dabbobin da aka kashe sau da yawa ga masu juji. Gwanin Beaver ana ɗauke da kayan alatu, yana da kyau kuma yana da dumi sosai. An yi imanin cewa irin waɗannan samfuran masu inganci, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin duk kayan adanawa da sanya dokoki, na iya ɗaukar aƙalla shekaru biyu. An farautar Beavers tun zamanin da don naman su da dumi mai dumi. Amma banda wannan, a cikin kayan kamshi da magani, abin da ake kira jirgin beaver... Menene?
Gaskiyar ita ce, waɗannan dabbobin suna da wata gland ta musamman wacce take a yankin dubura na jiki. A waje, yana kama da jaka biyu haɗe da juna, suna samar da sirri na musamman. Wannan sinadarin yana da kamshin gaske, sabili da haka beavers suna amfani dashi don yiwa yankinsu alama. Koyaya, mutane a zamanin da sun lura cewa tana da ikon warkarwa mai tasiri. Kuma likitocin zamani sun tabbatar da wannan zato kawai.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Gudanar da ibadar aure ta Beaver a rabin rabi na hunturu. Kuma masu sana'ar beavers, wanda yawansu na iya kaiwa shida, ana haifuwa ne bayan wata uku (a cikin masu beavers na Kanada, ɗaukar ciki ya fi tsayi). Waɗannan san ƙirar makafi ne kuma nauyinsu ya kai kimanin fam. Bugu da ari, a lokacin dumi a kan ruwan nono, suna samun nauyi da sauri. Koyaya, da farkon lokacin sanyi, masu beavers har yanzu basu cika balaga ba, sabili da haka suna hibernate tare da iyayensu.
Beananan beavers
Kuma kawai lokacin da matasa suka girma har zuwa shekaru biyu, zai iya haifar da rayuwa mai zaman kanta, tare da nema da kuma ba sabbin yankuna kayan aiki. Abu ne mai ban sha'awa cewa mata masu yin bea, kamar mutane, suna da al'ada ta ɗaukar ɗiyansu a hannayensu, ko kuma a ce, suna riƙe da su a gaban ƙafafunsu na gaba. Waɗannan gabobin kuma dabbobi suna amfani da su lokacin da suke aiki, suna yin gine-ginen gine-ginensu, wanda ya sa su zama na musamman a tsakanin dabbobin duniya.
Har ila yau, yana da ban sha'awa cewa yawancin waɗannan halittun suna da sauƙin ƙaddara ta haƙori. Wadannan karbuwa wadanda yanayi ya basu suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar beavers, don haka suna da tsari na musamman. Misali, wadanda suka fi ci gaba a cikinsu sune manyan abubuwan da ke kwance a sama. Kuma mafi girman mutum, girman haƙoransa. Tsawon rayuwar waɗannan halittu a cikin daji kusan sananne ne kuma yana da kimanin shekaru 15.
