Littafin Ja. Kayan kayan kifayen da basu da hadari
Raguwar lamba da bacewar sannu a hankali wasu nau'ikan dabbobi, gami da kifi, ya zama abubuwan da ke faruwa a wannan zamani. Don la'akari da abubuwa masu rai da yawa da kuma tantance hanyoyin adana su, an rubuta Red Books.
Wannan wani nau'i ne na cadastre na wakilan da ke cikin hatsari na duniyar dabbobi mai muhimmancin kasa. Dukkanin sassan da daidaikun 'yan ƙasa suna da alhakin yin la'akari da bayanin da aka shigar a cikin Littafin Ja.
Yanayin jinsin yana wakiltar matakai daban-daban:
- Nau'i na 1 - nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari Ceto yana yiwuwa ta hanyar kiwo na wucin gadi, kariya a cikin tanadi da adanawa.
- Nau'in 2 - raguwa iri. An kawar da barazanar ƙarewa ta hanyar haramcin kamawa.
- Nau'i na 3 - nau'ikan nau'ikan. Numbersananan lambobi sune dalilin raunin yanayi. Tsananin kariya daga jinsuna da kula da jihar yayi gargadi game da haɗarin bacewa.
Idaya yawan kifin yana da matukar wahala, saboda haka, tantancewa menene kifin a littafin Ja ya zama kwatsam, kuma wadanne nau'ikan halittu ke cikin tsananin bukatar kariya, mai yiyuwa ne a bisa wasu sharuɗɗan zaɓin mara kyau.
Idan aka kwatanta da daruruwan dabbobin ƙasar da aka jera a cikin jerin nau'ikan nau'ikan kariya, kifi Littafin Red nau'ikan 50 ne kawai ke wakilta, daga cikinsu akwai masu sha'awar ilimin kimiyya:
Sakhalin sturgeon
An koma zuwa nau'ikan 1 na jinsunan da ke cikin haɗari. Da zarar 'yan farar fata alama ce ta wadata, har ana nuna su a rigunan makamai. An kira kifin ja a ma'anar kyakkyawan, sturgeon nama fari ne.
Sturgeons suna da eriya huɗu a fuskokinsu don nazarin ƙasan da watsa sigina game da ƙayyade abin cin abinci ga bakin bakin. Babu wani kwarangwal na kasusuwa na musamman, musammamn cartilaginous notochord ya maye gurbin shi.
Caraarfin carapace mai ɗorewa mai kaifi tare da kayoyi masu kaifi yana kiyaye sturgeon daga ƙetaren manyan ɓarnata. An gano manyan stan majalisun kakannin kakanni masu nauyi har zuwa tsakiya 2.
A yau, samfuran yau da kullun sun kai kimanin 1.5 da 40 kilogiram, masu launin zaitun, tare da zubi mai siffa mai dunƙulen da aka rufe da faranti na ƙashi, ko kwari da aka sanya a baya, gefuna da ciki.
Amma kuna buƙatar gwada gano su. An kama kifin kafin ya yi kiba. Daga cikin kifin littafin Red Book na Rasha Sakhalin sturgeon ya mallaki wuri na musamman.
A hoto kifin shine sthageon Sakhalin
A zamanin da, 'yan iskan Sakhalin sun tafi zuriya a cikin koguna daban-daban na yankin Khabarovsk, Sakhalin, Japan, China, Korea, Primorye. A ƙarshen karnin da ya gabata, nau'ikan sun kusan shiga bakin ƙarnin saboda kamun kifi maras ma'ana.
Sitearshe na ƙarshe da aka haife shi shine kogin Tumnin, wanda ke gudana tare da gangaren Sikhote-Alin. Amma har ma a can, ci gaba da dangin masarauta na mashahuri, jagorancin tarihi tun daga farkon zamanin Jurassic, ba tare da sa hannun mutum ya zama ba zai yiwu ba. Kiwo na wucin gadi ita ce kawai hanyar da za a ceci tsaffin Sakhalin a yau.
Yawancin madatsun ruwa na tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki sun zama shingayen da ba za a iya shawo kansu ba game da yaduwar kifi. A cikin shekarun Soviet, mutane sun fara fahimtar saurin ɓatarwa na uran iska.
Ci gaban sturgeon caviar mai yiyuwa ne kawai a cikin ruwa mai ɗumi na koguna, sa'annan rayuwa tana ci gaba a cikin teku, inda kitsen kifi yake, yana ƙaruwa da nauyi. Yana daukar shekaru 10 kafin tsawar ta cika girma. Idan rayuwa bata kare ba da wuri, to tsawonta ya kai shekaru 50.
Turawan Turai
Na mallakar rukuni na 2 na nau'ikan raguwa. Mahalli na launin toka yana haɗuwa da ruwan sanyi da tsaftataccen koguna, koramu da tafkuna. An rarraba shi a cikin tafkunan Turai daga Burtaniya, Faransa zuwa rafin Ural a Rasha.
Girman launin toka ya kai kusan 60 cm a tsayi kuma ya kai kimanin kilogiram 7. Sunan jinsin ya fito ne daga kalmar Girkanci, wanda ke nufin "ƙanshin thyme". Lallai kifin yana wari kamar haka.
Suna ciyar da kan kananan kifi, crustaceans, molluscs. Saukewar launin toka a cikin watan Mayu a zurfin zurfin tafki. Ana ajiye ƙwai a kan ƙasa mai ƙarfi. Rayuwa mai launin toka bai wuce shekaru 14 ba.
A halin yanzu, yawan ruwan kogin ecotype, wanda yafi dacewa da tasirin muhalli, ya wanzu. Manyan masu kama da ruwa na koguna da tabkuna sun fara ɓacewa tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na 19.
A cikin hoton, kifi mai launin toka
Da farko dai, launin toka ya bar kwatar Ural, sannan ya daina bayyana a cikin Oka. Individualsananan mutane ba su da ban sha'awa sosai ga mafarauta, kuma haihuwar irin wannan kifin yana ta hanzari, kodayake babu shakka ɗakunan jigilar halittar ba su da yawa.
Raguwar launin toka a cikin kogunan Volga da Ural na da nasaba da kamun kifi mai tsanani, gurbatar jikin ruwa tare da kwararar ruwa, wanda ke haifar da barazanar bacewar kifi. An tsara jinsin a cikin littafin Red Book na Rasha kuma yana da kariya.
Dan Rasha
Na mallakar rukuni na 2 na nau'ikan raguwa. Subsungiyoyin dangin kifi, waɗanda a baya suka miƙa daga Faransa zuwa Ural ridge. Sun san abinci mai sauri na Rasha a cikin tafkunan Dnieper, Don, Volga. Ana samo shi a kan hanzarin koguna, sabili da haka yana da suna daidai. A cikin ƙananan makarantun kifi yana ajiye kusa da farfajiyar ruwa. An katse yankin a yankunan da ke ƙasa da yankin Samara.
Kifin karami ne karami, daga tsayi 5 zuwa 13 cm kuma nauyinsa ya kai kimanin 2-3. Kan yana karami, jiki yana da tsayi, tare da sikeli masu matsakaicin sikeli. Aararren duhu mai ɗigo ya shimfiɗa tare da layin gefe daga gill zuwa fin caudal. Tsawon rayuwar kifi bai wuce shekaru 5-6 ba. Yana ciyarwa akan ƙananan kwari da zooplankton.
Ba a yi nazarin karatun Rasha ba. Kifi mai gajeren zagayo na iya ɓacewa gaba ɗaya a cikin kowane kogi, kuma ya bayyana bayan fewan shekaru. Yawan nau'in yana da wuyar tabbatarwa. Haihuwarsa tana farawa daga shekara biyu na rayuwa a tsakanin Mayu zuwa Yuni.
Dwarf yi
Nau'i na 3, nau'ikan nau'ikan. Yaduwa yana mosaic. Babban mazaunin shine Arewacin Amurka. An fara gano wannan daɗaɗɗen birgima a cikin Rasha a cikin manyan tafkuna masu zurfin yankin Chukotka Peninsula, tafkunan asalinsu kankara.
Kifi da aka jera a cikin Littafin Ja, gami da katako, na iya matsawa daga nau'ikan da ke zuwa haɗari idan aka raunana ikon sarrafa jama'a.
Fisharamin kifi baya shiga rafi, yana rayuwa da daddare a cikin ruwa mara ƙanƙani, kuma da rana a cikin zurfin tafki mai zurfin zuwa mita 30. Matsakaicin tsayin gawar ya kai kimanin cm 9, nauyinsa yakai 6-8 g.
Sikeli mai saurin cirewa ne, kan da idanun manya ne. Spotsananan wurare masu duhu sun warwatse a tarnaƙi, waɗanda suke kusa da gefen sama na baya. Babban abokan gabar tafkunan sune burbot da loaches, waɗanda ke cin tafiya.
Kifin da ya balaga da jima’i ya zama ɗan shekara 3-4 kuma ya fara haihuwa a ƙasa mai yashi a cikin kaka a cikin ruwan sanyi. Caviar mai launin rawaya mai haske. Nau'in nau'in da ba safai yake iya bacewa ba tare da matakan kiyaye adon dwarf ba.
Ba a tabbatar da girman yawan jama'a ba. Matakan kariya za su iya haɗawa da hana saƙar raga mai kyau a cikin kamun kifin wasu kifaye a jikin ruwa inda aka samo jerin sunayen.
Ruwan fitilar teku
A waje, yana da wahalar fahimta idan kifi ne. Lamprey yayi kama da babbar tsutsa. Mai farautar kansa ya bayyana a duniyar sama da shekaru miliyan 350 da suka gabata, kuma ya kasance kusan canzawa ba tun daga wannan lokacin ba.
Lamprey an yi imanin cewa shi ne magabacin kashin baya na jawed. Mai farautar yana da hakora kusan ɗari a cikin muƙamuƙi, kuma su ma a kan harshen suke. Ta hanyar amfani da harshe ne take cizon a cikin fatar wanda aka yiwa rauni.
Sterlet
Wannan jinsin ana ganin yana da matukar daraja a cikin kamun kifi. A farkon karni na 20, ana kama tan dari da yawa na kifin mara dadi a kowace shekara a cikin tafkin Volga. Bayan haka, a tsakiyar ƙarni, adadin sterlet ya ragu ƙwarai, mai yiwuwa saboda yawan hallaka mutane da gurɓataccen ruwa.
Koyaya, a ƙarshen ƙarni, yawan jama'a ya fara ƙaruwa. An yi imanin cewa wannan yanayin yana da alaƙa da matakan kiyayewa, waɗanda ake aiwatarwa a ko'ina dangane da barazanar ƙarewar nau'in.
Gwanin launin ruwan kasa
Rashin lafiya, tafki ko rafin kifi daga dangin kifin. Lake ko rafi - ana kiran nau'ikan mazaunin wannan kifin.
Taimako na kowa
Mutanen da ke zaune a Siberia tun da daɗewa suna ɗaukar beyar a matsayin maigidan taiga, da kuma taimen a matsayin uban kogin taiga da tabkuna. Wannan kifin mai kima yana son tsaftataccen ruwa mai kyau da kuma yankuna daji, musamman ma rafuka masu gudana tare da manyan guguwa masu hanzari, tafkuna da ramuka.
Black kifi
Wani nau'in kifi mai rai-dangin kifi irin na dangi, shine kadai wakilin jinsi Mylopharyngodon. A cikin Rasha nau'ikan nau'ikan ne masu haɗari.
Bersch
Wani kifin Rashanci na yau da kullun, yana rayuwa ne kawai a cikin kogin tafkin Caspian da Black. Bersh yana da kamanceceniya tare da pike perch, amma a lokaci guda kuma yana da kamanceceniya da perch, a wannan batun, a baya anyi imanin cewa bersh giciye ne tsakanin jinsunan biyu.
Siffar gama gari
Babban banbanci tsakanin mai sassaka da sauran kifin shine babban kanshi mai fadi. Kowane gefensa yana dauke da makami mai ƙarfi, ɗan lanƙwasa. Jajayen idanu da kusan tsirara jiki suna sauƙaƙa bambancin mai sassaka da sauran ƙananan kifi. Kifin yana haifar da kwanciyar hankali, rayuwar benthic.
Littafin Ja shine aikin kwararru da yawa. Tabbatar da yanayin yawan kifin yana da matukar wahala. Bayanai sun yi daidai, amma barazanar bacewa ga yawancin jinsuna na ainihi ne.
Tunanin ɗan adam da matakan kariya da aka ɗauka ne kaɗai za su iya dakatar da ɓarkewar sararin samaniyar duniyar.
Bayani da sunayen kifi a cikin Red Book of Russia ana iya samun sa ba tare da wahala ba, amma wakilan da ba kasafai ake samu ba a yanayi suna da wahalar gani, saboda haka, ana bukatar hada karfi da karfe na masu kiyaye dabi'ar.
