Kyanwa mafi karanci a doron duniya - wannan lakabin da ba a faɗi ba an gudanar da shi ne shekaru da yawa damisar Gabas ta Tsakiya, wanda aka yarda da matsayinsa (a kan bangon sauran damisoshin ƙasa) a matsayin mai matukar mahimmanci.
Bayanin damisa mai nisa
Na farko, baya a 1857, a ƙarƙashin takamaiman sunan Felis orientalis, baƙon ɗan asalin Jamus Hermann Schlegel ne ya bayyana shi, wanda ya yi nazarin fatar dabbar da aka kashe a Koriya. Mai farautar yana da sunaye da yawa - Manchu (wanda ya tsufa) ko damisar Amur, damisa mai Gabas ko Gabashin Siberia, da damisar Amur. Jinsin sun sami sunan Latin na zamani Panthera pardus orientalis a shekarar 1961 saboda Ingrid Weigel.
Bayyanar
Babban katan daji mai cike da kyakyawar fur wacce ba tabo irinta ba... Ana amfani da wannan fasalin don gano damunan Amur waɗanda ake kulawa da su a yanayi. Damisar Gabas ta fi ƙasa da damisa a girma, tana samun girma a cikin 50-70 kilogiram tare da tsawon 1.1-1.4 m. Amma damisa tana da jela mai ban sha'awa (har zuwa mita 0.9), kusan daidai da tsawon jiki.
A kan karamin kai, an shirya kunnuwa masu kyau, idanu suna da launin toka mai haske, dalibi yana zagaye, a cikin baki (kamar yawancin masu farin ciki) akwai hakora 30 da wani harshe mai motsi wanda yake taimakawa wajen wankan kuma raba nama da kasusuwa. Damisar Gabas mai nisa tana da ƙafafu masu ƙarfi, musamman na gaba. An sanye su da kaifin hannu masu kaifi da lanƙwasa, wanda mai farautar ya keɓe lokacin da yake tafiya don kar ya huce.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A lokacin rani, ulu tana da gajarta sau biyu kamar na hunturu: ta yanayin sanyi yana girma har zuwa 5 cm (a kan ciki har zuwa 7 cm). Gaskiya ne, ko da furun hunturu ba za a iya kiran shi fluffy ba saboda tsananin dacewarsa da jiki.
Launin lokacin hunturu ya fara ne daga launin rawaya mai haske zuwa rawaya mai launin rawaya tare da launuka na zinariya ko shuɗi mai launin ja. A lokacin bazara, gashin ya zama mai haske. Gefen damisa da na bayan gabar jiki koyaushe suna da launi.
An kirkiro wani kayan ado na musamman albarkacin daskararrun tabo wadanda suka warwatsu a jiki kuma aka sanya su da rosettes (baƙon baƙin baƙaƙen da ke haɗa jan launi a cikin kansu). Wannan launi yana bawa mai farautar damar yin kama da kansa yayin farauta: aibobi ne a bayyane suna jujjuya yanayin halittar jiki, hakan yasa ba a iya saninsa sosai a cikin dajin.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Rayuwar damisar Gabas ta Tsakiya yawanci ana yanke ta ne ta hanyar mummunan yanayi da kuma halaye na ɗabi'a na kuliyoyin daji: mai farautar yana da kaɗaici, mai tsananin yanki, mai aiki a lokacin yamma da dare. Don sadarwa tare da waɗanda suka dace, yana amfani da murya, alamun gani da alamun ƙamshi, ko haɗin alamomi. Na farkon sun hada da alamun kwacewa a jikin akwatuna, sarqoqin waqa, da sakin qasa da dusar kankara. Warin ya fita da fitsari da najasa.
Damisa ta kasance tana amfani da yankin yankin ta, tsayayyun hanyoyi da matsuguni don 'ya'yan da aka girka shekaru da yawa, tare da murƙushe kasancewar jinsi ɗaya a kanta. Matsayi da yanki na makircin mutum bai dogara da lokacin ba kuma ya kasance ba canzawa a cikin shekara.
Maza ba sa shiga yankin maza, kamar yadda mata suke mallakar wasu mata, amma yankunan maza sun haɗa da yankunan mata da yawa da aka ziyarta yayin rut. Wata dabara kuma ita ce cewa damisa tana lura da rashin tasirin sassan yankinsu, amma ba wajen gari ba.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Yankin shafin maza ya kai kilomita 250-500, wanda ya ninka yankin mata sau da yawa, wanda yakai 110-130 km² a matsakaita. Damisar Amur a kai a kai tana tafiya a kewayen yankinta, yana yin alama da bishiyoyi tare da farata kuma yana barin alamun ƙanshi a kan iyakoki.
Ta wannan hanyar babu, dabbobi suna rarraba yankin, suna iyakance kansu, idan ya cancanta, ga barazanar ɗabi'a kuma da wuya su shiga cikin rikice-rikice kai tsaye. Masu sa ido ba su sami alamun mummunan fada tsakanin damisa ba, kodayake sun sami alamun gwagwarmaya tsakanin maza biyu don iyakokin sharaɗi. Ofaya daga cikin masu binciken ya ba da labarin karo da “damisar” da wata damisa ta yi, inda yake nuna yankin wani, tare da mai shi, wanda ya sami mutumin da ba shi da mutunci, ya kora shi cikin bishiya kuma ya ba shi sara ta nunawa.
Damisoshin Gabas ba sa son dusar ƙanƙara, wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ba za su iya yunƙurin daidaita arewacin ba.... A lokacin hunturu, guje wa dusar ƙanƙara, masu farauta suna motsawa sosai a kan hanyar, hanyoyin dabbobi da hanyoyi. Damisa suna farauta a farkon rabin dare, suna fita awa ɗaya ko biyu kafin faɗuwar rana. Suna kuma zuwa ramin ban ruwa bayan faduwar rana. Yin ayyukan maraice yana ba da hanya zuwa rana, musamman a ranakun da ake ruwa ko sanyi.
Mahimmanci! Damisar Amur tana da hangen nesa sosai, godiya ga abin da ta ga wanda zai iya cutarwa a nesa har zuwa kilomita 1.5. Ji da jin ƙamshi ba su da haɓaka sosai, suna taimakawa don guje wa haɗuwa da mutum.
Damisar Gabas mai nisa, ba kamar 'yan uwanta na kudu ba, ba ta auka wa mutane, ta fi son yin tafiya a hankali a bayansu, ba tare da bayar da kasancewarta ba. Mafi yawanci, samari matasa ne ke leken mutum, wanda shekarun su ke nuna sha'awar su.
Har yaushe damusa Amur ke rayuwa?
A cikin daji, wakilan jinsunan ba su da tsayi sosai, shekaru 10-15 kawai, amma ninki biyu, har zuwa shekaru 20, a wuraren shakatawa na zoological.
Jima'i dimorphism
Bambance-bambancen jinsi tsakanin maza da mata ba su nan, sai dai tsarin kwanyar da ya fi dacewa a cikin mata da kuma karami, idan aka kwatanta da maza, girman su. Nauyin mata yawanci yakan kasance daga 25-42.5 kg.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Damisar Gabas ta Tsakiya ita ce mafi tsananin sanyi-kusan kusan sanannun nau'ikan 30 na Panthera pardus, wanda ke zaune a arewacin arewacin kwatankwacin 45th. Da zarar zangon damisar Amur a Yankin Gabas ya rufe kusan dukkanin tudun Sikhote-Alin. A farkon karni na 20, yankin rabar damisa Amur ya hada da:
- Gabas / Arewa maso Gabashin China;
- Yankunan Amur da Ussuri;
- Yankin Koriya.
A yau, wata dabba da ba ta da yawa ta rayu a cikin ƙasarmu (a tsiri mai nisa daga 50-60 kilomita) kawai a kudu maso yamma na Primorye, kuma, mai yiwuwa, mutane da yawa suna zaune a China, suna tsallaka kan iyakar Rasha da China lokaci-lokaci.
Kamar yawancin manyan masu farauta, damisar Gabas ta Tsakiya ba ta da wata ma'amala da nau'ikan mazauni guda, amma ya fi son ƙasa mai tudu da gangaren tsaunuka, inda akwai koguna da tsaunukan dutse.
Damisar Amur sau da yawa yakan zauna a cikin ƙasa mai kazanta tare da gandun daji da ba a taɓa ɗorawa ba, tsakanin itacen oak da itacen al'ul, inda ake samun wadatattun dabbobi da yawa - babban abin farautarta.
Mahimmanci! Matsalar ita ce, 'yan ƙananan kaɗan ne suka rage a Primorye. Tun ƙarshen karni kafin ƙarshe, saboda shimfida manyan hanyoyi, gina birane da kuma katako mai yawa, tarihin tarihin damisar Gabas ta Tsakiya ya rage 40 (!) Times.
A yau, damisa tana matsewa daga kowane bangare (tsakanin iyakar China, da teku, da wuraren zama kusa da Vladivostok da babbar hanyar Vladivostok-Khabarovsk, inda layin dogo ke wucewa) kuma an tilasta masa yin wani yanki mai keɓaɓɓen hekta 400. Wannan shine zangon sa na zamani.
Cincin damisa mai nisa
Damisar Amur hakikanin mai farauta ce, wanda yawanci abincin sa, wanda ya hada da ungulat, lokaci-lokaci yana cakude da tsuntsaye da kwari.
Damisa tana farautar irin wannan wasa kamar:
- barewa da barewa;
- matasa boars;
- barewa;
- jan ’yan maruƙa;
- kayan hazel da kayan kwalliya;
- karnuka raccoon;
- badger da Manchu kurege.
Masu mallakar gonakin barewa na adawa da damisa, inda dabbobi lokaci-lokaci ke kutsawa, suna dibar dawa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Wani babban mai farauta yana buƙatar babban bala'i 1 na tsawon kwanaki 12-15, amma wani lokacin ma tazara tsakanin kamawar ganima sau biyu, har zuwa kwanaki 20-25. Dabbar ta koyi yadda za ta jure tsananin yunwa.
Damisa galibi tana farauta a zaɓaɓɓun wuraren rukunin yanar gizonta, ta yin amfani da ingantattun fasahohi 2: tana kai hari daga ɓoye ko ɓoye wanda aka azabtar. Hanya ta biyu ana amfani da ita sau da yawa don barewa, a ɓoye su lokacin da suke ciyarwa ko hutawa. Hakanan akwai rukuni-rukuni na damisa mai mata tare da mayafinsu. Binciken dabbobinsa, damisar Amur ta bi ta ƙasa, tana ɓoye a bayan tsaunuka, ba tare da taka busassun rassa / ganyaye ba, kuma a hankali a kan tushen da dutse da aka fallasa.
Ya wuce wasan da kaifin jerk ko tsalle mai ƙarfi na mita 5-6, jefar da shi ƙasa da cizon ƙwarjin mahaifa. Ba ya bin dabbobin na dogon lokaci, yana dakatar da bin su idan sun zo daga ɗan tazara. Tare da farauta mai nasara, damisa tana jan gawar (tana kare ta daga masu satar) zuwa kogon dutse ko bishiyoyi, suna cin ta tsawon kwanaki.
A cikin damisar damisa, ana samun hatsi sau da yawa (har zuwa 7.6%), wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar ikon cire gashi daga sashen narkewar abinci wanda ya shiga ciki lokacin lasar fur.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Rust na damisar Gabas ta Tsakiya an keɓance shi zuwa lokacin sanyi (Disamba - Janairu). A wannan lokacin, maza suna nuna matuƙar sha'awa ga mata tare da manya, kusan kittens masu zaman kansu. Kamar yadda yake tare da dukkan tsintsa, rut yana tare da hayaniya da faɗa na maza (kodayake damisa, tayi shiru idan aka kwatanta ta da zaki da damisa, da wuya ta bada murya a wasu lokuta).
Reproduarfin haifuwa na damisar Amur yana da iyakance ta dalilai da yawa waɗanda ke bayyana auren mata fiye da maza:
- mace tana yin ciki sau 1 a cikin shekaru 3 (ƙasa da sau ɗaya a shekara);
- a cikin 80% na lokuta, 1-2 'yan maruƙan sun bayyana;
- karamin adadin mata masu iya kiwo;
- yawan mutuwar kananan dabbobi.
Watanni 3 bayan nasarar da aka samu ta hanyar saduwa, mace ta kawo kittens masu hango masu gashi, kowannensu yana da nauyin kilogiram 0.5-0.7 kuma bai fi tsayin 15 cm ba. Tsintsin ya fara gani a sarari a ranakun 7-9th, kuma tuni a rana ta 12 zuwa 15, thean tsuntsaye suna ta rarrafe suna tafiya tare da kogon da mace ta shirya a cikin kogo, ƙarƙashin dutsen da ke kan gaba ko kuma cikin hutu.
Mahimmanci! Uwa tana ciyar da kyanwa da madara daga watanni 3 zuwa 5-6, amma a makonni 6-8 suka fara ciyar da su da belin (naman da aka narkar da shi), a hankali yana saba musu da sabo.
A cikin watanni 2, ƙananan damisa suna rarrafe daga cikin kogon, kuma a watanni 8 suna bin mahaifiyarsu don neman abinci, suna yanke shawara kan raan tallafi masu zaman kansu suna da watanni 9-10. Yaran dabbobi suna zama tare da mahaifiyarsu har zuwa mashigarta ta gaba, suna haɗuwa har zuwa ƙarshen lokacin sanyi a cikin rukuni lokacin da mace ta bar su. Da farko sun yi yawo ba nesa da layin ba, a hankali suna matsawa gaba nesa da shi. Samari maza suna nuna 'yanci a gaban' yan'uwansu mata, amma na biyun ya sha gaban 'yan'uwansu a lokacin balaga. Haihuwa a cikin maza yana farawa ne kimanin shekaru 2-3.
Makiya na halitta
Fiye da duka, damisar ta Gabas tana tsoron dangin ta na kusa da makwabta a cikin kewayon, Amur tiger, wanda ya fi so kada ya shiga ciki. Dukkanin kuliyoyin biyu suna fafatawa sosai don yankin farauta a kan iyakar arewacin iyaka, inda wasa ke karanci, kuma damisa ta sha kashi ga damisa a cikin wannan gwagwarmaya ta musamman.
An yi rikodin al'amuran kai hare-hare kan damisa ta Amur damisa, kuma masanan kimiyyar dabbobi kai tsaye sun haɗa ƙaura ta farko daga Kudancin Sikhote-Alin tare da faɗaɗa yawan damisa a waɗannan wurare. A gefe guda, damisa ta fi damisa girma kuma tana farautar manyan dabbobi, amma, a gefe guda, idan aka yi karancin abinci, ba ku da damuwa musamman, wanda ke haifar da tsanantar gasar abinci.
Sananne ne cewa ana kai hari kan kofunan damisa (mafi yawan lokuta a cikin damuna mai yunwa) ta beyar masu ruwan kasa, suna binsu da kuma kwashe abincinsu. Hakanan, launin ruwan kasa, kamar na Himalayan, yana gasa tare da damisar Amur don neman rami. Gaskiya ne, damisa tana daukar fansa kan beyar Himalayan, tana kama 'ya'yan da aka bari ba tare da uwa ba, suna afkawa kananan dabbobi (har zuwa shekaru 2) har ma da cin mushe (gawawwaki).
Yana da ban sha'awa! A cewar masanan kimiyyar dabbobi, a wani lokaci babbar barazana ga damisar Gabas ta Tsakiya ita ce kerkeci wanda ya rayu a kudancin Primorsky Krai har zuwa shekarun 1950s - 1960s.
Kerkeci, kuma babban mai son ungulate, galibi barewar barewa, shi ma dan damisa ne na damisa. Kerkeci, a matsayin mai son kulawa da babban dabba, na iya haifar da haɗari na gaske (musamman ma inda bishiyoyi kaɗan ne), amma a wuraren da damisar Amur ke rayuwa, yawan kerkeci ba su da yawa.
A sakamakon haka, babu wani mai farauta (sai dai damin Amur) wanda yake rayuwa tare da damisar Gabas ta Tsakiya yana da tasiri sananne game da yawanta.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Panthera pardus orientalis (Damisar Gabas ta Tsakiya) tana cikin littafin Red Book na Tarayyar Rasha, inda aka sanya ta a rukuni na 1, a matsayin ƙananan ƙananan raƙuman da ke gab da ƙarewa (waɗanda babban yawansu yana cikin Rasha) tare da iyakantaccen iyaka. Bugu da kari, an hada damisar Amur din a shafukan Red Book na Kungiyar Hadin Kan Kasa da Kasa, da kuma a Rataye na 1 na Yarjejeniyar Cinikayyar Kasa da Kasa a cikin Tsirarun Dabbobin Dawa / Flora (CITES).
Duk da cewa an hana farautar damisar tun daga 1956, har yanzu ana ci gaba da farautar dabbobi kuma ana ganin shi ne babban dalilin bacewar jinsunan. Ana harbi masu farauta don kyawawan fatarsu, waɗanda aka siyar a $ 500-1000 ɗaya, kuma gabobin ciki da ake amfani da su wajen maganin gabas.
Mahimmanci! Hakanan ma'abuta gonakin barewa suna kashe damisa Amur, ba tare da jinƙai ba, wanda barewarsu lokaci-lokaci ke afkawa cikin kuliyoyin ƙwayoyi. Damisoshin da kansu sukan mutu a madaukai da tarko waɗanda mafarauta suka ɗora wa wasu dabbobin daji.
Wani mahimmin abin da ke hana kiyaye damisar Gabas ta Gabas shi ne lalata mazaunin sa a kudu maso yammacin Primorye, gami da:
- raguwa a yankin daji saboda sarewar daji;
- gina hanyoyi da layin dogo;
- gina bututun mai;
- fitowar gidaje da masana'antu;
- gina wasu kayayyakin more rayuwa.
Hakanan, lalata tushen abincinsa yana mummunan tasiri ga yawan damisa mai nisa. Wadanda ba su da kwarewa suna raguwa a kowace shekara, wanda ke sauƙaƙawa ta farautar wasanni, farauta da gobarar daji. Ta wannan fuskar, barewar sika, wacce dabbobinta suka girma tun 1980, suna da daɗi.
Malaman kimiyyar dabbobi suna kiran wani, yanayin haƙiƙa wanda ke cutar da ƙimar samfurin damusar Amur - wannan yana da alaƙa da haɗin kai. Damisa (saboda ƙarancin mutane masu haihuwa) dole su haɗu da danginsu na jini, wanda ke lalata tasirin haihuwa na sababbin ƙarni, yana rage juriyarsu ga cututtuka da mahimmancin rayuwa gaba ɗaya.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Dangane da mafi kimantawa, yawan mutanen damisa ta Gabas basu wuce dabbobi 40 ba, mafi yawansu suna zaune a Primorye (kimanin 30) kuma wani karamin yanki a China (bai wuce 10 ba).
A halin yanzu, damin Amur yana da kariya a cikin yanayin Leopardovy da Kedrovaya Pad.
