Dabbobin ruwa na duniyarmu suna da wadata da yawa. Mazaunan sa halittu ne masu rai iri daban-daban da siffofin rayuwa. Wasu na abokantaka ne kuma ba masu barazana ba, yayin da wasu ke da hadari da haɗari. Ananan wakilai na dabbobin ruwa ba su da damar zuwa idanun ɗan adam na yau da kullun, amma kuma akwai ƙattai na gaske na teku, suna faɗakar da tunanin da ƙarfinsu da girman su. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tsohon gwarzo mai kyau na tatsuniyoyin yara, amma a zahiri - mai girma da haɗari mai haɗari - maniyyin mahaifa.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: maniyyin kifin Whale
Maniyyi Whale yana ɗaya daga cikin dadaddun rayuwar halittun ruwa a duniyarmu. Shekarun burbushin halittar kakanninsu na nesa - haƙora squalodont whales - ya kai kimanin shekaru miliyan 25. Idan aka yi la'akari da karfin muƙamuƙinsu tare da manya manyan hakora masu haɓaka, waɗannan ƙattai sun kasance masu farauta kuma suna ciyar da manyan ganima - da farko, dangin su na kusa - ƙananan wabila.
Kimanin shekaru miliyan 10 da suka gabata, kifin whales ya bayyana, yana kusa da kamanni da salon rayuwa ga nau'ikan zamani. A wannan lokacin, basu canza sosai ba, kuma har yanzu suna kan saman jerin kayan abinci na duniyar karkashin ruwa.
Bidiyo: Sperm whale
The sperm whale wata mahaukaciyar halittar ruwa ce, mafi girma daga cikin membobin gidan ƙifayen hakora. Saboda yanayin fasalin sa, baza'a iya rikita shi da wasu nau'in halittun cetacean ba. Wannan mai farautar yana da girman girman gaske - ya kai tsawon mita 20-25 kuma yakai kimanin tan 50.
Idan rabo daga kan wadannan dabbobi ya kai kashi daya bisa uku na duka tsayin jiki, to asalin sunan jinsin - "sperm whale" ya bayyana. An ɗauka cewa yana da asalin Fotigal kuma an samo shi daga kalmar "cachalote", wanda, a biyun, ya samo asali ne daga yaren Portuguese "cachola", wanda ke nufin "babban kai".
Sperm whales ba sa rayuwa su kadai. Suna haɗuwa cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi, waɗanda yawansu ya kai ɗaruruwa, wani lokacin kuma dubunnan mutane. Don haka ya fi musu sauƙi don farauta, kula da zuriyar da kare kansu daga abokan gaba.
Don neman ganima, waɗannan ƙattai na teku suna nitsewa zuwa zurfin zurfin - har zuwa mita 2000, kuma suna iya zama a can ba tare da iska ba har zuwa awa ɗaya da rabi.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Whale sperm whale
Bayyanar kifin whale halayya ce ƙwarai da gaske kuma yana da fasali da yawa waɗanda suka banbanta shi da sauran dabbobi. Swafin mahaifa babban ƙaton gaske ne, mafi girman wakilin wakilcin oda na haƙoran whales. Tsawon babban namiji kusan mita 20 ne har ma fiye da haka. Game da nauyin kwalejin whale, matsakaiciyar darajar wannan ƙimar ana ɗaukarta a cikin kewayon daga tan 45 zuwa tan 57. Wasu lokuta kuma akwai manyan mutane, masu nauyin har tan 70. Kuma masana sun ce a da, lokacin da yawan maniyyi ya fi yawa, nauyin wasu mazan ya kusan ton 100.
Bambanci tsakanin girman maza da mata yana da matukar muhimmanci. Mata kusan rabinsu karami ne. Matsakaicin iyakar su: tsawon mita 13, nauyin tan 15. Siffar sifar tsarin halittar jikin maniyyi shine babban shugaban kansa. A wasu mutane, yakai 35% na jimlar jikin duka. Ya dace da girman kai da bakin kifin, wanda ke ba dabbar damar farautar mafi girman ganima.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: kwayar halittar mahaifa ita ce kadai dabba mai shayarwa da zata iya hadiye mutum baki daya.
Jawarƙashin muƙamuƙin ruwan maniyyi na iya buɗewa waje mai faɗi sosai, ya zama kusurwar dama dangane da jiki. Bakin yana cikin ɓangaren ƙasa na kan dabbobi masu shayarwa, kamar dai "ƙarƙashin ƙugu", idan muka zana kwatankwacin tsarin kan mutum. A cikin baki akwai sama da dozin nau'i biyu na manyan hakora masu ƙarfi, an samo su galibi akan ƙananan, "aiki" muƙamuƙi.
Idanuwan suna a tsaye a gefen gefuna, kusa da sasannin bakin. Diamita na ƙwallon ido shima yana da mahimmanci, kimanin santimita 15-17. Akwai ramin numfashi ɗaya kawai kuma an ƙaura da shi zuwa ɓangaren hagu na kai na dabbar. Wannan "hancin hancin aiki", wanda yake bayarda maɓuɓɓugar iska lokacin da kuke fitarwa. Na biyu, hancin hancin dama, ya ƙare da bawul da ƙaramin rami a ciki wanda kwayayen whale ke tara wadatar iska kafin nutsuwa zuwa zurfin. Iska ba zata iya tserewa daga hancin dama ba.
Fata ta ruwan kifi whale galibi launin toka-launi ne. Baya yana da duhu, amma ciki ya fi haske, kusan fari. Fatar tana birgima a jikin jikin dabbar, ban da baya. Akwai raƙuman ruwa da yawa a wuyansa. An ɗauka cewa kasancewar su na taimaka wa dabbar don sanya mafi girman ganima a cikin bakin ta. An daidaita alkunya - kuma an fadada ramin ciki, dauke da babban abinci.
Amma babban fasalin kifin whales shine jakar spermaceti dake saman kai kuma yakai kashi 90% na nauyinta. Wani nau'in halitta ne a cikin kokon kan dabba, iyakantashi ne da kayan hadewa kuma an cika shi da abu na musamman - spermaceti. Spermaceti abu ne mai kama da kakin zuma wanda aka yi shi daga kitse na dabbobi. Yana zama ruwa lokacin da zafin jikin mutum na kifin whale ya tashi kuma yayi tauri lokacin sanyaya.
Bincike ya nuna cewa kifin Whale yana "daidaita" yanayin kansa da kansa, yana daidaita tafiyar jini zuwa cikin kwayayen maniyyin. Idan zafin jiki ya kai digiri 37, to maniyyin maniyyi yana narkewa, karfinta yana raguwa kuma yana samar da whale din maniyyi tare da hawa mai sauki. Kuma sanyayayyen spermaceti mai taimaka wa dabba ta zurfafa.
Jakar maniyyi yana yin mahimmin aikin maimaitawa don maniyyi, yana rarraba kwatankwacin raƙuman sauti, kuma yana aiki ne a matsayin mai ƙyamar girgiza yayin faɗa tare da masu haɗuwa ko hare-haren abokan gaba.
A ina ne kwayan halittar mahaifa yake rayuwa?
Photo: Sperm Whale a cikin teku
Za'a iya kiran mazaunin maniyyin whales cikin aminci duk Tekun Duniya, ban da ruwan polar. Wadannan manyan dabbobin suna thermophilic; ana lura da manyan lambobin su a wurare masu zafi. Lokacin rani ya zo a ɗaya daga cikin sassan duniya, yawancin zangon ruwan maniyyi yana fadada. A lokacin hunturu, idan ruwan teku yayi sanyi, dabbobin sukan koma kusa da masarautar.
Maniyyi Whales ne masu zurfin zurfin teku. Kusan ba sa faruwa a kusa da bakin teku, sun fi son kasancewa a tazarar kilomita da yawa daga gabar bakin teku - inda zurfin tekun ya wuce mita 200-300. Motsawar su a cikin ruwan Tekun Duniya ya dogara ne kawai da lokacin shekara, amma har da hijirar cephalopods, waɗanda suke babban abincin su. Yin saduwa da kifayen maniyyi zai yiwu duk inda aka sami manyan yan iska.
An lura cewa maza sun mamaye yankuna da yawa, yayin da mata ke iyakance ta ruwa, zafin zafin nasa baya faduwa kasa da digiri 15 a shekara. Masu binciken sun ba da shawarar cewa mazan da ba su yi nasarar tara wa kansu haramtattun dabbobi ba suna hade da irin wadannan garken. Hakanan ana samun waɗannan ƙattai a cikin ruwanmu. Misali, a cikin Tekun Barents da Okhotsk, akwai wadataccen abinci a gare su, saboda haka kadan daga cikin garken da suke rayuwa a can cikin nutsuwa, kamar a tekun Pacific Basin.
Menene sperm whale ke ci?
Hotuna: Whale Sperm a cikin ruwa
Sarkar mahaifa ita ce mafi girma a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa. Yana ciyarwa musamman akan cephalopods da kifi. Haka kuma, kifin da ke cikin abincin da kifin ya fizge shi kashi biyar ne kawai. Yawancin lokaci waɗannan katran ne da sauran nau'ikan matsakaitan matsakaitan kifaye. Daga cikin cephalopods, sperm whale ya fi son squid, yayin da dorinar ruwa ya zama wani karamin yanki na abin farautarsa.
Hannun whale yana farautar zurfin aƙalla mita 300-400 - inda yawancin kifin kifin da kifin da suke ci suke rayuwa, kuma a inda kusan babu masu gasa abincin. Duk da cewa kifin whale na iya tsayawa a karkashin ruwa na dogon lokaci, dole ne ya yi nutsuwa da yawa don isa. Dabba na bukatar kusan tan na abinci kowace rana don samun abinci mai kyau.
Bahar maniyyi ba ya tauna abinci, amma yana haɗiye shi duka. Manya-manyan samfuran ne kaɗai za a iya raba su. Idan aka yi la'akari da alamomin shaye-shayen da squid ya bari a cikin cikin kifin Whale, cephalopods sun wanzu a can na ɗan lokaci.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: akwai sanannen lamari lokacin da kifin whale ya haɗiye squid mai girman gaske wanda bai dace da cikin ƙirar kifin ba, kuma an haɗa alfarwarsa a waje na hancin kifin.
Mata ba su da kuzari fiye da na maza, kuma da kyar suke cin kifi, sun fi son cin cephalopods. Daga cikin kifin whales da mahauta suka gano tare da komai a ciki, yawancinsu mata ne, wanda ke nuna matsalolin ciyarwar da su a lokutan kula da zuriya.
Hanyar da kwayayen whale suke samu na abinci baya keɓance farautar haɗari ko abubuwa masu ban mamaki shiga ciki. Wasu lokuta wadannan tsuntsayen teku ne da whale ba ya farauta da gangan, kuma wani lokacin takalmin roba, abin kamun kifi, gilashin da kwalban roba da sauran tarkacen ruwa.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Dabbar kifi whale dabba
Sarkar mahaifa ita ce kawai dabbar da ke da girman ruwa mai iya nutsuwa zuwa zurfin zurfafawa da zama a can na dogon lokaci. Wannan ya faru ne saboda sifofin jikinsa, wanda ya kunshi adadi mai yawa na jiki da ruwa, wadanda kusan basa fuskantar matsi a karkashin matattarar ruwa, haka nan kuma saboda dukkan tsarin ajiyar iskar oxygen da ake bukata don numfashin ruwa. Whale yana samar da iska a cikin jakar dunƙulen hanyar hanci ta dama. Babban adadin iskar oxygen yana tarawa cikin ƙwayar adipose da tsokoki na dabba.
Yawancin lokaci naman ruwan maniyyi yana nitsewa zuwa zurfin mita 400 zuwa 1200 - inda yawancin abincin su ke rayuwa. Amma karatu ya nuna cewa waɗannan ƙattai na iya nitsewa sosai - har zuwa 3000 har ma da kusan mita 4000 daga saman ruwa. Perwararrun mahaifa ba su kadai suke farauta ba, amma a cikin garken mutane da yawa. Aiki a waƙa, sun tattara ganima cikin ƙungiyoyi masu yawa don sauƙaƙe karɓar ta. Wannan dabarar farautar tana tantance salon garken garken maniyyi.
Kuma maniyyi kifayen farauta kusan kullun. Afteraya bayan ɗaya, suna yin nutso, tsawan tsawan minti 30-40, sannan su huta na ɗan wani lokaci a saman ruwan. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin barci a cikin waɗannan dabbobin gajere ne, kuma kusan 7% ne kawai na lokacin yayin rana, wato ƙasa da sa'o'i biyu. Maniyyi Whale suna bacci, suna manne babbar bakinsu daga ruwa, suna rataye motsi cikin cikakkiyar nutsuwa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: yayin bacci a cikin kifin whales, dukkanin sassan kwakwalwar suna daina aiki lokaci daya.
Saboda kasancewar jakar maniyyi, an ba wa mahada whale da ikon yin amfani da madaidaiciyar mita da echolocation na ultrasonic. Tare da taimakonsa, yana bin sawun ganima kuma yana kewayawa a sararin samaniya, yayin da yake farauta inda hasken rana baya ratsa komai.
Masana kimiyya sun kuma ba da shawarar cewa ana iya amfani da sauwar wuri a matsayin makami ta hanyar mahaɗan. Zai yiwu cewa siginonin ultrasonic da suke fitarwa sun shafi manyan cephalopods, yana haifar da su cikin rudani, rikicewa a sararin samaniya kuma yana basu saukin ganima.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: peran kifi whale
Maza suna tafiyar da rayuwar zamantakewar aiki fiye da mata. Babban aikin mata shine haifuwa, ciyarwa da kula da zuriya. A lokaci guda, maza sun fi damuwa da matsayinsu a tsakanin danginsu, galibi suna tabbatar da cancantar fifikonsu a cikin faɗa mai zafi, wani lokacin ma yakan haifar da rauni da nakasa.
Mafi yawan lokuta, fadace-fadace na faruwa a lokacin rutting, lokacin da maza suka zama masu zafin nama kuma, a cikin ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar nasu matan, suyi yaƙi don kulawar mata. Kimanin mata 10-15 yawanci suna kasancewa kusa da ɗa namiji. Mata na haihuwar zuriya watanni 13-14 bayan ɗaukar ciki. Yawancin lokaci ana haihuwar ɗa ɗaya. Sabon kifin whale ya kai mita 5 kuma yakai kimanin tan 1. Har zuwa shekara biyu, ana shayar da jaririn kuma yana ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifiyarsa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: mammary gland na mace mai kula da kwayar halittar mahaifa na iya ɗaukar lita 45-50 na madara.
Da kimanin shekara 10, ƙwayayen kifayen whale ya zama mai cin gashin kansa gaba ɗaya. Samari maza suna taruwa a cikin abin da ake kira ƙungiyoyin bachelor. Sun fita daga cikin garke, suna rarrabe, kuma basa yin faɗa ba dole ba. Da shekara 8-10, kifin whale ya zama balagagge, wanda zai iya haifar da ɗiya.
Halittan makiya na maniyyi
Photo: maniyyin kifin Whale
Idan aka ba da kyan gani da kuma gagarumin iko wanda yanayi ya ba wa mahaɗan dawa, babu wasu makiya da yawa da ke barazana ga rayuwarsu a cikin yanayin. Amma suna.
Da farko dai, waɗannan sune sanannun kifayen kifayen kifayen, shahararrun masu cin abincin teku - kifayen kifayen kifi. Wanda aka baiwa basira mai ban mamaki, kifayen kifayen sanannun sanannun dabarun yaƙi wanda ke basu damar farautar dabbobi masu shayarwa waɗanda ba su da yawa. Ta amfani da dabarun rukuni, kifayen kifayen kifayen sukan afkawa whales mata da samarinsu Oƙarin kare zuriyar, mace tana da rauni sau biyu kuma yakan zama ganima kanta.
Matasan mutane, waɗanda suka ɓata daga garke, wasu lokuta kuma suna cin abincin rana tare da kifayen kifayen. Koyaya, idan kwayayen maniyyi suka kama alamu game da wani hari da aka kaiwa danginsu, sai su garzaya zuwa ceto, a shirye su shiga cikin mummunan fada da fada don rayuwa da mutuwa. Irin waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe galibi suna barin whale masu kisa ba tare da ganima ba. Yin ma'amala tare da fushin manyan kwayayen maniyyi na maza manyan ayyuka ne da ba zai yuwu ba.
Swafin whale ba shi da sauran manyan abokan gaba. Amma ƙananan mazauna cikin ruwa - abubuwan da ke rayuwa a jikin dabbar - na iya cutar da lafiyarta. Mafi haɗari shine platsonema roundworm, wanda ke rayuwa da haɓaka a cikin mahaifar mata.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: platsonema parasitic roundworm na iya kaiwa tsawon mita 8.5.
A saman jikin kifin whale, cututtukan penella crustacean, da kuma haƙori - barnacle. Bugu da kari, a duk tsawon rayuwarsa, fatar dabbar tana da girma tare da da yawa da kuma kayan kwalliya, amma ba sa haifar da wata illa ga rayuwa da lafiyar mahaifa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Shudayen whale na shuɗi
Sarkar mahaifa abu ne mai matukar jan hankalin mahaukatan kifaye. Kitsen Whale, spermaceti, hakora da nama suna da mutunci a wurin mutane, don haka na dogon lokaci ana fama da mummunan halakar jama'a don dalilai na masana'antu.
Sakamakon ya kasance raguwar saurin mahaifa, kuma a cikin shekarun 60 na karnin da ya gabata, dangane da barazanar hallaka jinsunan gaba daya, an gabatar da wani takunkumi kan abin da yake farauta. Kuma a cikin 1985, cikakken haramcin kamun kifi ya fara aiki. Yanzu Japan kawai ke da iyakantaccen yanki don samar da kifin whales don dalilai na kimiyya da bincike.
Godiya ga waɗannan matakan, yawan mahaɗan whale a halin yanzu ana kiyaye su a matakin da ya dace, kodayake ainihin bayanai kan yawan mutanen wannan nau'in ba su nan ko kuma sun sha bamban. Masana daban-daban suna kiran lambobi daga mutane dubu 350 zuwa miliyan ɗaya da rabi. Amma kowa ya yi ikirarin cewa babu takamaiman lambobin kifin whale a cikin daji. Wannan ya faru ne, da farko, ga wahalar alama da bin dabbobi, tunda suna rayuwa cikin zurfin gaske.
A yau yawan kifayen whale yana da matsayin “masu rauni”, watau. babu karuwar dabbobi ko kadan ne. Wannan shi ne asali saboda dogon zagayen haifuwa na zuriya.
Kariyar maniyyi
Photo: Maniyin whale Red Book
Yawan maniyyin whale yana fuskantar haɗari da yawa. Duk da girman su da karfin halittar su, wadannan gwarzayen tekun suna fama da mummunan yanayin waje kamar sauran rayuwar ruwan teku.
Anan akwai wasu abubuwan da ke hana dabbobi rayuwa da bunkasa cikin yardar rai a muhallinsu, da kara yawan jinsuna:
- Anthropogenic factor a cikin hanyar gurbatawa da amo ba a cikin yankunan ci gaban mai da gas;
- Surutu daga jiragen ruwa masu wucewa, wanda a hankali yana tsoma baki tare da sake saiti;
- Haɗa dattin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen sinadarai a cikin ruwan bakin teku;
- Haɗuwa da jiragen ruwa;
- Angarfafa cikin kayan kamun kifi da kuma haɗu da igiyoyin wutar lantarki.
Wadannan da sauran abubuwan mamaki suna cutar da yawan kwayayen whale a mazauninsu. Kodayake a halin yanzu, masana na lura da wasu karuwar adadin wadannan dabbobi, amma bai wuce 1% a kowace shekara na yawan mutanen ba.
Wannan yanayin yana da rauni sosai, wanda shine dalilin da yasa har yanzu kwalejin kifin da ke da katange yanayi. Don hana karewar jinsunan, kwararrun Rasha da na kasashen duniya sun kirkiro shirye-shirye na musamman na kariya dangane da adana yawan kwayayen whale da ci gabanta. Ana yin sa-ido akai-akai don hana farautar dabbobi. Zuwa yau, an tsara kifin whale a cikin littafin Red Book na Rasha da kuma cikin jerin kiyayewa na wasu ƙasashe.
Maniyyi Whales na musamman dabbobi masu shayarwa, masu ƙarfi da ƙarfi. A da, lokacin da ake farautar su sosai, sun sami suna a matsayin masu ta'adi da mugunta. A kan asusunsu, hakika, akwai jiragen ruwa masu yawa da har ma da jirgi, rayukan rayuka da yawa na matuƙan jirgin ruwa. Amma nuna ta'addancin martani ne kawai ga yawan kwaɗayi na mutumin da ke ɗokin samun irin waɗannan kayayyaki masu daraja na kasuwancin kifin Whale.
A zamanin yau, lokacin da aka hana farautar kifin whales kusan ko'ina, ba za ku sake jin irin labaran nan na jini ba. Mahaifa maniyyi yana rayuwa kuma ya samo wa kansa abinci, ba tare da ya cutar da mutane da wata illa ba. Kuma don kiyaye daidaitaccen yanayi, ya kamata muyi hakan.
Ranar bugawa: 11.04.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 19.09.2019 a 16:18
