Babu matsala idan aka ce game da barewar cewa shi mai alheri ne kamar barewa. Haɗuwa da dogayen siƙuƙuƙƙun kafafu tare da ƙahoni masu kyawu waɗanda ke da ɗakuna masu kyau suna sa wannan dabbar dabbar ma ta zama ta da kyau da taɓo. Yin la'akari da yadda yake tsalle barewa daga wannan dutse zuwa wancan, nan da nan zaka iya lura da sauƙin sa, rashin walwala da kuma alheri. Zamu gano komai game da asalin wannan dabbar, ta yadda za ayi amfani da ita, halaye, wuraren da aka fi so da kuma dabi'un abinci, a lura da manyan abokan gabar barewa domin fahimtar dalla-dalla muhimmin aikin wadannan kere-kere.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Jeyran
Bazartarwace dabbar dabba ce mai ƙyallen kafa wacce ta kasance daga halittar barewa da dangin bovine. Wannan jinsi yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da dangin dangi na ainihi. Kalmar "barewa" ta zo mana daga yaren larabci. Gabaɗaya, wannan nau'in halittar dabbobi siririya ce mai doguwar kafa, wanda aka tabbatar da shi ta bayyanarta ta barewar alheri. Akwai nau'ikan gazzi iri-iri, daga cikinsu za ku ga barewa. Wannan dabbar daddare tana da fasali guda daya - maza ne kawai ke da kaho a cikin barewa, sabanin mafi yawan sauran barewar, inda mutane da jinsi biyu suke aiki a matsayin kwarjini.
Dangane da barewa musamman, ana iya kiransu kanana kuma dabbobi masu kyan gani sosai, duk siffofin waje da launin su wanda yake cikakke daidai da jinsin barewar, kodayake akwai nuances da fasali na daban. Gabaɗaya, akwai nau'ikan gazel na 4, amma yanzu wasu masana kimiyya sun rarraba su a matsayin jinsuna daban.
Don haka, daga cikin barewa akwai:
- Farisanci;
- Mongoliyan;
- Turkmen;
- Balaraba.
Ya kamata a lura cewa a waje waɗannan ƙananan ƙananan kusan iri ɗaya ne, amma sun bambanta ne kawai a yankin mazauninsu na dindindin. Alheri, sassauci da saurin gaguwa sun daɗe suna son mutum, saboda haka ana yawan nuna shi a kan tsabar kuɗi da tambarin wasiƙu na tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan da Rasha.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Steppe barewa
Na farko, bari mu gano girman waɗannan dabbobin ban mamaki. Tsawon jikin balagaggun dabbobi na iya bambanta daga 93 zuwa 116 cm, kuma tsayinsu a bushe - daga 60 zuwa 75 cm. Yawan buzuwa daga 18 zuwa 33 kilogiram. Kamar yadda muka riga muka gani, maza ne kawai ke yin cuwa-cuwa a cikin barewar. Beautifulahoran ƙahonin kyawawan waƙoƙin baƙar fata ne, tsawon su yakai 28 zuwa 30 kuma an zana su da zoben zoben gefe. Mata ba a ba su ƙaho, amma wani lokacin ana samun samfura tare da ƙananan ƙaho daga 3 zuwa 5 cm a tsayi.
Jeyrans halittu ne masu dogayen kafafu, gabobin jikinsu kyawawa ne kuma sirara, amma kofato masu karfi da kaifi, wanda ke bayar da gudummawa ga saurin saurin yaduwar wadannan gazel din a kan dutse da kasar laka. Koyaya, ƙafafun duwawun kwata-kwata ba su dace da motsi a kan katifar dusar ƙanƙara ba, kuma barewa ba ta banbanta cikin juriya ba, saboda haka galibi sukan mutu yayin da suke yin dogon miƙa wuya.
Bidiyo: Jeyran
Idan muka yi magana game da canza launi na waɗannan dabbobin, to, a mafi yawan ɓangaren, yashi ne (jiki na sama da gefe). Farin launi a bayyane a wuya, ciki da cikin ƙafafu. A bayan baya, zaku iya lura da ƙaramin yankin fari wanda ake kira "madubi". Thearshen wutsiya yana da launi mai baƙar fata, ya fita dabam da fari, kuma a bayyane yake lokacin da barewa ke sauri da sauri. Saboda wannan fasalin na waje, mutane sukan kira shi "wutsiyar baki". Ba a san rarrabaccen layin layin cikin gashin gashi da gashin mai tsaro a cikin gazelles. A lokacin hunturu, suttansu ya fi na rani haske. Tsawon rigar a cikin rigar hunturu ya fara daga 3 zuwa 5 cm, kuma a lokacin rani bai ma kai cm 1.5 ba.Ya kamata a ƙara cewa gashin da ke fuska da ƙafafu sun fi guntu a kan sauran jikin ɓera.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Yaran barewa suna da alamar yanayin fuska mai ƙarfi, wanda yake tabo mai launin ruwan kasa a kan gadar hanci da kuma ratsi biyu masu duhu waɗanda aka zana daga idanun ɓera zuwa bakin bakinsa.
A ina barewa take rayuwa?
Photo: Jeyran a cikin jeji
Jeyrans sun fi son filaye da ɗan tudu, da ke birgima, inda ƙasa take da yawa sosai. Ana iya samun wannan kyakkyawan dabbar daddare a yankin hanyoyin kan dutse da kuma cikin yankuna na kwari masu sauƙi. Saboda bambance-bambancen da ke jikin gabobin jiki, wadannan dabbobin suna tsallake yankuna masu yashi sosai, wannan halayyar musamman lokacin bazara.
Sau da yawa yawancin bareyi suna da sha'awar sahara da hamada, suna zaune:
- hatsi-saltwort rabin-hamada;
- rabi-shrub saltwort Semi-hamada;
- daji daji.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ciyawar dake cikin yankuna na mazaunin daddawa na dindindin na iya bambanta sosai kuma suna da bambanci ƙwarai. Sau da yawa waɗannan tsuntsayen dabbobin sun saba da wanzuwa a cikin kewayen duwatsun daji marasa rai.
Da yake magana game da takamaiman yankuna na yankin barewar, yana da kyau a san cewa a halin yanzu suna rayuwa:
- a Iran;
- a yammacin Pakistan;
- a kudancin Mongolia;
- a Afghanistan;
- a kan yankin kasar Sin;
- A Kazakhstan;
- Georgia;
- Kirgizistan;
- Tajikistan;
- Uzbekistan;
- Turkmenistan.
Game da kasarmu, bisa ga mazaunin tarihi, a kwanakin baya, barewa na zaune ne a yankin kudancin Dagestan, amma yanzu, abin takaici, ba a same su a wurin ba, sun fi son hamada da yankunan hamada na jihohin da aka ambata a baya.
Menene barewa ke ci?
Photo: Tsuntsayen barewa
Bai kamata ya zama abin mamaki ba cewa ta fuskar abinci mai gina jiki, barewa ba ta da sha'awa sosai, saboda suna rayuwa ne a cikin hamada da kuma hamadar hamadar da ke da ƙarancin ciyayi. Babu buƙatar zama mai zafin nama, don haka barewa suna farin cikin cewa suna cikin tsarin abincinsu, abin da ya ƙunsa, musamman a lokacin kaka da hunturu, yana da iyakance.
A wannan lokacin, barewa suna da abun ciye-ciye:
- ƙaya ta raƙumi;
- hodgepodge;
- wormwood;
- saxaul harbe;
- prutnyak;
- ephedra;
- saman tamarisks.
A lokacin rani da bazara, menu yana da wadata da daɗaɗa, saboda rayuwar ciyayi ta sake sabuwa. A wannan lokacin, barewa na iya cin hatsi na daji, capers, ferula, barnyard, albasa, wani lokacin suna cin masara, kankana, da kuma legumes. A matsayin mazaunan hamada, barewa sun saba da shan ruwa na dogon lokaci. Wannan ba abin mamaki bane, saboda gano ramin shayar mafi kusa zai iya zama a tazarar kilomita 10 zuwa 15, saboda haka tsuntsayen dabbobi ke shan ruwa sau ɗaya a mako ko kwana biyar.
A gabar da ciyawar daji ta cika, barewa na ƙoƙari kada su sha, saboda nau'ikan ɓarnatarwa na iya ɓoyewa a wurin. Ga ramin ban ruwa, daddawa sun zabi yanki mai bude da kuma shimfidawa, suna yin yawo don ruwa da yamma ko kuma idan gari ya waye. Duk wadannan dabbobin suna yi ne domin kare kansu. Ko da dandano mai ɗaci da ruwan gishiri (alal misali, a cikin Tekun Caspian) ana amfani da dawa, suna sake jaddada rashin dacewar su game da fifikon abinci.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Jeyran daga littafin Red Book
Kamar sauran buzaye, barewa suna da taka tsantsan da tsoro, suna amsawa tare da ƙwarewa ga duk wani saututtukan da ake ji da hayaniya. Idan dabbar dabbar ta hango bayyanar hadari, to nan take zata fara guduwa, saurinta na iya canzawa daga kilomita 55 zuwa 60 a awa daya. Mata tare da jarirai suna da dabaru daban-daban na ceto - su, akasin haka, sun fi son ɓoyewa a cikin daji a irin wannan lokacin.
Kodayake barewa na dabbobi ne, sun fara taruwa a cikin manyan kungiyoyi yayin kusancin lokacin hunturu. A cikin watanni masu dumi, waɗannan giran suna son zama su kaɗai ko kuma a cikin ƙaramin kamfani, inda za a sami gazel biyar kawai a kalla. Ainihin, waɗannan sune ƙananan dabbobi na shekarar da ta gabata da kuma matan barnyard.
Tare da kusancin yanayin sanyi, barewa za su fara taruwa a cikin manyan garken dabbobi, wanda a ciki akwai dabbobi da yawa da yawa zuwa ɗari. Lokacin da garken ɓarke suke neman abinci, suna iya yin tafiya daga kilomita 25 zuwa 30 a cikin kwana ɗaya. Da isowar bazara, matan da ke cikin matsayi suka fara barin garken farko, sannan bi da bi na manyan maza masu bi, biye da garkensu da kuma samari masu ƙarfi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A lokacin hunturu, bareyi na aiki da rana, kuma da yamma da dare suna hutawa a gadajen da aka haƙa cikin dusar ƙanƙara, wanda yawanci akan girka su a bayan wani tsauni don kare kansu daga iska mai sanyi. A lokacin rani, dawakai, akasin haka, suna ciyarwa da safe da yamma da yamma, kuma suna hutawa a cikin inuwa a ranar rana mai zafi.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Steppe barewa
Kamar yadda muka gani a baya, barewa sune dabbobi masu shayarwa wadanda suke rayuwa cikin garken dabbobi, inda suke shiga ciki lokacin sanyi mai sanyi. Kuma a cikin faɗuwar rana, mazan da suka manyanta suna fara tsere mai ƙarfi. Suna yiwa dukiyar su alama ta najasa, wanda suke sanyawa a cikin ramuka da aka riga aka haƙa da ake kira latrin latins.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A lokacin rutsi, maza sukan zama masu zafin rai, galibi suna tara mata zagin mata a kusa da su, wanda ba tare da gajiyawa ba suna kare su daga cin zarafin wasu masu neman aure. Gwagwarmayar yankuna da jawo hankalin mata har ya kai ga cewa wasu 'yan mata suna tona alamun wasu kuma su maye gurbinsu da nasu.
Tsawon lokacin da mace ta yi ciki wata 6 ne, 'yan maruƙan sun riga sun bayyana a cikin watan Maris ko kusa da farkon watan Afrilu. Yawancin lokaci, ana haihuwar jarirai ɗaya ko biyu. Makonni kaɗan kafin bayyanar ɗiyan, uwaye masu ciki suna ƙoƙari su kaɗaita, ba tare da maza ba, suna zaɓar wurin da ya dace da haihuwa, wanda ya kamata a sanya shi a wani fili mai faɗi inda akwai ƙarancin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, ko a cikin rami, wanda ke da kariya daga iska mai sanyi.
Yaran suna da nauyin kilogram biyu, amma nan da nan za su iya tsayawa kan ƙafafunsu kuma su sami cikakken kwarin gwiwa. A makonnin farko na balagarsu, 'yan maruƙa suna samun mafaka a cikin daji, inda suka fi so su ɓoye, kuma uwa mai kula da kanta tana ziyartarsu, tana ba su nono sau 3-4 a rana. Ci gaban gaan gazelle yana da sauri sosai. Tuni a cikin watan farko na rayuwa, suna samun nauyi daidai da rabin nauyin babban dabba.
Vesannuwa sun zama cikakkun manya kusa da shekara ɗaya da rabi, kodayake wasu mata sun riga sun kai shekara ɗaya a duniya a karon farko sun sami zuriya. Balagagge na jima'i na maza yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin shekaru 1.5. A cikin yanayin muhalli, barewa suna iya rayuwa na kimanin shekaru 7, kuma a cikin fursuna, duk 10.
Abokan gaba na barewa
Photo: Jeyran a cikin jeji
Rayuwa ba mai sauƙi ba ce ga ƙazamar barewa, wanda ba shi da sauƙi kuma bai bambanta da jimiri na musamman ba. Yawancin abokan gaba da yawa sun gamu da su a hanya, manya da ƙuruciya matasa. Daga cikin mafiya mahimmanci kuma masu ɓoye-ɓoye na ɓatar da barewa, watakila, mutum na iya sa wa kerkeci, galibi yawancin giwa suna mutuwa a cikin haƙoran waɗannan mafarautan daidai lokacin hunturu, lokacin da akwai dusar ƙanƙara da yawa, kuma dabbobin da suka lalace da yunwa ba za su iya guje wa haɗari ba.
Tare da kerkeci, dabbobin daji da caracals suna bin dusar dawa a yankin Turkmenistan. Tabbas, samari mafiya rauni wadanda basu da kwarewa kwata-kwata, mutuwar su na iya kaiwa kashi 50 cikin dari kusa da kaka, wanda hakan yana da matukar ban tsoro.
Abokan gaba na 'yan maruƙa da aka haife su sun haɗa da:
- dawakai;
- mikiya na zinariya;
- ungulu;
- karnukan daji;
- gaggafa;
- filin binnewa;
- manyan ungulu.
Kamar yadda kake gani, haɗarin yana jiran barewa ba kawai a ƙasa ba, har ma daga sama. Yanayin mawuyacin hali ba ya hana waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa, mutuwarta na ƙaruwa sosai a lokacin sanyi na lokacin dusar ƙanƙara, yayin da kuma akwai murfin kankara akai-akai. Jeyrans na iya mutuwa saboda yunwa, saboda a ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara mai kauri ba abu mai sauƙi ba ne neman abinci, motsi ta cikin dusar ƙanƙara, kuma, musamman, akan ɓawon burodi, yana cutar da dabbobi kuma yana iya haifar da mutuwa, kusan mawuyacin abu ne a ɓoye daga masu cin abincin a lokacin. Kar ka manta game da mutanen da suka haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga yawan giwar giwar, suna jagorantar farauta da rashin tausayi akan su.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Jeyran
Centuriesarnoni da yawa da suka gabata, yawan barewar ya yi yawa a cikin manyan yankuna hamada da hamada na jihohi da yawa. Ko farautar da mazaunan yankin ke yi a kullum ba ta iya yin tasiri ga lambobin ta ba. Tudun daji sun ciyar da mutane da nama mai daɗi (har zuwa kilogiram 15 daga barewa ɗaya), ta ba su fata mafi ƙarfi, amma sha'awar mutum ta rashin riba ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa an fara kashe waɗannan dabbobi masu shayarwa ta hanyar saurin walƙiya da kuma ta wani babban sikelin. Tare da taimakon motoci, mutane sun koyi tuke garken dabbobin daji zuwa cikin tarko, suna makantar da dabbobi da hasken fitila mai haske, sannan suka aiwatar da kisan gilla na artiodactyls, wanda hotonsa abin ban tsoro ne.
Akwai shaidar cewa a farkon shekarun 2000, yawan barewar ya kai dabbobi dubu 140, amma bisa ga ƙididdigar shekarun da suka gabata, yanayin saurin raguwa ya karu da wani na uku, wanda ba zai iya ba sai damuwa. Ba a samun Jeyrans yanzu a Azerbaijan da Turkey. A cikin girman Kazakhstan da Turkmenistan, yawan dabbobinsu sun ragu sau da yawa.
Babban barazanar da dalilin irin wannan mawuyacin hali na wadannan kayan fasaha shine rashin tunani da ayyukan son kai na mutane, wanda ya shafi dabbobi ba kawai kai tsaye ba (mafarauta), amma a kaikaice (ragin wuraren zama saboda nome gonaki da kirkirar makiyaya). Dangane da wannan yanayi mai firgitarwa game da lambobi, an dauki matakan kariya masu yawa don rayar da yawan wadannan barewar ta ban mamaki, wadanda a halin yanzu jinsin masu rauni ne.
Goitered barewa
Hoto: Jeyran daga littafin Red Book
Abun bakin ciki, amma kadan ne da kadan daga cikin barewa, don haka a karshe mutane suka yi tunanin cewa wannan dabbar za ta iya bacewa daga fuskar Duniya gaba daya. Yanzu gazelle yana cikin littafin Red Book na duniya, yana da matsayin "nau'in halittu masu rauni" na dabbobi. A cikin littafin Red Book of Kazakhstan, an lasafta gazelle a matsayin nau'ikan nau'ikan da ba safai ba, yawansu kullum raguwa yake yi. Ana kuma daukar Gagizar Goitered Red Book akan yankin Tarayyar Rasha.
Kamar yadda muka riga muka gani, manyan abubuwan da ke iyakance sun hada da ayyukan mutum, wanda yake shafar rayuwa da mazaunin dabbobi mara kyau. Mafarauta har yanzu suna ci gaba da harba barewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, kodayake an haramta farautar su. Mutane suna korar wadannan dabbobin da aka kofato da su daga wuraren da aka tura su dindindin, suna nome sabuwar kasa da fadada yankin makiyayar dabbobi.
Baya ga sanyawa a cikin Littattafan Bayanai na Red, matakan kariya don ceton waɗannan dabbobin sun haɗa da:
- keɓaɓɓen kiwo na barewa a cikin ajiya, inda aka halicci dukkan yanayi don rayuwar su ta dadi;
- yaɗu kan hana farauta da ƙarin tara kan farauta;
- ganowa da kariya ga yankuna inda barewa suka fi yawa, sanya su matsayin wuraren kariya.
Kwanan nan, mutane na ta ƙoƙarin jawo hankali yadda ya kamata game da matsalar ɓacewar barewar. Don haka, a wajen bikin shekara-shekara a Azerbaijan da ake kira "Maiden Tower", masu zane-zane galibi suna nuna waɗannan kyawawan abubuwan dusar kankara a kan manya-manyan wurare, suna ba da dalilin yin tunani game da raguwar lambobinsu kuma galibi ayyukan rashin tunani, ɓarna, ayyukan mutane.
A ƙarshe, ya rage don ƙara wannan, kamar yadda barewa kyakkyawa mai kwarjini da karimci, shi ma ba shi da kariya da rauni. Wajibi ne a yaba wa wannan dabba mai tawali'u da tsoro, da girmamawa da girmamawa ga wuraren zama na dindindin, kokarin murƙushe duk wani aiki na doka da na ɗan adam, to duniyar da ke kewaye da ita za ta zama mai ɗan daɗi da haske, kuma barewa za su iya jin daɗin rayuwarsu ta farin ciki.
Ranar bugawa: 02.02.2020
Ranar sabuntawa: 17.12.2019 a 23:27
