Mizanin gizo-gizo an fara bayyanarsa a rubuce-rubucen Karl Linnaeus a cikin ƙarni na 18. Wadannan kwari suna bin sunansu ne ta hanyar sadarwar yanar gizo na mata. Tare da taimakonta, suna kare kansu da zuriyarsu daga masu lalata su, canjin yanayin zafin jiki, ƙura, zafi, iska mai ƙarfi. Hakanan ƙirar na iya yin tafiya mai nisa ta hanyar yanar gizo da iska.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Gizo-gizo mite
Mitejin gizo-gizo na nau'in arthropod ne, ajin arachnid, ƙaramin karamin mite. Waɗannan ƙananan ƙananan (0.2-1mm) arthropods waɗanda ke ciyar da shuke-shuke. An bayyana dimphhism dinsu na jima'i da kyau: mata sun fi maza yawa, suna da jiki zagaye; maza sun fi ƙanƙanta daidai kuma tare da ƙarin tsawan jiki.
Bayyanar manya yana da fasali da tsarin jiki mai ƙarfi. Jikinsu, ya bambanta da larvae da nymphs, an rarraba su ne kawai da sharaɗi, kuma alamun ɓarkewa a bayyane kawai a cikin tsari na setae (Hittites). Bristles suna da aiki mai mahimmanci kuma an tsara su a cikin layuka masu wucewa. Suna da banbanci sosai a cikin sifar su, ya danganta da inda suke (a kan rawanin, a baya, akan ƙasan baya, akan sacrum, akan jela).
Bidiyo: Mizanin gizo-gizo
Akwai nau'ikan gizo-gizo mites
- talakawa - yana shafar kusan kowane nau'in tsire-tsire;
- ja - ci duk albarkatun dare, da kuma citrus;
- hawthorn - yana rayuwa ne akan bishiyoyi masu fruita fruitan itace, botha stonean stonea stonean dutse da omea fruitan pome (plum, ceri, ceri, peach, blackthorn, itacen apple, pear, hawthorn);
- Turkestan wani nau'in kwayar polyphagous ne wanda yake shafar shuke-shuke na ban sha'awa, 'ya'yan itace da bishiyun' ya'yan itace pome;
- cyclamen - yana zaune ne kawai a cikin ɗakuna ko wuraren shan iska, ba za ku same shi a kan titi ba; ya daidaita kan cyclamens, geraniums, chrysanthemums, gloxinia, balsam;
- gallic - ya fi so ya zauna a kan ƙananan ganye, a yayin rayuwar sa ya samar da warts (gall) a kansu;
- tushe (bulbous) - yana rayuwa a cikin kwararan fitila, yana ciyar da ƙwayoyinsu;
- fadi - ya fi so ya zauna akan 'ya'yan itacen citrus, cacti, ficuses, Saintpaulias, aucuba;
- ƙarya - yana rayuwa ne kawai a cikin greenhouses, ƙarami kaɗan (0.3 mm), ba ya sakar gidan yanar gizo.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ba da dadewa ba masana kimiyya sun gano wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan kayun da ke gidan mamacin mai suna Tetranychoidea, kuma ba a samu maza a cikinsu ba.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Yaya mitejin gizo-gizo yake kama
Dukkanin jikin ciyawar gizo-gizo an killace shi a cikin sirara mai kauri ko mafi yankan yanki tare da lanƙwasa, dige ko tubercles. Murfin babban yanki na yanki na iya ƙirƙirar nau'in garkuwa. Launin jiki na kaska, ya danganta da nau'ikansu, na iya zama mai haske, rawaya-kore, lemu, ja mai haske. Ba tare da launin launi na jiki ba, gabobin jikinsa koyaushe suna bayyana ta cikin murfin ƙwarin a wani wuri mai duhu.
Manya na kaska da nymphs suna da nau'i biyu na siraran kafafu, kuma larvae suna da uku kawai. A ƙarshen ƙafafunsu, suna da hadaddun na'urori a cikin hanyar farce. Tare da taimakonsu, kaska suna manne da tushe da ganye. Al'aurar kaska na mata suna kan ciki, kuma a cikin maza, a bayan jiki. Kayan bakin wadannan kwari na nau'ikan tsotsa ne kuma yana dacewa sosai don huda fata da sauri da kuma shan ruwan 'ya'yan itace.
Glandar, wacce ke da alhakin samar da gidan yanar gizo, tana kan kai (kawai a cikin mata da nymphs) kuma tana cikin gajerun sassan (pedipalps), waɗanda suka girma tare yayin juyin halitta. A karo na biyu daga ɓangaren kai na jiki, ƙwayoyi suna da jajayen idanu huɗu masu sauƙi waɗanda ke amsawa zuwa ga gajeren zango na haske.
Yanzu kun san irin matakan da ake da su don magance miyar gizo-gizo. Bari muga inda aka samo wannan kwarin.
A ina ne gizo gizo yake sare?
Hoto: gizo-gizo mite a Rasha
Ana iya samun miyar gizo-gizo ko'ina sai Antarctica. Bayan haka, iyakokin mazaunin su ba'a iyakance ta yankuna masu canjin yanayi ba, amma ta matsakaicin matsakaicin shekara-shekara, wanda ya haɗu da 4.5 ° C. Fiye da nau'in ɗari na waɗannan kwari an bayyana a cikin Rasha kawai. Lokacin da ake samun bullowar lokaci zuwa lokaci na karuwar lambobi, kaska na iya yin kaura don neman wuraren da zasu ciyar da tazara mai nisa. A wannan sau da yawa iska tana taimaka musu. Cizon maciji suna rarrafe zuwa gefen ganyen kuma suna yin ƙwallo masu rai masu motsi waɗanda iska ke ɗaukarsu.
Mizanin gizo-gizo sun fi aiki a lokacin dumi da bushewa. A lokacin ruwan sama har ma da dan karamin danshi, suna zama masu hanawa. Abinda yake shine tsarin fitar da kayan kwalliya baya samarda cire wani ruwa mai yawa wanda yake shiga jikinsu da abinci. Saboda wannan, sun daina ciyarwa da ninkawa, saboda abin da ake kira yunwa ta ilimin lissafi.
A lokacin kaka, lokacin da tsawon lokutan hasken rana ya ragu zuwa awanni 16, galibin macen da ta hadu da kwarkwata suna shiga cikin kasa su shiga wani yanayi na musamman - diapause. A wannan lokacin, duk tsarin rayuwarsu yana tafiyar hawainiya. Tunda basa motsi kuma basa cin komai, suna shan iskar oxygen sau 5. A wannan lokacin, jikin kaska ya zama mai jurewa da canjin yanayi kwatsam, yawan danshi, da kuma sakamakon magungunan kwari.
Menene miyar gizo-gizo take ci?
Hotuna: Mizanin gizo-gizo a kan tsire-tsire
Tsarin gizo-gizo mite ya ƙunshi ruwan kwayar halitta na tsire-tsire iri-iri. Mafi yawanci sukan kai hari ga shuke-shuke matasa, kodayake tare da ƙarancin ƙarancin su (musamman a ƙarshen lokacin rani ko farkon kaka), ba sa jinkirin tsufa. A saman ƙafafun su, kaska suna da fika na musamman waɗanda suke yin ramuka da yawa a bayan ganyen. Ruwan salula yana gudana daga cikin wadannan ramuka, wanda kwari ke tsotsa da bakinsu.
Landsananan gland na mites suna ƙunshe da enzyme mai haɗari na musamman wanda ke lalata chloroplasts (ƙwayoyin kore) na tsirrai kuma wani ɓangare yana narkar da abincin su. Mafi sau da yawa, waɗannan cututtukan suna ciyar da ruwan itace na ciyawa daban-daban da bishiyun bishiyun, amma lokaci-lokaci akwai masu son furannin ɓaure.
Wasu nau'ikan miyar gizo-gizo sune polyphages, ma'ana, zasu iya ciyarwa akan nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu yawa, wasu - akan oligophages (iyakance yawan nau'in shuke-shuke, alal misali, a cikin iyali ɗaya - mafarkokin dare, legumes, kankana, geraniums, da sauransu); har ila yau wasu kuma sune bahaushe (suna rayuwa akan nau'in shuka daya ne kawai).
Musamman mai saukin kai ga hare-haren da gizo-gizo mites yake:
- auduga;
- kankana da goruna;
- 'ya'yan itace;
- shuke-shuke masu tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire a cikin ɗakunan ruwa, a kan taga taga, a cikin filin buɗewa.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Gizo-gizo mite a gonar
Duk da kusan karancin girman su, miyar gizo-gizo kwari ne na hakika masu hadari na shuke-shuke da na shuke-shuke. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, ba za su iya cutar da tarin tsire-tsire na gida kawai ba, har ma da manyan wuraren gandun daji waɗanda ke cikin masana'antar noman furanni. Tickanƙarar ƙuruciya tana da kafa biyu. Bayan zoben guda biyu, sun sayi wasu kuma sun zama manya - manya. Mata suna rayuwa a matsakaici na kwanaki 5 zuwa 40.
Mafi kyawun yanayin zafin jiki don rayuwa da ci gaban gizogizar gizagiz daga 25-30 ° C. A wannan lokacin, cikakken ci gaban su (daga kwai har zuwa girma) yana ɗaukar kwanaki 7-8. Lokacin da yawan zafin jiki ya fadi, aikin ci gaba yana ɗaukar kwanaki 28-32. Mitejin gizo-gizo yawanci yana rayuwa a bayan ganyayyaki. Can sai ya yi kananan ramuka da yawa ya tsotse ruwan.
Ganyen da ya lalace ta wannan hanyar ya zama bushewa, ya bushe ya bushe. Ko da wata ƙwayar cuta tare da waɗannan kwari na iya shafar ci gaban tsiro. Tabbas, tare da tsawan farmaki na kaska, ikon tsire-tsire na iya daukar hotunan hoto yana raguwa sosai. Kuma ba tare da wannan muhimmin tsari ba, tsire-tsire suna raunana kuma suna iya mutuwa.
Tare da raguwar awannin rana zuwa awanni 14, kwari mata masu hunturu ne kawai ke iya haɓaka. Saboda diapause, suna iya jurewa sauyin zafin jiki ƙasa zuwa 28 ° C.
A lokacin bazara, lokacin da yawan zafin iska ya tashi zuwa da 12-14 ° C, kwarkwata mata sukan farka, suyi rarrafe daga cikin ƙasa su daidaita a bayan ganyen tsire-tsire, suna yin kwalliya da yawa da cobwebs.
Anan ma sun yi ƙwai, tunda a lokacin hunturu sun bar tuni taki. Na farko - 'ya'yan bazara masu tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire masu tasowa akan swan, nettle, plantain. Zuwa tsakiyar watan Yuli, cututtukan arthropods a hankali suna motsawa zuwa tsire-tsire masu noma.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Kwarin gizo-gizo mite
Mites na gizo-gizo suna haihuwa ne kawai a ƙarƙashin yanayi mai kyau - yanayin iska yana sama da 25 ° C da ƙarancin zafi (bai wuce 40%) ba. Tare da raguwar yanayin zafin jiki da kuma ƙaruwa a cikin ɗimshi, ƙwanƙwasa sukan nuna (duk da cewa ba koyaushe ba) suna faɗuwa cikin gajeren zango ko zama masu rauni da hanawa. A cikin wurare masu zafi da greenhouses, haifuwarsu na iya faruwa gaba ɗaya tsawon shekara.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tsawon watanni 12, masarufin gizo-gizo na iya hayayyafa har sau 20.
Yin takin gargajiya a cikin mites gizo-gizo na faruwa ba tare da sanya kawunansu tare da ruwan kwayar halitta ba, amma ta hanyar shigarwar al'aurar namiji zuwa wata buɗaɗɗen ciki a kan cikin mata. Takin takama yana da wuya ba tare da kasancewar ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin maza ba (budurwa).
Tickwanƙirar mace da ta haɗu tana sanya ƙwayayenta cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi (1-2-3 inji mai kwakwalwa.), Tana saka su da yanar gizo. Kwan ƙwai na mite suna da siffar zagaye, an ɗan daidaita ta ƙasa da kuma saman tare da santsi, mai walƙiya na haske mai haske. Kowane kwai yana da siririn wutsiya a saman. Mace na iya yin ƙwai a wurare daban-daban: a kan tushen tsire-tsire, ƙarƙashin ganyen da suka faɗi, a ƙasa, a cikin ƙananan ganye, har ma da bangon tukwanen filawa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A ƙarƙashin yanayi mara kyau, ƙwai na iya daskarewa na tsawon shekaru 3-5, sannan sake ci gaba da haɓakar su.
Bayan kwana 3, larvae ta ƙyanƙyashe daga ƙwai, wanda ya zama nymphs a rana. Yana ɗaukar kwanaki 3-4 don nymphs don narkewa da matakai 1-2 na ci gaba. Bayan mako guda, nymphs ɗin a ƙarshe ya narke kuma ya zama cikakken baligi da kuma manyan mutane manya-manya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An tabbatar da cewa a cikin yawancin jinsunan, cizon mata na ƙwai daga ƙwai masu haɗuwa, da kuma maza daga ƙwai mara ƙwai.
Tsarin rayuwa na mites gizo-gizo kai tsaye ya dogara da yanayin zafin yanayi. Misali, da ƙari 20 ° C, duk matakan ci gaban su ya wuce cikin kwanaki 20, da ƙari 25 ° C - a cikin kwanaki 10-14, a 30-33 ° C - a cikin kwanaki 5-8 kawai. Haka kuma, rayuwar miyar gizo-gizo na iya ɗaukar kwanaki 16-30.
Lokacin da zafin rana ya sauko ƙasa + 18 ° C, mites gizo-gizo suna neman keɓantaccen wuri kuma su shiga cikin hibernation (diapause).
Abokan gaba na mites gizo-gizo
Hotuna: Yaya mitejin gizo-gizo yake kama
Tunda miyar gizo-gizo ita kanta cutar kwaro ce, magana game da abokan gabanta na iya zama da ɗan dacewa. Koyaya, wannan ƙwayar ma yana da abokan gaba na halitta da yawa. A dabi'a, babban makiyin masarufin gizo-gizo shine cin abincin mugu Phytoseiulus persimilis, wanda yake na wani dangi ne na musamman masu dauke da cutar Phytoseiidae.
Homelandasarsa ita ce yankuna masu zafi, daga inda aka kawo shi zuwa wasu ƙasashen arewacin da daɗewa (a cikin 1963). Ana amfani dashi sosai don sarrafa ƙwaro a cikin manyan masana'antun greenhouses da greenhouses. Kayan ƙarancin farautar parasitizes a jikin mitejin gizo-gizo, ainihin cin shi da rai.
Hakanan, miyar gizo-gizo ta ciyar da wasu nau'ikan ƙwayoyi guda biyu - Amblyseius da Metaseiulus occidentalis. A arewacin latitude, sanannun ƙwaro beetles ba sa son kwari masu farauta. Ba da dadewa ba, kamar shekaru 10-15 kenan da suka gabata, an gano wata kwayar cuta ta musamman ta Bacillus thuringiensis da za ta iya kashe miyar gizo-gizo.
Karkashin yanayin yanayi, galibi ba sa kai ga nitsuwa da ake so wanda zai iya shafar kaska, amma a yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje, sosai. Dangane da ƙwayoyin wannan kwayar, a yau an samar da samfuran halittu masu rai waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen kawar da miyar gizo-gizo a kan ƙarami da babba.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Gizo-gizo mite
Yankin rarraba gizo-gizo na mites ya mamaye yanki mai faɗi sosai: duk nahiyoyi, ban da Antarctica. Gabaɗaya, wannan kwaron yana rayuwa a cikin yanayi duk inda zafin jiki bai sauka ƙasa da ƙari 4.5 ° C. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin ƙasa mai kariya (greenhouses, greenhouses, a kan taga taga), ana iya samun kaska a cikin Arctic, a Alaska har ma a Far North.
Mitejin gizo-gizo karama ce, kusan maƙasudin maɓallin jijiyoyin jiki arachnid. Kwaro ne mai hatsari, tunda 'menu' ya ƙunshi fiye da nau'in 200 na shuke-shuke da aka noma. Daga 'ya'yan itacen marmari da na Berry, zai iya shafar kusan dukkanin duwatsu da fruita fruitan' ya'yan itace, da kuma legumes da kankana. Mite ya fi karkata musamman ga auduga kuma a ƙwanƙolin haifuwa (a cikin zafi da fari) zai iya halakar da dukkanin filayen hekta ɗari.
Sake haifuwa a cikin kaska mafi yawanci bisexual ne, lokaci-lokaci parthenogenetic. Matan da suka hadu ne kaɗai ke zuwa lokacin sanyi, wanda ke shiga diapause, duk sauran manya, ciki har da maza, suna mutuwa. Ci gaba a cikin cututtukan fuka-fukai bai cika ba kuma a ƙarƙashin kyakkyawan yanayi yana ɗaukar ɗan gajeren lokaci - har zuwa kwanaki 8. A cikin yankuna daban-daban na yanayin damina, gizo-gizo yana iya bayarwa daga ƙarni takwas zuwa ashirin a cikin shekara guda.
Daya daga cikin kwari mafi hatsari na tsire-tsire masu noma sune miyar gizo-gizo... Suna da ƙanana, ninka cikin sauri kuma cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci na iya haifar da mummunar illa ga shuke-shuke. Daga cikin dukkan kwari a cikin noman amfanin gona, cakulkul ne mafi hadari da wahalar sarrafawa, saboda haka, hanyoyin dabarun sarrafawa kusan basa aiki akansu kuma galibi ya zama dole ayi amfani da kayan gwari.
Ranar bugawa: 17.10.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 08/30/2019 da 22:08
