Vyakhir - kurciya ta daji, mafi girma daga cikin tattabaru a Rasha. Kyakkyawan tsuntsu mai firgitacciyar murya. Kadai tattabara da ke iya tara ganye da 'ya'yan itace domin abinci. Taro a cikin manyan garken tumaki, yana ciyar da gonakin da aka girbe. Yana yin jirage na lokaci-lokaci. Abun farautar wasanni da fasahar abinci.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Vyakhir
Columba palumbus shine sunan Latin na wannan tsuntsu daga dangin tattabaru. "Columba" tsohon suna ne na kurciya a tsohuwar Girka, wanda aka samo shi daga kalmar Helenanci mai ma'anar "mai nutsewa" kuma an bayar dashi ne don al'adar wasu membobin jinsi su jefa kansu sama a cikin jirgi. Bayanin asalin kalmar "palumbus" bai fito karara ba, amma da alama shima yana nufin "kurciya". Vyakhir da vityuten sunaye ne na mutane na wannan nau'in, tarihinsu yana ɓoye cikin duhun zamani.
Bidiyo: Vyakhir
Yawancin rabe-rabe, ko tsere-tsalle na ƙasa, an rarrabe su, waɗanda aka bambanta da launi da girman farin tabo a wuya:
- ire-iren wadannan nau'ikan suna zaune a Turai, Siberia, a arewacin Afirka;
- ƙananan Azores (C. p. azorica) daga tsibirin Azores shine mafi duhu da haske;
- Subsasashen Iran (C. iranica), sun fi haske da tattabaru na Turai;
- an bayyana Kleinschmidt (C. kleinschmidti) daga Scotland;
- Asianasashen Asiya (C. casiotis, C. kirmanica) - wurin haifuwar Himalayas, tabo a wuyansa kunkuntar, rawaya;
- ƙasashen Afirka ta Arewa (C. excelsa) kusan ba su da bambanci da Bature;
- Gigi subspecies (C. ghigii) yana zaune a tsibirin Sardinia.
Akwai nau'ikan 33 - 35 a cikin jinsin halittar. A ma'anar zamani, tattabaru na Tsohuwar Duniya suna nata, ban da cisar da aka shigo da ita sau ɗaya. Pigeons na wannan ƙungiyar sun bayyana a ƙarshen Miocene shekaru miliyan 7 - 8 da suka gabata kuma a sarari suna da magabata ɗaya tare da Amurkawa, waɗanda ke rayuwa a cikin Sabuwar ko a cikin Tsohuwar Duniya - masana kimiyya ba su kai ga cimma matsaya ɗaya ba.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Yaya tattabara itace
Vyakhir ya bambanta sosai da sauran tattabarai a cikin girma da launi. Wannan shi ne mafi girma na tattabaru na gida: tsawon namiji ya banbanta daga 40 zuwa 46 cm, na mata daga 38 zuwa 44 cm. Namijin yakai 460 - 600 g, mace tana da ƙasa kaɗan. Jikin yana da tsayi, an daidaita shi, tare da ɗan gajeren fikafikai da doguwar jela.
Jima'in dimorphism a cikin launi kusan ba sananne bane. Kayan maza da mata an tsara su cikin launin toka-toka-toka, a wurare sautunan shuɗi. Ideasan jikin, da kuma ƙarƙashin fikafikan, shuɗi ne mai haske, wanda yake bayyane a sarari. A saman fukafukan shimfidawa, farin yadi ya fito fili, wanda launin duhu mai duhu na saman murfin sama da gashin fuka-fukin kusan baƙar fata ya jaddada.
Gashin gashin jela yana da duhu a ƙarshen. A gefen wuyan akwai daskararrun launuka masu haske, kamar iyaka tsakanin kai da shuɗin shuɗi da ruwan goro mai launin shuɗi da ruwan nono. A cikin maza, aibobi suna da ɗan girma fiye da na mata. Kuma, ba shakka, akwai alamar kasuwanci mai zurfin - bakan gizo ya zubo daga wuya, wanda aka fi furta shi musamman a cikin maza. Bakin bakin lemu ne mai dauke da bakin rawaya, kafafu ruwan hoda ne, idanun rawaya masu haske.
Yaran tattabarai sun fi ja, ba tare da tabo a wuya da ƙarfe mai sheƙi ba. Bakin bakin yana launin ruwan kasa ne da farin fari. Farar launin fata tana da kyau sosai ga tattabara, aƙalla tana iya yin jiragen sama na lokaci, wanda cisar garinmu ba ta da iko. Tashi daga mafarautan, yana yin kaifi a cikin iska. A lokacin tashin jirgin, yana kadawa da bushewa da ƙarfi. Yana tafiya kamar dukkan tantabaru tare da ƙananan matakai kuma yana ta girgiza kansa. Saurin ɗauke akan rassa da wayoyi. Ihun da aka yi yana da zafi, ihu. Tsammani na tsawon shekaru 16 ko makamancin haka.
A ina tattabara take zaune?
Hotuna: Vyakhir a Rasha
Yankin dake cikin vituten ya game Turai banda arewacin Scandinavia (a Rasha, iyakar arewa ta isa Arkhangelsk), yankin kudu maso yamma na Siberia zuwa garin Tomsk a gabas (wasu tsuntsayen suna kara gaba), Caucasus da Crimea, arewacin Kazakhstan, Asiya ta Tsakiya, Himalayas, China, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Arewacin Afirka. A yawancin kewayon sa, yana yin jirage na lokaci-lokaci. Yana zaune duk shekara a kudancin Turai (farawa daga kudancin Ingila), kudancin Turkmenistan, wani lokacin yakan kasance cikin Caucasus da Crimea don hunturu. Yanayi ne kawai a cikin Himalayas, tsaunukan Afghanistan da Gabas ta Tsakiya. A cikin Afirka (Algeria, Morocco da Tunisia) duk tsuntsayen da ke zaune a gida da baƙin haure daga Turai sun taru a lokacin sanyi.
Vituten tsuntsayen gandun daji ne na al'ada, lokaci-lokaci kawai zata iya zama tsakanin bishiyoyin. Yana zaune a cikin dazuzzuka na duwatsu da filaye na kowane iri, na masu yankewa da masu rarrafe. Ya fi son ba gandun daji masu yawa, amma gefuna da sharewa, bankunan kogi, belin daji. A cikin yankuna marasa matakai, suna zama a cikin belin gandun daji, gandun daji masu ambaliyar ruwa da kurmi. Idan za ta yiwu, ya guji kusancin ƙauyuka, amma inda ba a taɓa shi ba, alal misali, a cikin Turai ta waje, ya sauka a wuraren shakatawa na gari, ƙarƙashin rufi, a baranda da kuma kusa da filaye. An yi mana alama a cikin tsofaffin wuraren shakatawa kusa da St. Petersburg.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A Ingila, kurciya itace katababiyar da aka fi sani. Lambar ta a nan ta fi nau'i-nau'i miliyan 5. Yana zaune a wuraren shakatawa da lambuna na birane da ƙauyuka da yawa na ƙasar, yana ciyar da mutane kuma da ƙyar a kira shi "daji".
Yanzu kun san inda aka samo tattabara. Bari muga abin da wannan tsuntsun ya ci.
Menene tattabara take ci?
Hoto: Tsuntsun Tattabara
Kurciya na iya cin duk abin da tattabara zata iya ci har ma fiye da haka. Kurciya sukan tattara abinci daga ƙasa, amma kurciya itace banda. Zai iya tsinke sassan tsire-tsire masu cin abinci ta hanyar tafiya akan ƙasa kuma ya zauna akan rassan bishiyoyi.
Abincin sa ya hada da:
- tsaba na hatsi, hatsi, gicciye, asteraceae sune babban ɓangaren menu. Ciki har da tsirrai da wake da wake, hatsi, buckwheat, hemp, sunflower;
- koren kayan abinci a cikin bishiyar tsire-tsire na hunturu, kazalika da leavesanyun ganyen m na daji, filaye da amfanin gona, galibi fyade da kabeji;
- 'ya'yan itace masu laushi (honeysuckle, blueberry, lingonberry, elderberry, cherry bird, ash ash, blueberry, currant, mulberry, kwatangwalo, inabi);
- kwayoyi, acorns, beech, Pine da spruce tsaba;
- kodan, waɗanda ake ci a lokacin sanyi da bazara;
- kwari da molluscs;
- sharar abinci a kwandunan shara na ƙauyuka.
Kamar yawancin katako, tattabaru na itace suna haɗiye tsakuwa - dutsen niƙa don nika hatsi. Nauyin su na iya kaiwa g 2. A zaune ɗaya, tattabaru zai iya ɗaukar giya 100 na alkama, ko 75 na itacen ɓaure. Yawaitar ɗayan ko wani ɓangaren ya dogara da yanayin - gwargwadon yadda ake nome yankin, yawancin kyautar filayen a cikin tsarin tattabarar. Shin za ku iya zarge shi da wannan? Bugu da ƙari, ba koyaushe yake ɓata amfanin gona ba, yakan tattara abin da ya saura a gonaki bayan an gama girbi. A wannan lokacin, kajin suna girma ne kawai, kuma tsuntsaye suna tashi cikin garken tumaki zuwa filayen yanyanka don samun karfi kafin tashi. Ga lokacin farauta.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Kurciya kurciya
Waɗannan tantabaru yawanci tsuntsayen daji ne waɗanda ke ɓoye a ɓoye a cikin rawanin bishiyu a lokacin kiwo. A wannan lokacin, saduwa da maza da cizon kajin ne kawai zai iya cin amanar kasancewar su. Yanayin tsuntsayen yana da hankali sosai, yana damuwa, suna iya jefa gida tare da ƙwai da aka sa. A gefe guda, a cikin kwanciyar hankali, aladu na itace sun saba da zamantakewar mutane sosai kuma suna iya zama a cikin birane. Galibi suna rike ne bibbiyu, amma maƙwabta na iya haduwa kusa da ruwa ko wuraren ciyarwa, wanda ke faruwa galibi da safe da kuma faduwar rana. Da yake sun goyi kajin, sun taru a garken tumaki, waɗanda suke manya musamman a lokacin kaka.
Tsuntsayen suna rayuwa har abada a yankunan kudanci na yankin nest, daga arewa suna tashi sama don hunturu, ko kuma su koma kudu. Misali, kurciyan Kirimiya suna tashi zuwa kudancin Turai, kuma ‘yan arewa suna zuwa Crimea don hunturu. Tashi na faruwa a lokuta daban-daban, daga Satumba (Leningrad Oblast) zuwa Oktoba (Volga delta), amma a kowane hali, tashiwar duk garken yana ɗaukar sama da wata guda. Dawowar ta sake faruwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. A cikin yankunan kudanci, tsuntsaye suna fitowa daga farkon Maris, a arewacin waɗanda - a watan Afrilu - farkon Mayu.
Tsuntsayen masu ƙaura suna motsawa galibi a farkon rabin rana; don kwana dare suna zaɓar yankin gandun daji tare da dogayen bishiyoyi da kyakkyawan gani. Suna zaune ne kawai bayan cikakken binciken lafiya, wanda suke yin da'ira da yawa akan shafin. A kan hanyar dawowa da gaba, suna amfani da hanyoyi iri ɗaya, amma suna nuna halaye daban. A lokacin bazara suna tsere tsawon yini ba tare da tsayawa ba, kuma a lokacin tashin jirgi na kaka suna tsayawa don ciyarwa a cikin filayen noman hunturu, kabeji, a filayen da aka girbe hatsi, a cikin gandun daji na itacen oak da gefuna. Tsuntsayen da ke daukar ciki suna cikin garken tumaki kuma suna cikin aikin share duk abin da za a ci daga filayen.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tattabara ba su rasa fargaba yayin cushe goiters a cikin filaye. Sabili da haka, sun fi son ciyarwa tsakanin albarkatun ƙasa, waɗanda ba su fi gwiwa ba, ko cikin ƙaramar tattaka. Don nuna amincin shafin, mafarauta sukan dasa hankaka da tattabaru kansu a kanta. A lokaci guda, don samun karfin gwiwa, ana buƙatar ɗayan dabbobin da aka cushe, waɗanda ke nuna ciyarwa, aikewa da mutane.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Tattabara tsuntsayen
Kurciya tsuntsu ce mai aminci; tana yin nau'i-nau'i na dogon lokaci. Ma'auratan da suka gama aiki sun tashi daga hunturu bibbiyu zuwa wani yanki da aka sani, kuma samari suna samun rabin jikinsu a wurin. Wani malalaci namiji ya toshe makircin kuma yayi magana akan haƙƙin sa. Wakar soyayya ta Tattabara tana kama da kururuwa mai zafi, wacce za a iya isar da ita kamar gu-gu-gu.
Kurciya tana waka a saman bishiyar, lokaci-lokaci yakan tashi, yayi shawagi da yin sama sama. Bai kai bishiyar ba, ya sake tashi da sauransu sau da yawa. Ganin mace, ya tashi zuwa gareta kuma yana shirin komawa shafin, yana gayyatashi ya shiga. Ana yin bikin aure tare da kururuwar kurma da ruku'u tare da wutsiyar wutsiya. Idan mace ta yarda, sai ta yi alama don saduwa. Kurciya sumbatar kadan da sanyi.
Ma'aurata sun zaɓi wuri don gida a cikin cokali mai yatsu a cikin rassa ko kuma a reshe na kwance a tsayin 2.5 - 20. Namiji yana tattara tsutsa, kuma mata tana yin gida daga gare su wanda yake kama da hankaka: gungu na 25 - 45 cm a diamita tare da baƙin ciki a tsakiya. Sannan ta sanya kwai biyu kuma iyayen sun fara kyankyasar su. Wannan yana faruwa a ƙarshen Afrilu ko farkon Mayu. Na biyu brood, idan za ta yiwu, suna yin tsakiyar bazara.
Shiryawa yana ɗaukar kwanaki 17. Hakan yana biyo bayan lokacin ciyarwa na kwanaki 26 zuwa 28, wanda a cikin haka ne iyayen suka sake shiga. Ana ciyar da kwanakin farko a lokuta da yawa sau ɗaya a rana tare da madarar goiter, to kawai da safe da yamma, amma tuni tare da cakuda hatsi da madara. Farawa daga makonni uku, kajin sun fara barin gida don rana, suna dawowa da yamma. Amma da suka cire gaba daya, sun kasance masu dogaro na wasu daysan kwanaki, suna karɓar abinci daga iyayensu. Sai bayan wata guda suka zama masu cin gashin kansu kwata-kwata.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An tsara ranar namiji kamar haka: saduwa da safe yana ɗaukar 4.2% na lokaci, karin kumallo - 10.4%, mating da rana - 2.8%, tsabtace gashin tsuntsu - 11.9%, shiryawa - 22.9%, abincin dare - 10,4%, tsabtace gashin tsuntsu - 4,2%, maraice maraice - 6,2%, barci - 27%. Jadawalin mata kamar haka: karin kumallo - 10.4%, tsaftacewa - 8.3%, abincin dare - 4,2%, shiryawa + bacci - 77.1%.
Halitta abokan gaba na tattabara itace
Hotuna: Yaya tantabara ta katako take kama
A cikin daji, kitababar tattabarar nama ce mai daɗi. Yawancin masu farauta suna wasa haƙoransu kuma, musamman, bakinsu akan sa.
Daga cikin makiya:
- goshawk da sparrowhawk, buga ganima a cikin iska da rassa;
- falkin peregrine shine maharbi mai fukatacce, mai ƙarfi kuma mai ƙarfi;
- hankaka mai launin toka - "kerkeci mai fuka-fukai", yana kashe tsuntsaye masu rauni, ɗaukar kajin da ƙwai a kan gidajensu;
- magpie da jay ba za su iya jimre wa tsuntsu baligi ba, amma suna cin ƙwai - a wasu wurare, bisa ga ƙididdiga, har zuwa 40%;
- squirrel shima babban mai son ƙwai tsuntsaye.
Mutane suna haifar da damuwa ga tattabarai da rage lambobin su kai tsaye, ta hanyar harbin su yayin farauta, kuma a kaikaice, ta hanyar canzawa da sanya guba ga mazaunin su. Inara yawan yawa yana tilasta tsuntsayen masu hankali su bar wuraren zamansu kuma su yi ritaya zuwa wilder da mafi kusurwar nesa, waɗanda ke zama ƙasa da ƙasa. Amfani da magungunan kwari, musamman DDT da aka dakatar yanzu, ya yi matukar lalata yawan tattabarai. Kazalika farauta a gare su, wanda a yanzu ya iyakance sosai. Amma tattabarar itaciya sanannen kwaro ne na ƙasar noma, wanda baya bada izinin hana farautar shi kwata-kwata.
Ba wanda zai iya yin biris da irin wannan matsalar ta raguwar mutane kamar yanayin yanayi. Cold bazara da rigar rani gubar marigayi nesting, sab thatda haka, tsuntsaye ba su da lokacin da za su sa na biyu brood. Yanayi mara kyau na hunturu da rashin abinci suna haifar da mace-mace mai yawa: kashi 60-70% na tattabarai matasa kuma kusan 30% na tattabarai manya sun mutu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Yawancin aladu na itace hunturu a cikin Kuban. Dubun-dubatan garken yan kadan ne kawai masu farauta suka rage, tunda ba a bayar da izinin harbi a kowace shekara kuma sai zuwa 31 ga Disamba. A cikin cunkoson yanayi tsakanin tattabarai, annobar cutar sankara ta fara, wanda ke haifar da cutarwa fiye da farauta. Ana ganin ya dace a tsawaita lokacin harbi don rage lamba kuma a guji yawaitar mutane.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Vyakhir
Kayan duniya na aladun itace yana da girma ƙwarai - akwai kusan mutane miliyan 51 - 73. Ciki har da Turai, wanda ke da kashi 80% na yankin, miliyan 40.9 - 58 ke rayuwa (bisa ga bayanan 2015). Akwai babban adadi musamman a gabashin yankin Baltic. Gabaɗaya, zangon yana ƙaruwa sannu a hankali saboda fadadawa zuwa Scandinavia da Tsibirin Faroe (Denmark). Dalilin haka kuwa shine cigaban shimfidar shimfidar gona da tattabaru da kuma wadataccen abinci a wadannan wurare. An yarda da farauta a Ingila, Faransa, Hungary, Scotland.
A cikin yankin da aka samu warwatse kuma ba daidai ba, don haka a yankin Rasha sun zama gama gari, amma ba yawa. Akwai mutane guda ɗaya ko ƙananan garken kusan tsuntsaye 15. Manyan garken tumaki, tsuntsayen 80 - 150 kowannensu, kuma ana iya lura da natsuwarsu kawai a lokacin jirage na yanayi ko lokacin sanyi. A cikin Kuban a lokacin hunturu, dubban tattabarai suna taruwa, wanda lokacin hunturu anan cikin filayen sunflower.
Kuma a cikin yankin Moscow aan nau'i biyu yanzu gida biyu ne, kodayake a farkon shekarun 30 na karnin da ya gabata akwai garken tsuntsaye 40-50. A yankin arewa maso yamma, yawan tattabarai ya kasance a wani babban mataki har zuwa shekaru 70, musamman, a yankin Leningrad, akwai gurbi 10 a cikin kilomita 1 na gefen dajin. Amma tun daga shekaru 70, an saka tsuntsaye marasa sa'a cikin jerin abubuwan farauta kuma girman su ya tsaya. Kodayake har yanzu ba su saba a wadannan wuraren ba.
Gabaɗaya, farauta tabbas ba irin wannan mahimmin dalilin bane na raguwar adadin tattabarai. Farautar tattabara tana da takamaiman abincinta kuma 'yan farauta ba su kula da ita. Don haka a yankin Kaliningrad, inda tsuntsaye ke da yawa, bisa ga bayanai na 2008 - 2011. mafarauta 35 ne kawai daga cikin dubu 12 suke da sha'awar kurciyar itace. Matsayin jinsin bisa IUCN shine “jinsin dake da adadi mai yawa” kuma baya bukatar kariya.
Gaskiyar sha'awa: An jera rarar azabar katako ta Azores a cikin IUCN RC, tunda ta tsira ne kawai a tsibiran biyu: Pico da San Miguel. Madeananan kamfanonin Madeira sun ɓace a farkon karnin da ya gabata.
Mutum na iya jayayya ba iyaka game da ko farauta mugunta ce ko alheri ga duniyar dabbobi. Mafarauta suna da hujjoji masu gamsarwa da harbi don hana yawaitar mutane kuma, sakamakon haka, yunwa da annoba, mafi gamsarwarsu. Babban abu a cikin wannan kasuwancin shine ayi aiki cikin hikima, saboda yawan tsuntsayen. tattabara itace da kuma yanayin canjin sa.
Ranar bugawa: 28.12.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 11.09.2019 a 23:47
