'Ya'yan itacen tashi - Wannan karamin kuda ne da ke bayyana a wuraren da 'ya'yan itatuwa ke rubewa. A wannan matakin lokaci, akwai kusan nau'in dubu 1.5 na waɗannan kuda, yawancinsu ana amfani dasu sosai a masana'antar halittar jini.
Bayani da siffofin jirgin sama na Drosophila
Dangi kwatancin 'ya'yan itacen kuda, to babu wani abu mai ban mamaki a nan - wannan sanannen tashi ne tare da launin toka ko rawaya-launin toka, tsawon jiki daga 1.5 zuwa 3 milimita. Tsarin tashi na Drosophila ya dogara kacokam kan jinsinta. Tsakanin maza da mace Drosophila kudaje wannan nau'in yana da yawan bambance-bambance masu zuwa:
1. Mata sun fi girma - girman su kai tsaye ya dogara da hanyar rayuwa da halaye masu ciyarwa a lokacin kasancewa cikin sifar tsutsa;
2. Ciki na mace yana da siffa zagaye tare da ƙarshen yatsa, kuma cikin na miji yana da siffar silinda tare da ƙarshen laushi;
3. Mace ta samu ci gaban nono 8 na sama mai girma. Maza suna da 6 kawai daga cikinsu, yayin da na shida da na bakwai an haɗa su.
4. A bangaren ciki, mace tana da faranti guda huɗu, yayin da namiji yana da uku kawai.
5. A cikin maza, a bangaren farko na gaba-gaba akwai tsefewar al'aura, a mata babu shi.
Saitunan Chitinous da faranti suna cikin aikin jirgin. Idanun kuda suna jajaye. Shugaban yana mai faɗi, mai motsi sosai. Tunda irin wannan kudaje na diga-dige ne, babban abin birgewarsu shine kasancewar surar gabban fuka-fukai na gaba. Afafu - 5-kashi.
A kimiyyance, wannan nau'in kudaje ya samu wuri na musamman saboda cewa kwayoyin halittar tashi na Drosophila dauke da su 8 chromosomes. Wannan adadin Drosophila yawo chromosomes yana haifar da nau'ikan maye gurbi da yawa bayyane.
Kwarin na daya daga cikin kwayoyin halittar da aka fi sani a duniya. Drosophila tashi kwayoyin cikakken tsari kuma anyi amfani dashi sosai a cikin kwayar halittar gado don nazarin tasirin magunguna daban-daban.
Bugu da kari, masana kimiyya sun lura cewa a cikin kashi 61% na lokuta idan kwayar cutar dan adam ta bayyana Kwayoyin tashi Drosophila sun amsa kamar yadda mutane suke yi.
Drosophila tashi da salon zama
'Ya'yan itacen ya zauna galibi a kudancin Rasha, a gonaki ko gonakin inabi, inda kusan mutane ba sa yin ƙoƙari don yaƙar ta. An rarraba shi sosai a Turkiya, Misira, Brazil. A lokacin hunturu, wannan kwarin ya fi son zama a mazaunan ɗan adam, kusa da ɗakunan ajiya na 'ya'yan itace ko masana'antar ruwan' ya'yan itace.
A cikin hoton akwai kuda mai fruita .an itace
Suna shiga cikin gidaje ko gidaje ko dai tare da fruitsa fruitsan itacen da aka kawo daga ƙasashen kudu, ko kuma su zauna a kwandon shara ko furannin cikin gida. Mutane da yawa suna mamakin yadda ƙudaje suka shiga gidan idan babu rubabbun 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari.
Amsar mai sauki ce - manya sun sa ƙwai akan kayan lambu da fruitsa fruitsan itacen har ma yayin haɓakar su. To waɗannan samfuran suna shiga cikin gida kuma a wata ɓarna kaɗan ko farkon aikin ferment, ƙudaje ke kafawa.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan irin wannan kudajen da ke rayuwa a cikin yanayin ruwa, kuma kwayayensu suna cin abinci a kan qwai da tsutsa na wasu kwari. Ga mutanen da suke sha'awar yadda za a rabu da 'ya'yan itace gardama yakamata kuyi amfani da kowane ɗayan hanyoyi guda huɗu da ake dasu a yau:
- Injin. Ya hada da tsabtace wuraren tsabtace wuri da kama kwari ta amfani da raga mai mahimmanci ko tef.
- Jiki. Kawai matsar da abinci zuwa wuri mai sanyi.
- Chemical. Amfani da magungunan kashe qwari a cikin hanyar emulsions.
- Halittu. Hanyar ba zata iya lalata dukkan kwari kwata-kwata ba, amma adadinsu zai ragu sosai.
Jinsi na Drosophila
A yau, akwai nau'ikan ƙudaje 1529 daga dangin Drosophila. An gabatar da wasu daga cikinsu a kasa.
1. Drosophila baƙar fata ne. Shi ne mafi yawan karatun dukkanin iyalin waɗannan ƙudajen. Yana da launin rawaya ko launin ruwan kasa. Idanu jajayen haske ne. Girman jikin yana daga milimita 2 zuwa 3.
Drosophila tashi larvae na wannan nau'in farare ne, amma canza launinsu yayin da suke girma. Mata suna da ratsiyoyi masu duhu a cikin cikinsu, kuma maza suna da wuri guda mai duhu. Yayin rayuwarta, mace na iya yin kwai kusan 300.
A cikin hoton, baƙin fruita blackan itace sun tashi
2. 'Ya'yan itacen tashi. Suna ciyar da galibi akan ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga tsire-tsire masu' ya'yan itace, larvae suna cin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Girman kirji daga 2.5 zuwa milimita 3.5. Tsawon fikafikan yakai milimita 5-6. Yankin tsakiyar baya yana da launi mai launin rawaya-rawaya, ciki rawaya ne tare da facin launin ruwan kasa, kirjin yana da launin ruwan kasa-rawaya ko gaba ɗaya rawaya.
Idanu jajayen haske ne. Maza na wannan nau'in suna da ƙaramin tabo a ƙasan fukafukan. Ci gaban mutum yana faruwa a cikin lokaci daga ranakun 9 zuwa 27; kimanin ƙarni 13 ke girma yayin yanayi ɗaya na shekara. Mata na wannan nau'in sun fi na maza yawa.
A cikin hoton, 'ya'yan itace sun tashi
3. Drosophila baya tashi sama. A tsakanin sauran mutane, an rarrabe su da rashin iya tashi, tunda basu da cikakkun fuka-fuki, suna iya motsawa ta hanyar rarrafe ko tsalle. Ba a samo wannan nau'in ta halitta ba, amma a sakamakon haka yaduwar kwayar cutar drosophila wasu nau'ikan.
An bambanta shi da girmansa, game da milimita 3 da tsawon rayuwa - zai iya kai wata 1. Suna ciyar da 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari masu ruɓewa.
A cikin hoton, kudajen 'ya'yan itace ba yawo
4. Drosophila babba ne. Suna zaune a cikin ɗakuna inda akwai fruitsa fruitsan 'ya'yan itace masu ruɓewa, daga ciki suke cin ruwan' ya'yan itace. Tana da girma daga milimita 3 zuwa 4. Launi haske ne ko launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Launin kai - launin ruwan kasa mai rawaya.
A cikin hoton, Drosophila babba ne
Tsawon rayuwa ya wuce wata ɗaya. Mata a cikin tsarin rayuwa suna iya sawa daga ƙwai 100 zuwa 150. Ana iya samun wannan nau'in 'ya'yan itace ƙuda a duk shekara. Nazari ne na sama da na ƙudaje waɗanda masana kimiyya suka ba da ƙarin lokaci sosai.
Abincin gina jiki na Drosophila
Wadannan nau'ikan kudaje suna ciyar da kayan lambu iri iri da 'ya'yan itace, tsotse ruwan itace daga bishiyoyi, amma abincin da suka fi so shine ɓarnar' ya'yan itace. Amma duk ya dogara da nau'in kuda.
Misali, kudajen fruita doan itace ba su da wani tsari na musamman na kayan aiki na bakin, don haka suna iya shan ruwa daban-daban na almara:
- ruwan tsire;
- ruwa mai sikari;
- rubabben kyallen takarda da asalin dabbobi;
- fitarwa daga idanuwa, raunuka, armpits na dabbobi daban-daban;
- fitsari da najasar dabbobi.
Sabili da haka, don kauce wa bayyanar da irin wannan ƙudajen a cikin gidanku, kuna buƙatar kulawa da tsabta sosai, musamman ma idan akwai dabbobin gida a cikin gidanku.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai na tashiwar Drosophila
Hawan Drosophila, kamar kowane Diptera, yana faruwa a matakai uku:
- Mace tana yin ƙwai.
- Larvae suna fitowa daga ƙwai.
- Tsutsa ta juye zuwa manya.
Saboda kasancewar tashi Drosophila yana da chromosomes 8 tsutsa da ƙwayayenta suna bunƙasa a cikin yanayi mai ruwa-ruwa. Sabili da haka, ƙudajen mata suna ƙwai a kan fruita fruitan semia semian semia semia semia semian ora oran otheran itace ko wasu matsakaitan kayan abinci.
Ana riƙe su a farfajiya ta amfani da ɗakunan iyo na musamman. Kwan wannan nau'in kuda ya kai kimanin milimita 0.5, kuma idan tsutsa ta kyankyashe, girman su ya riga ya kai milimita 3.5 a tsayi.
A cikin hanyar tsutsa, ƙuda dole ne ya ciyar da kyau, tunda girmanta da halayen aikinta masu mahimmanci sun dogara da wannan a nan gaba. Nan da nan bayan bayyanar su, tsutsar tsutsar tayi ta iyo a saman matsakaiciyar kayan abinci, amma nan gaba kadan sai su zurfafa cikin zurfin kuma su zauna a wurin har sai yara.
Kwanaki 4 bayan bayyanar jaririn, ana samun ƙuruciya daga ciki, wanda ya kai ga balagar jima'i bayan awanni 8. A rana ta biyu bayan balaga, mata zasu fara yin sabon ƙwai kuma suyi hakan har ƙarshen rayuwarsu. Yawanci, mace na iya yin kwai 50 zuwa 80 a lokaci guda.
An lura cewa sun yi kokarin haifar da wadannan kwari a cikin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje, tsallakawa namiji Drosophila ya tashi tare da launin toka da kuma nau'ikan fikafikan al'ada tare da baƙar fata mata waɗanda ke da gajeriyar jiki. A sakamakon wannan tsallaka, an samu kashi 75% na nau'ikan tare da launin toka da fuka-fukan al'ada, kuma kashi 25% ne kawai suka kasance baƙi tare da gajerun fikafikai.
Tsawon rayuwar kuda ya dogara ne kacokan kan tsarin yanayin zafin jiki. A zafin jiki na kusan digiri 25, kuda zai iya rayuwa tsawon kwanaki 10, kuma idan zafin ya sauka zuwa digiri 18, wannan lokacin ya ninka. A lokacin hunturu, ƙuda na iya rayuwa na kimanin watanni 2.5.
