Dabba mai ban tsoro, mafi girma daga cikin maharan dabba, ta zama alama ce ta zurfin taiga, dazuzzuka masu yawan gaske. Yanayin karfin beyar koyaushe ya haifar da sha'awa da girmamawa daga mutane.
Ba daidaituwa bane cewa hoton babban maigidan taiga ya shiga cikin al'adun al'adun mutane da yawa. Brown kai sananne ne ga mazaunan yankuna masu duwatsu na ƙasashe da yawa, amma an fi saninsa da Rasha.
Bayani da fasali
Bayyanar beyar tana birgewa a cikin girma, fasali na ainihin mai farauta. Adadin mazaunin gandun daji ya kai kilogiram 350-400, tsayin jikin yana kan kusan mita 2. A cikin Gabas mai nisa, akwai ƙattai masu tsawon mita uku. Kamchatka launin ruwan kasa mai nauyi fiye da 500 kg.
Mai rikodin nauyi a Wurin Zoo na Berlin ya auna nauyin 780. A tsakiyar layin, wakilin wakilin beyar dan kadan ya fi danginsa - wanda ya kai nauyin 120-150. Maza sun fi mata girma sau ɗaya da rabi.
Jiki mai siffa da ganga mai bayyananniyar bushe ana riƙe da manyan yatsun kafa biyar tare da faratan da ba za a iya janye su ba har zuwa cm 12. Theafafun yatsu biyar suna da faɗi. Kusan babu wutsiya, tsawonta ƙarami ne dangane da jiki, cm 20 ne kawai. Smallananan kunnuwa da idanu suna kan babban kan. Babban goshi. Mulos din yana da tsawo.
Launi na babban lokacin farin ciki ya dogara da mazaunin: daga fawn zuwa blue-black. Mafi na kowa ne launin ruwan kasa bears. Bears masu launin ruwan kasa suna zaune a Siriya. Ana samun furannin launin toka a cikin mazaunan Himalayan. Molting yana daga bazara zuwa kaka, har sai an binne shi a cikin kogon. Wani lokaci ana raba lokacin zuwa matakai biyu:
- farkon - m, a lokacin rut;
- marigayi - a hankali, yayin yanayin sanyi.
Wintering wani muhimmin lokaci ne a rayuwar mai farauta. Har yaushe launin ruwan kasa mai danshi yake bacci? - ya dogara da abubuwan waje. Barcin hunturu yakan kasance daga watanni 2 zuwa 6, amma a yankuna masu dumi tare da wadatar da ake samu na goro da 'ya'yan itace, bears baya bacci kwata-kwata.
Beyar tana shirya mawuyacin lokacin sanyi taiga tun lokacin bazara - yana neman wuri, tanada shi, yana tara kitse mai subcutaneous. Gidaje galibi suna cikin ramuka tsakanin asalin itacen al'ul, firs, a wuraren bishiyoyi da aka juyar, ƙarƙashin rijiyoyi.
Wurin da aka fi dogara da masu farauta su ne waɗanda ba a buɗe ba, waɗanda suke zurfafawa cikin ƙasa. Mafarauta suna gane waɗannan wuraren ta fure mai rawaya a kan bishiyoyi da bishiyoyin da ke kusa da kogon. Numfashi mai zafi na beyar yakan sauka akan rassan kamar sanyi.
An ƙarfafa wuraren da rassan da ke tsaye a ciki. Tare da su, dabbobi ke cika ƙofar, suna rufewa daga duniyar waje har zuwa bazara. Kafin murfin na ƙarshe, waƙoƙin suna haɗe sosai.
Kawa mai ruwan kasa a cikin taiga masu hibernates, sun nada. Legsafafun baya suna cikin ciki, kuma tare da ƙafafun gaba yana rufe bakin. Bears masu ciki masu ciki suna shiga cikin nutsuwa tare da ɗiyan shekara biyu na rayuwa.
Duk shekara masu farautar suna kokarin sauya wurin hutu, amma a yanayin rashin '' gidaje '' sukan koma gidajen da suka gabata. Suna hibernate galibi suna kaɗaici. Amma bears masu launin ruwan kasa na tsibiran Kuril da na Sakhalin na iya haɗuwa a cikin kogo ɗaya.
Baccin da dabbar ke fama da shi ya dami, thaws yana damun masu farautar kuma ya tilasta musu barin maɓuɓɓugansu. Wasu dabbobin basa iya kwanciya a cikin kogon tun kaka saboda rashin abinci.
Bears masu banƙyama suna da tsananin tashin hankali a cikin hunturu - yunwa tana sa dabba ta zama mai haɗari. Saduwa da shi haɗari ne ƙwarai. Sanda mai haɗawa ba shi da damar tsira har sai bazara. Raunin jikin dabba, rashin abinci da sanyi yana sanya dabbar ta zama mai rauni.
Irin
Tsarin zamani na bea mai launin ruwan kasa bai zo nan da nan ba saboda bambancin yawancin mutane. A yau, jinsin mutum guda da jinsuna ashirin (rabe-raben ƙasa) an rarrabe, sun banbanta launi, girma, da yanki na rarrabawa.
Bears mafi shahararrun masu launin ruwan kasa sun haɗa da manyan ƙananan ƙananan:
Bature mai ruwan kasa (Eurasia ko gama gari). Al’umma da yawa sun sanya mai mulki mai ƙarfi a cikin alloli. Mazaunan gandun dazuzzuka da dazuzzuka sun sauka har zuwa fadamar da take sosai a arewacin kuma ta hau tsaunuka har zuwa mita 3000 a kudu don neman sanyin.
Yana aiki dare da rana, lokacin da wadataccen 'ya'yan itace da' ya'yan itatuwa a cikin yanayi. Yana son lalata saƙar zumar. Launi jeri ne daga launin ruwan kasa mai haske zuwa launin ruwan kasa.
Beyar California (grizzly). Ya ƙare tare da zuwan fararen fata, ana nuna rarar rarar a cikin tutar California. Ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na yanayin halittu na yankin. Huntananan mafarautan sun hallaka su. Ya kasance alamar jihar.
Siberian ruwan kasa mai kai... Waɗannan ƙananan rukunoni ne ake kira masanin taiga ta Rasha. An fasalta shi da launi mai duhu mai duhu tare da sutura mai kauri a ƙafafu. Mai mulkin yankin Gabashin Siberia, wanda aka samu a Mongolia, Kazakhstan.
Atlas Bear... Subsananan raƙuman raƙuman ruwa Yayi rayuwa a yankunan tsaunukan Atlas, daga Morocco zuwa Libya. Beyar tana da jan gashi. Ya ci tushen tsire-tsire, bishiyoyi, kwayoyi.
Gobi kai (shafawa). Baƙon mazaunin tsaunukan hamada na Mongolia. Launi mai launin ruwan kasa mai haske, a koyaushe akwai madaidaiciyar ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano tare da kirji, kafadu da maƙogwaro. Brown a cikin hoto alheri da kuma iya ganewa.
Mezikowa (grizzly). Dabbar da ba ta da yawa a cikin barazanar bacewa. Girman ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa babba. Maƙarƙashiya tare da ambaton huɗa a cikin raƙuman kafaɗa. Ya fi son yin iyo a ƙasan tsaunuka, a cikin dazukan tsaunuka a tsawo har zuwa mita 3000. Bayanin amintacce na ƙarshe game da grizzly shine a cikin 1960.
Tien Shan bear mai launin ruwan kasa... Rareananan raƙuman raƙuman ruwa da ke rayuwa a cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka na Himalayas, Pamir, Tien Shan. Babban fasalin shine ƙusoshin haske na ƙafafun gaba. An kiyaye ta ajiyar ƙasar Kazakhstan.
Ussuri (Himalayan) bear... Dabbar tana da karama idan aka kwatanta ta da dangin ta. Nauyin bai wuce kilogiram 150 ba, tsawonsa yakai cm 180. Launi duhu ne, a kan kirji akwai wuri mai kusurwa uku na fari ko launin rawaya.
Wani mazaunin gandun daji na Primorsky da Khabarovsk Territories, Tsibirin Jafan, Pakistan, Iran, Koriya, China, Afghanistan. Daidai hawa bishiyoyi, iyo.
Kodiak... Daya daga cikin manya-manyan masu farauta a doron kasa. Adadin ƙattai ya kai rabin tan. Yawan abinci, gajeren lokacin sanyi halaye ne na mazaunin su - tsibirin tsibirin Kodiak. Jin ƙamshi da ƙarancin ji na taimaka wa mai farautar farautar. Dabbar tana da iko. Ban da kifi da nama, ba su damu da cin 'ya'yan itace, goro, da' ya'yan itacen marmari ba.
Beyar Tibet (mai cin pika). Ya samo sunan ne daga hanyar cin ganyayyaki da pikas a tsaunin Tibet. Rareananan raƙuman raƙuman ruwa, waɗanda aka bayyana a cikin karni na 19. Mayila za a iya kiyaye jimillar ƙananan duwatsu. Yeti samfurin Wani yanki na fur, wanda aka samo don tallafawa almara, na ɗan gwal ne mai ruwan kasa.
Rayuwa da mazauni
Mazaunin gandun daji ya fi son yankuna tare da ragargaza iska, yawan ciyawar ciyawa da ciyayi a wuraren da aka kone. Yankunan maɗaukaki kuma sun haɓaka yankunan tsaunuka, tundra, bakin teku. Da zarar an rubuta yaduwar launin ruwan kasa daga Ingila zuwa Japan.
Amma canjin da aka yi a yankunan da aka mamaye, kisan dabbar ya haifar da matsi na yankin. Yankunan daji na yammacin Kanada, Alaska, Gabas ta Tsakiya Rasha sune manyan yankuna na mazaunin ta.
Kowane bear yana da yanki na daban, wanda yakai girman sa daga 70 zuwa 140 km², wanda aka yiwa alama da kamshi, sanannen dan iska akan bishiyoyi. Yankin namiji ya ninka na mata ninki 7. Suna kare yankin daga bare. Rabuwar matasa da aka raba don neman abokin tarayya na iya yawo a bayyane kan iyakokin shafin.
Mai farautar yana aiki da rana, mafi yawan lokuta da safe da yamma. Don neman abinci, dabba mai zaman kanta wani lokacin takan yi motsi na lokaci-lokaci, tana bin wuraren da berriesa berriesan itace da nutsa nutsan goro.
Duk da girman dabbar da rashin kamanninta, mai farautar yana gudu da sauri. Matsakaici launin ruwan kasa mai saurin kai shine 50-60 km / h. Aikin motsa jiki da filastikiyar dabba tana bayyana a cikin ikon hawa bishiyoyi, iyo a ƙetaren koguna, da shawo kan nesa mai nisa.
Beyar tana da ikon kusanci abin farauta da shiru, tare da motsi na haske. Tare da buga ƙwanƙwasa mai ƙarfi, yana iya karya bayan barewa, dajin daji.
Jin kamshi yana bawa dabbar damar jin warin lalacewar nama tsawon kilomita 3. Ji yana da wuya. Beyar yakan tsaya a ƙafafuwan baya kuma yana sauraren abubuwan da ke kewaye da shi, yana kama ƙamshi. Cikakken rufin dusar ƙanƙara abu ne mai wuya ga bear.
Rayuwar mai farauta tana da yanayin yanayi. A lokacin rani, beyar da aka ba da abinci mai kyau suna hutawa a ƙasa, tsakanin ganye, yi kwalliya a rana, kuma su kula da zuriyarsu. A cikin kaka, sun shagaltu da neman matsugunin hunturu, tsarin sa, tarin mai mai subcutaneous.
A lokacin hunturu, mutum yakan fada cikin bacci mara zurfi, wanda yakan kwashe daga wata daya zuwa shida, ya danganta da dalilai da yawa. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa sigogin ilimin lissafi na dabba (bugun jini, zazzabi, da sauransu) kusan basa canzawa, sabanin sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Guguwar ta farka dabbobi masu rauni. Rage nauyi a lokacin hunturu yana da mahimmanci - har zuwa kilogiram 80. Tara ƙarfi don sabon zagayen rayuwa ya fara.
Gina Jiki
Dabbobi suna da komai, amma abincin ya dogara da kashi biyu bisa uku na abincin shuke-shuke, wanda suke cinyewa a yanayi daban-daban Brown kai. Dabbar tana ciyarwa acorns, tushen, mai tushe na shuke-shuke. Abincin shine 'ya'yan itace da kwayoyi. A lokacin yunwa, amfanin gona na masara da hatsi suna zama abincin dabbobi. Kowane irin kwari, kadangaru, kwadi, berayen gandun daji sun shiga cikin abinci.
Manyan dabbobi masu farauta sun farauto dabbobin da kofato - boars na daji, dawa, dawa, da barewa. A farkon bazara, bayan hibernation, beyar ya fi son abincin dabbobi, tunda kuna buƙatar samun ƙarfi, kuma akwai ɗan abincin tsire. Dabba tana aiki musamman a kan farauta.
Beyar mai ruwan kasa ba ta cin ganima farat ɗaya, ta ɓoye shi a ƙarƙashin itace kuma ta kiyaye shi har sai wadatarta ta ƙare. Yana farautar farauta, yana iya ƙwace ganima daga ƙananan dabbobi - kerkeci, damisa. Akwai sanannun lokuta na hare-hare kan dabbobin gida da shanu masu kiwo.
Kusa da jikin ruwa, bears sun zama ƙwararrun masunta, musamman a lokacin kifayen kifin. Yawan kifaye yana haifar da gaskiyar cewa beyar tana cin sassa mafi kyau na mushe, yana barin sauran guntaye.
Bears suna da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai kyau. Wuraren abinci tare da yalwar berries, namomin kaza, kwayoyi, bishiyoyi masu ba da 'ya'ya za su ziyarci fiye da sau ɗaya tare da begen cin abinci.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Lokacin saduwa don bears mai ruwan kasa yana farawa a watan Mayu kuma yana ɗaukar aan watanni. Maza suna fada don mata, fadace-fadace na masu fafatawa marasa kyau ne, kuma yana iya ƙarewa da mutuwar dabba. A lokacin rutting, bears suna da haɗari sosai tare da tashin hankali. Ihun daji yana nuna ƙaddarar abokan hamayya.
'Ya'yan sun bayyana a cikin kogo bayan watanni 6-8. An haifi jariran 2-4 kwata-kwata marasa ƙarfi - baƙi, makafi da kurma. Nauyin jarirai jarirai 500 ne kawai, tsayinsa ya kai kimanin cm 25. Bayan wata daya, thea thean suka buɗe idanunsu suka fara ɗaukar sautuna. Da wata 3 hakoran madara suke girma.
A lokacin bazara, jarirai suna shirye su samo 'ya'yan itace da kwari da kansu. Amma suna ciyar da madara har wata shida. Uwa tana ciyar da yaran da abin da aka kawo. Yaran dabbobi ba sa rabuwa kusa da mahaifiyarsu, suna koyon farauta, suna shirya lokacin hunturu na farko.
Uba baya kula da yara. Rayuwa mai zaman kanta ta yara tana farawa daga shekaru 3-4, amma lokacin haɓakar ya kai shekaru 10.
Tsawancin rayuwar bears masu launin ruwan kasa ya kai kimanin shekaru 20-30. A cikin mawuyacin yanayi na yanayi, mutane da yawa suna mutuwa, suna zama waɗanda ke fama da farauta, canjin yanayi. Ayyukan ɗan adam yana shafar rage zangon mai farautar. A cikin tanadin, rayuwar beyar tana ƙaruwa zuwa shekaru 50.
Babban launin ruwan kasa an daɗe da sanya shi a cikin Littafin Ja, an haramta kamun kifi da shi. Masu kiyaye muhalli na ta kokarin ganin sun kare kananan dabbobin da ke cikin hatsari. Makomar bea mai ruwan kasa tana karkashin kariyar jihar.
