Tundra kerkolfci - mai lalata dangin canine, na jinsi na kerkeci, ɗayan ƙungiyoyinsa, da ke zaune a arewacin Rasha. Sunan Latin Canis lupus albus kuma an bayyana shi a cikin 1872 da Arthur Kerr. Ognev ya kuma bayyana shi a cikin 1929 a matsayin turukhan kerkolfci (turuchanesicus); Dobovsky a cikin 1922, a matsayin Kamchatka (kamtschaticus) kerkolfci; Dubovsky a cikin 1922 a matsayin kerkeci na Dubovsky a cikin 1929
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Tundra kerkolfci
Kerkeci yana da raƙuman ruwa da yawa (wasu masanan ilimin dabbobi sun bambanta har zuwa 25), amma an share bambance-bambancen waje. Za'a iya raba mafarauta zuwa manyan kungiyoyi uku: mutane tundra, gandun daji da jeji-steppe. Dukansu suna da kakanni ɗaya. An yi imanin cewa masu farautar tundra sun fi sauran ƙananan girma, amma ba haka batun yake ba. Jawo mai laushi wacce ke kare kerkeci yana haifar da babban girma, saboda wannan ne yasa dabbobi suke da girma musamman.
Wannan dabbar tana dacewa da mummunan yanayi. Akwai bambance-bambance kaɗan tsakanin mazaunan tundra na yankin Turai na Rasha, Yammacin Siberia, Taimyr, Yakutia. Suna kama da kamanni da salon rayuwa ga masu farautar da ke zaune a Alaska da Kanada tundra. Mafi yawancin lokuta, ana iya samun dabbobi a cikin shimfidar shimfidar wurare na kudancin tundra da gandun daji-tundra. A tsakanin wadannan yankuna, wurin da yake kan yankin ya dogara da wadatar kayan abinci - ungulaye, da yiwuwar farautar su, kan zurfin da ingancin murfin dusar ƙanƙara.
Bidiyo: Tundra Wolf
Wolves Tundra dabbobi ne masu ban sha'awa, amma mutum na iya yin magana game da rukuni a matsayin guda ɗaya idan akwai kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin membobin al'umma kuma suna aiki a lokaci guda. Jigon shine ma'aurata. Namiji shine jagora a cikin bayyanar ƙarfi, kuma abokin tarayya yana ƙayyade hanyar shirya. Lokacin da aka watse, samari koyaushe suna sanin inda kerkeci yake ta hanyar ihu da alama. Manya manyan dabbobi masu karamin matsayi sune tushen buhu tare da uwa daya kuma suna kula da halayyar sauran membobin, suna kashe fitinarsu kuma suna kiyaye tsarin.
Mutanen da suka manyanta na jima'i mafi ƙanƙanta matsayi, ƙarƙashin tsananin iko, sun bar jakar, suna zaune su kaɗai ko haɗuwa cikin rukuni. -An shekara daya ko sababbin shiga suna da halin rainawa. Suna da kuzari da kuma neman sani, su ne farkon wadanda za su koya kuma su isar da sako game da wadanda farautar za ta shafa a nan gaba.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Yaya karnin kerkuku yayi kama
Kerkeci tundra babban mai farauta ne, matsakaita sigogi ga namiji a yankin Arkhangelsk sune:
- jiki - 118-137 cm;
- wutsiya - 42-52 cm;
- kwanyar -25-27 cm;
- nauyi - 40-43 kg.
Mace tana da halaye masu zuwa:
- jiki - 112-136 cm;
- wutsiya - 41-49 cm;
- kwanyar - 23.5-25.6 cm;
- nauyi - 36-37 kg.
A Taimyr, akwai manyan mutane, tsayin jikinsu yakai 123-146 cm, kuma nauyin ya kai kilogiram 46-48, akwai kyarketai har zuwa kilogiram 52. Dabbar tana da kauri da gashi mai tsayi. Yana da taushi kuma mai laushi ga taɓawa.
Tsawon gashi sune:
- jagororin - 15-16 cm;
- tsaro - 8-15 cm;
- karkashin - 7 cm.
A cikin launi, ƙananan tundra sun fi haske fiye da na dajin, launin toka mai haske tare da ruwan toka mai ruwan toka a sama a sama kuma launin toka-toka a ƙasa. Inuwa ya bambanta daga launin toka mai launin toka (saurayi) zuwa launin toka mai ja (tsofaffi). Tsoffin mutane suma launi ne masu haske. A farkon lokacin hunturu, dabbobi suna da duhu masu duhu, a lokacin bazara suna shudewa kuma suna yin haske. Babu kusan dabbobi farare, kamar a can arewacin arewacin Amurka. A launi, dabbobi daga yankin Kola da kuma arewa maso gabashin Siberia sun fi kama da takwarorinsu na gandun daji.
Furafafu suna da kyau tare da gashi mai ƙarfi tsakanin yatsun kafa. Wannan yana ƙaruwa yankin tallafi, wanda yake da mahimmanci yayin motsi akan dusar ƙanƙara. An tattara ƙafafun ƙarfi a dunƙule, a kan gammalen an cire epithelium. Gwanayen gaban suna zagaye, ƙafafun baya suna m. Lokacin gudu, ƙafafun baya suna taka ƙafafun waɗanda ke gaba; har ila yau ana ganin jerin waƙoƙi a cikin dusar ƙanƙara. Lokacin da murfin ya zurfafa, garken yana tafiya daidai waƙa bayan bin hanya don haka ba zai yuwu a fahimci yawan dabbobi sun wuce ba.
A ina ne kerkeci ke rayuwa?
Hotuna: Tundra kerkolfci a Rasha
A Yankin Kola, wannan ƙananan kerkito ba su da yawa. A cikin Karelia, ya fi son wuraren da mutane ke zaune, dajin bakin daji da kuma gefen Tekun Farin Fari. A cikin tundra da gandun daji-tundra na yankin Turai na Rasha, kerkeci suna yin ƙaura lokaci-lokaci. A lokacin rani, suna motsawa zuwa tundra, kuma a cikin hunturu zuwa kan iyaka da gandun daji-tundra.
A yankin Kanin Peninsula, ana samun masu cutar tundra duk shekara. Babban yawan mutanen Turai da kerkeci daga Timan tundra hunturu a yankin Czech Bay. A lokacin bazara, suna barin waɗannan wurare gaba ɗaya kuma tuni ana iya samun burbushinsu tare da kogunan Volonga, Travyanka, Shchuchaya, Indiga, Belaya, Svetlaya, Kamennaya Viska, Velti, Neruta, Sule.
Mutanen da ke zaune a cikin Timan da Malozemelnaya tundra sun yi ƙaura zuwa dutsen Timan kuma ba su bayyana a bakin tekun ba. A lokacin bazara, kerkeci masu tundra suna yin burodi a yammacin tudra ta Bolshezemelskaya, tare da manyan biranen Adzva, Bolshaya Rogovaya, Chernaya, Korotayka, Silovaya, Kara, tare da tsaunin Pai-Khoi. A cikin hunturu, suna matsawa zuwa gandun daji-tundra daga lanƙwasa Pechora zuwa babban hanyar Usa. Wasu daga cikinsu sun wuce tsaunukan Ural.
A cikin Urals da Yamalo-Nenets Automanous Okrug, waɗannan maƙarƙancin suna da yawa a cikin tundra, amma suna shirya ɗumbin yawa, a yankin kudu na tundra da gandun daji-tundra. A cikin Arctic tundra, kerkolfci ba safai ba, saboda yana kusa da mazaunan ɗan adam da garken barewar gida. Akwai kyarketai da yawa a yankin kudu na yammacin Siberia, musamman a arewa maso gabas, inda dabbobin daji da na gida ke rayuwa. Ana iya samun masu farauta a bakin Yenisei, a reachesananan hanyoyin Olenek, Yana, Lena.
A cikin yankin Verkhoyansk, Kolyma da Chukotka, masu lalata launin toka gama gari ne. Ana kuma samun su a Tsibirin Lyakhovsky, amma a lokacin bazara, kuma a lokacin hunturu, bin garken barewar, suna yin ƙaura zuwa babban yankin. A lokacin kiwo, ana kiyaye kogon sosai. Filin farautar sun bambanta. A cikin tundra, wuraren hutawa galibi suna cikin kwarin kogi, a cikin dajin willow da dwarf birch. A kan Yamal da Bolshezemel'skaya tundra, masu farauta sukan sanya kururuwansu a cikin daji a gefen kwarin kogi ko kuma gangaren busassun makiyaya, a kan filayen da ke saman ambaliyar, da kuma gefen rafuffukan ruwa a cikin busassun itacen willow. Sun fi zama a bakin teku.
Yanzu kun san inda kerkeci ke rayuwa. Bari muga me zai ci.
Menene kerk tci na tundra ya ci?
Hotuna: Eurasia tundra kerk .ci
Mafarauci ne kuma tushen abinci - matsakaici da manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa, galibi ba sa kulawa. Lambar su tana tantance yawan kerkeci. A lokacin bazara, ana samun abinci iri-iri - matsakaici da ƙananan dabbobi. A lokacin sanyi, babban abincin kerkeci shine barewar daji da ta gida, galibi 'yan maruƙa da whale. Daga dabbobin da ke da matsakaiciyar girma - dabbobin dabbobin gida, kurege, kyarkewa, da kuma daga ƙananan dabbobi - entsira da yawa, kifi, daga tsuntsaye - ptarmigan. Kerkerai na iya ciyar da mushe, tarko da tarko na mafarauta.
A lokacin rani, tsuntsaye suna da mahimmin rabo a cikin abincin: garken zakin da ke narkewa, kaji, ƙwai na wasu tsuntsayen masu ƙaura. Tunda, ban da Taimyr, masu naman daji ba su da yawa a wasu yankuna na Far North, ramuwar gida na da matukar muhimmanci a lokacin bazara, musamman garken shanu yayin wahala. Kimanin 36% na barewa an kashe ta tundra Wolves a cikin bazara da bazara.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: :ungiyar kerkuku 5-7 na tundra na iya tuki da cin naman barewa, wanda nauyin sa ya kai kilogiram 120 a lokaci guda. Kaho, kasusuwa, tabo ne kawai suka rage a wurin bikin. Amma yayin buɗe kyarkeci, abin da ke ciki bai wuce kilogiram 2-3 ba, har zuwa kusan 6 kg.
Abinci yana narkewa da sauri. Cutar kerkeci 'yan awanni kaɗan bayan an gama cin abinci mai ɗaci rabin fanko. Abincin abinci na yau da kullun ya dogara da yanayi kuma yana da kilo 4-6. Masu farautar za su iya lalube kansu don amfanin nan gaba kuma su ɓoye abin da suka kama na su. Wannan gaskiyane ga kerkeci tundra.
A lokacin sanyi, a wuraren da dabbobi ke cikin rumfuna, kerkeci suna cin duk abin da suka samu, gami da faɗuwa a wuraren da ake binne shanu har ma da 'yan uwansu. Mafarauta galibi suna lura da yadda kyarkeci ke cin naman dabbobin da aka harbo daga jirgin sama ko kuma suka haɗu da gawarwakin dabbobin da ’yan uwansu suka murƙushe ko garken da ke cizon dabbobin kerkeci.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Tundra kerk inci a cikin yanayi
Kyarketai na Tundra, waɗanda ke ciyar da abincin tarkunan farauta da tarko, gawa, ɓarnar teku, suna rayuwa ne bibbiyu ko kuma su kaɗaita, musamman tsofaffin maza waɗanda ba su da ikon kiwo.
Ofungiyoyin kerkeci suna keɓewa kuma suna gaba da abokan aiki daga wasu rukuni, amma faɗan tsakanin su bai tashi ba. Ana yin kariya ga yankin ba tare da tuntuɓar baƙi ta hanyar yin alama da fitsari, najasa, ɓoyayyun hanyoyin al'aura da na dubura, "kaburbura" da kuwwa. Mafarauta, bin farauta da shiga cikin yankin ƙasashen waje, bar shi, alamun taro. Saboda wannan halayyar, ana kiyaye iyakokin yankin shirya tsawon shekaru. Idan adadin garken ya ragu sosai, koda guda biyu zasu iya kiyaye shafin a cikin iyakokin da aka kafa.
Akwai yankuna masu tsaka-tsaki da ke faɗin kilomita 2-4, waɗanda suke aiki a matsayin abin adanawa inda masu kula da daji zasu iya rayuwa a lokacin hunturu. Da rana, kerkeci suna zuwa wuraren mafaka, musamman lokacin sanyi, iska da damshi. Lokacin bushewa da shiru, zasu iya zama a sarari. A lokacin bazara, hunturu, kaka, yayin rayuwar makiyaya, masu farauta suna kwana duk inda zasu. Ayyuka masu ƙarfi ba su da ƙarfi sosai ga canjin dare da rana, tunda a cikin tundra babu wani bambanci tsakanin lokacin yini. A lokacin bazara, dabbobi na kusa da kogon.
Yawancin kyarketai masu yawo a yawancin shekara ba tare da filayen farauta na dindindin ba. Sau biyu a shekara suna motsa meridian, suna bin garken garken ɓarkewa da ake tuƙi. Suna bin mai badawa zuwa kudu zuwa iyakar dazuzzuka, amma basu zurfafa cikin wannan yankin ba, kodayake anan ne yawancin garken shanun ke sanyi.
Masu farauta sun kasance a cikin gandun daji-tundra, a cikin gansakuka, inda dusar ƙanƙara ba ta da zurfin ruwa. Anan suke ciyar da abincin ptarmigan, kurege, sanyin hunturu a fadama. Hakanan suna bin kwarin kogi kusa da ƙauyuka. A cikin Nenets nat. A cikin Okrug, ban da ƙaura na lokaci-lokaci, akwai ƙauraran garken daga Bolshezemelskaya zuwa Malozemelskaya tundra, kuma ba a lura da canjin canji ba. A cikin Turai ta Arewacin Turai, ƙaurawar lokaci na tundra Wolves sune 200-300 kilomita.
A lokacin hunturu, 'yan dabbobin kaɗan ne suka rage a cikin tundra; suna ƙaura zuwa gaɓar tekun, inda suke zama kusa da ƙananan garken ɓarke na' yan farauta ko sansanonin kamun kifi, inda suke cin abinci daga ɓarnar abinci da kifi. A arewacin Yakutia, kerkeci masu tundra suna bin barewar akai-akai zuwa Tsibirin Novosibirsk da baya.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Tundra kerkolfci
Dabbobi suna auren mace daya kuma suna da aminci har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsu. Balagagge na kerkeci yana faruwa a cikin 2-3 g. Techka a cikin bitches yana farawa a ƙarshen Fabrairu-Maris. Kafin fara rututu, garken sun watse, na farko wadanda suka taurare, sannan kuma peyarkas, sannan mutanen da suka zo sun rabu. Maza da suka manyanta sun zama masu lura da kerkeci, suna korar matasa, kuma suna fara tafiya cikin dusar ƙanƙara. An shirya layin a kan gangaren kudu, inda dusar ƙanƙara ke narkewa da sauri, rana ce za ta fi ɗumama su.
Masu cutar Tundra suna shirya masaukai:
- a cikin ramuka na ƙasa waɗanda suke haƙa da kansu ko kuma amfani da burukan dawakai na doki da na Fox. Burrow ya fara ne tare da rami mai shiga ta mita daya da rabi, sai kuma hanyar wucewa ta karkashin kasa 0.5-0.6 cm m, tsawon 2-10 m. Tsarin ya ƙare da ɗakin kwana 150x100x70 cm. Yana a cikin zurfin mita 1.5-3. Babu shimfidar gida a cikin ɗakin;
- a wurare masu duwatsu layin yana da irin wannan tsari, amma sun fi guntu;
- a cikin mafaka na halitta: rami da koguna masu duwatsu, a kan manyan kogunan ruwa masu rumfa;
- a cikin Kaninskaya tundra, masu farauta suna rayuwa a kan tsaunuka a lokacin rani. A yankin tsakanin kogunan Lena da Khatanga, burbushin ba su wuce mita daya da rabi ba, kuma zurfinsu bai wuce mita ba. A yankin Anadyr, kerkeci sun haifi zuriya a cikin ramuka na ƙasa.
Ciki yana dauke da kwanaki 62-75. A cikin Nenets Okrug, a matsakaita, mace na da tayi 6.5, a cikin ɗa daga jarirai 1 zuwa 9. A cikin Yamalo-Nenets Okrug, a kan matsakaita - 3-4, da kyar zuriyar dabbobi ta kai 'ya'yan kwikwiyo 5. Mahaifiyar mace ta zo tsohuwar kogon, masu girman kai suna neman sabon wuri ba kusa da inda aka haife su ba.
Kubiyoci suna bayyana a lokacin dumi lokacin da kayan abinci suka karu. Sun bayyana makafi, an rufe buɗe bakin kunne. Nauyin 400 g. Suna gani sosai a ranakun 10-12, a makonni 2-4 suna da haushi, a makonni uku suka fara rarrafe daga kogon. Da farko, mahaifiya ba ta bar burrow ba, mahaifin ya kawo ganimar ko kuma ya sake sarrafa abincin da aka narkar da rabin. Yara jarirai daga shekara ɗaya zuwa wata suna fara shan wannan abincin, kodayake suna ciyar da madara har zuwa wata ɗaya da rabi.
Uwa a wannan lokacin tana cin ragowar kawai. A wata daya da rabi, jarirai suna gudu suna ɓoyewa daga haɗari, a makonni uku manya sun barsu, suna farauta. Masu farauta ba sa kare zuriyarsu kuma, idan an kawo musu hari, su gudu. Amma, bin tunanin uwa, kerkeci na iya samo cuban da aka ɗauke daga kogon kuma su tsare daga kusa da inda suke.
Abokan gaba na tundra Wolves
Hotuna: Yaya karnin kerkuku yayi kama
Kashi 20% ne kawai na kerkeci suka rayu har zuwa girma. Tsawan rayuwar kerkitoci ya kai shekara 12. Wadannan manyan dabbobin ba su da abokan gaba, sai dai ita kanta dabi'ar, wacce ke sanya wadannan dabbobin cikin tsauraran matakan yanayin canjin Arewa mai nisa. Lokacin sanyi, rashin abinci yana shafar yawan jama'a da mace-mace.
Mayaƙan da za su iya ma'amala da kerkeci 'yan uwansa ne. Tsofaffi, marasa lafiya, raunana mutane nan da nan wasu garken tumaki suka raba su, wanda, a gefe guda, ke taimakawa masu ƙarfi su rayu, a gefe guda kuma, mafi kyawun wakilai na tundra Wolves suna raye.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Akwai lokuta lokacin da kerkeci, wanda aka ba shi guba da ƙugu na strychnine kuma yake birgima a cikin raɗaɗi, nan take ya tsage kuma ya ci abincin.
Waɗannan maƙarƙancin suna cin ƙoshin lafiya. Ba za a iya cutar da masu farautar kututtuka ba kamar dawakai. Wolves kuma suna fama da kwarkwata, fleas, nematodes, wasu daga cikinsu suna kamuwa da su daga kifi. Daga cikin cututtukan masu farautar fata, cutar kumburi na da haɗari musamman. Lokacin da bashi da lafiya, dabbar ta rasa tsantsar kulawa, tana afkawa mutane. Wolves a cikin yanayi sune manyan matattara na kwayar cutar kumburi.
Dabbobi suna da tsayayya da cuta, yaduwar cutar ta hana ta hanyar keɓantaccen salon rayuwa. Wannan nau'ikan nau'ikan filastik ne na halitta, wanda ya dace da yanayi daban-daban, bashi da abokan gaba, banda mutane. Wolves na cutar da kiwon dabbobi da farauta, kuma ana ba da izinin farauta ko'ina a cikin Arctic. Farauta da harbi na maharan tundra galibi ana aiwatar dasu ne daga jirage da jirage masu saukar ungulu.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hoton: Karkataccen kerk wci
Kerkeci na tundra yana da ingantaccen hankali, wanda ke ba shi damar samun rayuwa mai kyau, duk da gwagwarmaya tsakanin mutane da masu farautar. Waɗannan ƙananan rayayyun suna rayuwa a duk faɗin tundra. Ba a samo shi kawai a Tsibirin Solovetsky, Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya ba.
Yana da wuya a iya tantance yawan masu farautar har ma da kusan, tunda hanyar lissafin ba cikakke ba ce. Adadin da ke cikin yankin Yenisei za a iya yin hukunci daga bayanan 96, lokacin da aka rubuta filaye 215 na iyalai na tundra wolf. Kowane iyali yana da mutane 5-9. A ɓangaren Turai, yawan kerkeci sun fi ƙanƙanta, misali, a cikin Timan tundra, a matsakaita, akwai mutum ɗaya a cikin 1000 kilomita ², kuma zuwa kaka akwai kusan mahauta 3 a cikin 1000 kilomita².
Mutuwar uwaye a cikin faɗa akan abinci abu ne mai mahimmanci wajen daidaita yawan waɗannan dabbobin. Da farko dai, waɗannan dabbobi masu rauni ne da marasa lafiya. Aikin kiwo a kowace shekara yakan rasa muhimmin bangare na dabbobinsa daga kyarketai. Misali, a cikin shekaru goma, fara daga 1944, a cikin Yamalo-Nenets National. maharan dubu 75 sun lalata gundumar. Don rage adadin kerkeci, ana amfani da jirgin sama. A wasu shekaru, an kashe kashi 95% na dabbobi tare da taimakonsa, a tsakanin lokacin daga 55 zuwa 73 na karnin da ya gabata, an lalata 59% na kerkeci.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kerkeci tundra yana da motsi sosai, yana iya yin tafiya mai nisa. An binciko daga jirgin sama, gungun kerkeci sun rufe fiye da kilomita 150 cikin awanni 20. Wasu kerkeci sun mamaye nisan kilomita 70 cikin dare.
Wannan nau'ikan raƙuman kerkeci an auna su a matsayin astananan Damuwa. Kashe kerkecin tundra ana aiwatar dashi duka ta hanyoyi masu aiki: jirgin sama, tare da motar kankara, lalata yara, bin kan skis da barewa, da wuce gona da iri: tarko, baiti tare da guba. Tundra kerkolfci - kyakkyawa dabba, tare da sifofin halayyar ɗabi'a wanda kawai ke tattare da ita kuma dole ne a kiyaye ta. Dabbobin Rasha da na duniya bai kamata su zama matalauta ta wani jinsin ba, tunda ba zai yuwu a dawo da shi ba.
Ranar bugawa: 11/14/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 04.09.2019 a 23:07
