Guidak - wannan shine ɗayan halittun da basu da ban mamaki a duniyarmu. Sunansa na biyu shine burbushin burbushin halittu, kuma wannan yana bayyana cikakkun siffofin wannan halittar. Sunan kimiyya na mollusk shine Panopea generosa, wanda a zahiri yake nufin "zurfafa zurfafa." Guidaki wakili ne na odar bivalve molluscs kuma ana ɗaukarsu ɗayan mafi girma a cikin irinsu.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Guidak
Wannan nau'in molluscs an ci shi tun fil azal. Amma bayanin kimiyya da rarrabuwa na guidak din anyi shi ne kawai a karshen karni na 19. A wancan lokacin, ba zai yiwu a bayyana bayyanuwar halittar kawai ba, amma kuma a fahimci yadda take ciyarwa da kuma haihuwarta.
Bidiyo: Guidak
A halin yanzu, Guideak, a matsayin jinsin, an haife shi shekaru miliyan da yawa da suka gabata, kuma masana kimiyyar cutar malacolaji suna jayayya cewa wannan zuriya iri ɗaya ce da dinosaur. Akwai tsoffin tarihin kasar Sin wadanda suka ambaci wadannan kayan kwalliyar, yanayinsu na ban mamaki, har ma da girke-girke na girke girke.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An yi imanin cewa a cikin zamanin Cretaceous akwai jagororin jagora, waɗanda girman su ya wuce mita 5. Canjin yanayi cikin sauri a doron duniya da bacewar wadatar abinci ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa manya-manyan mollusc sun bace a cikin shekaru da yawa. Amma ƙananan ƙananan sun sami damar daidaitawa da yanayin da aka canza kuma sun rayu har zuwa yau.
Guidak yana da siffofi masu zuwa waɗanda suka banbanta shi da sauran bilonve molluscs:
- girman kwalliyar mollusk kusan santimita 20-25;
- tsawon jiki zai iya kaiwa mita 1.5;
- nauyin jagorar yana kaiwa daga kilogram 1.5 zuwa 8.
Wannan wata halitta ce da ba a saba da ita ba, kuma ba kamar sauran sauran kwalliyar da ke wannan rukuni ba, harsashi yana kare fiye da rubu'in jiki.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Yaya jagorar jagora take
Ba komai bane yasa jagora ya sami taken wata halitta mafi ban mamaki a doron kasa. Gaskiyar ita ce, mafi yawan kwayar halitta tana kama da wata babbar kwayar halitta ta namiji. Kamanceceniya tana da girma sosai cewa ba a saka hoton jagorar a cikin kundin ilimin ba na dogon lokaci, tunda hotunan ana ɗaukar su a matsayin batsa.
Harsashin bivalve ya ƙunshi yadudduka da yawa (kwayoyin keratinized a waje kuma uwar lu'u-lu'u a ciki. Jikin mollusk yana da girma ƙwarai har ma a cikin manyan samfuran yana kare rigar kawai. Babban ɓangaren jiki (kusan 70-75%) ba shi da kariya kwata-kwata.
Aljihun, wanda kwasfa ya rufe, ya ƙunshi ɓangarorin hagu da dama. Suna haɗe sosai kuma suna samar da abin da ake kira "ciki" na guidaka. Akwai rami ɗaya kawai a cikin rigar - wannan ita ce ƙofar da ƙafar mollusk take motsawa. Mafi yawan jikin jagoran jagoran ana kiransa siphon. Yana aiki ne duka don cin abinci da kuma cire kayan sharar gida.
A halin yanzu, ana rarrabe nau'ikan jagora masu zuwa:
- Fasifik. Shi ne wanda aka ɗauka na gargajiya, kuma idan aka ambaci sunan "guidak", suna nufin ainihin nau'in Pacific na mollusk. Wannan nau'in mollusk ya kai har kashi 70% na yawan jama'ar. Guidak da ke zaune a cikin Tekun Fasifik ana daukar sa mafi girma kuma galibi ana kama samfuran da ke kai mita a tsayi kuma nauyin su ya kai kilogiram 7;
- 'Yar Argentina Kamar yadda zaku iya tsammani, wannan nau'in mollusk yana zaune ne daga gaɓar tekun Argentina. Yana zaune a zurfin zurfin, saboda haka girman irin wannan jagorar ƙarami ne. Bai fi santimita 15 tsayi ba kuma kusan kilogram 1 na nauyi;
- Ostiraliya. Dweller na ruwan Australiya. Shima karami ne a girma. Nauyi da tsayin manya-manya bai wuce kilogram 1.2 da santimita 20 ba, bi da bi;
- Bahar Rum Yana zaune a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum, kusa da Fotigal. Dangane da girma, kusan ba ya bambanta da Pacific. Koyaya, yawanta yana wargazawa da sauri, tunda jagoran ruwan tekun Bahar Rum abun fata ne mai kyau ga masunta kuma abinci mai daɗi a gidajen abinci;
- Jafananci. Yana zaune a cikin Tekun Japan, da kuma a kudancin Tekun Okhotsk. Girman babban zollen mutum bai fi santimita 25 tsawo ba kuma kusan kilogram 2 cikin nauyi. Hukumomin Japan da China suna da iko sosai akan kamun kifi, kamar yadda a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 wannan nau'in yana gab da ƙarewa.
Dole ne in faɗi cewa kowane nau'in molluscs na bivalve ya bambanta da juna kawai a cikin girma da nauyi. Suna daidai da juna a salon rayuwa da bayyana.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Masana kimiyyar Malacology suna da'awar cewa a cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata, kimanin nau'ikan 10 na Leadak sun ƙare ko an hallaka su. Wannan wani bangare ne sakamakon canjin yanayin halittu a cikin tekuna da tekuna, kuma wani bangare mollusks din mutane ne kawai suka kama kuma basu iya dawo da dabbobinsu ba.
A ina ne jagorar take rayuwa?
Hotuna: Guidak mollusk
Masu binciken sun yarda cewa gabar tekun Asiya ita ce mahaifar yankin Guideak, amma da shigewar lokaci, daddawar ta zauna a sauran tekuna da tekuna.
Af, wannan bivalve mollusk ɗin ba mai son hankali bane. Babban yanayin wanzuwarsa dumi ne ba ruwan teku mai gishiri ba. Mollusk din yana da kyau a yankin da ya fara daga gabar yammacin Amurka da yin famfo Tekun Japan mai dumi da ruwan Portugal. Sau da yawa, ana samun manyan yankuna na jagora a cikin zurfin zurfin tsibirai masu ban sha'awa kuma suna iya zama tare da juna cikin lumana tare da murjani.
Wani abin buƙata don wanzuwar jagora shine zurfin zurfi. Mollusk yana da kyau a zurfin mita 10-12 saboda haka ya zama sauƙin ganima ga ƙwararrun masanan kifi. Bottomasan rairayi yashi wani muhimmin yanayi ne na mazaunin bivalve mollusk, tunda yana iya binne kansa cikin zurfin gaske.
Ya kamata a faɗi cewa a cikin ruwan New Zealand da Ostiraliya, jagorar ba ta bayyana don dalilai na halitta ba. Hukumomin waɗannan jihohin sun shigo da kifin kifin musamman sun zaunar da su a gonaki na musamman, sannan kawai jagororin sun daidaita kansu. A halin yanzu, kamun kifin kifin yana da kima kuma hukumomin kula da Australiya ne ke sarrafa shi.
Yanzu kun san inda jagoran yake zaune. Bari mu ga abin da wannan kayan kwalliyar ke ci.
Menene Guideak ke ci?
Hotuna: Marine Guidak
A mollusk baya farauta a ma'anar kalmar kai tsaye. Haka kuma, ba ta ko motsawa daga wurinta, tana daukar abinci. Kamar sauran kayan mollusc, ana ciyar da madarar ta hanyar tacewar ruwa koyaushe. Babban abincinsa kawai shine plankton na teku, wanda aka samo shi cikin yalwa a cikin dumi da teku. Guidak yana zana dukkan ruwan tekun ta cikinsa kuma yana tace shi da siphon. A dabi'a, tsarin narkewa yana da fasali na musamman kuma yakamata a tattauna shi daki-daki.
Da farko dai, ruwan teku yana shiga cikin manyan bakin bakin murabba'i (jagoran yana da guda biyu daga cikinsu). A cikin bakin akwai dandanon marmari da ake buƙata don bincika ruwan da aka tace. Idan babu katako a ciki, to sai a sake juya shi ta dubura. Idan akwai plankton a cikin ruwa, to sai ya shiga bakin ta wasu kananan tsagi, sannan a cikin esophagus da kuma cikin babban ciki.
Bayan haka, filtration yana faruwa: ƙananan ƙwayoyin suna narkewa nan da nan, sauran kuma (fiye da santimita 0.5) sun shiga cikin hanji kuma an jefar da su ta dubura. Yana da mahimmanci a lura da gaskiyar cewa abincin jagorar ya dogara ne da ƙwanƙwasa da gudana, kuma mollusk yana rayuwa cikin tsawaita tsawa tare da waɗannan abubuwan al'adun.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Guidak a cikin yanayi
Bayan Guideak ya balaga, zai fara jagorantar zama, kusan kayan lambu, salon rayuwa. A matsayinka na ƙa'ida, wannan yana faruwa ne a cikin shekara ta biyu ta rayuwa, lokacin da aka ƙirƙira mollusk ɗin kuma ya sami nasarar yin cikakken harsashi.
Guidak an binne shi a cikin ƙasa zuwa zurfin mita ɗaya. Don haka, bai tsaya kansa kawai a kan tekun ba, har ma yana samun tabbatacciyar kariya daga masu farauta. Mollusk yana cinye dukkan rayuwarsa a wuri guda, yana tace ruwa koyaushe ta cikin kansa, don haka yana samun duka plankton da iskar oxygen da ake buƙata don aikin jiki.
Ofaya daga cikin keɓaɓɓun siffofin jagorar shine cewa yana tace ruwa ba tare da tsangwama ba, dare da rana, da kusan ƙarfi iri ɗaya. Rarraba ruwa yana shafar ne kawai ta hanyar ebb da kwarara, da kuma kusancin masu cin nama.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Guidak ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan halittu mafi tsayi a duniya. Matsakaicin shekarun mollusk ya kai kimanin shekaru 140, kuma mafi tsufa samfurin da aka samo ya rayu kimanin shekaru 190!
Guidaki ba su da sha'awar barin yankin da ke ƙasa. Wannan yana faruwa ne kawai ta hanyar tasirin abubuwan waje. Misali, jagorar jagora na iya yanke shawarar yin ƙaura idan akwai rashin abinci, ƙazantar gurɓatar teku, ko kuma saboda yawan masu cin karensu babu babbaka.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Guidaki
Guidak wata halitta ce ta asali mai asali wacce halaye marasa kyau ba'a iyakance ta hanyar abinci, kamanni da tsawon rai ba. Mollusk kuma yana hayayyafa ta hanyar da ba ta da mahimmanci. Ci gaba da jinsi na wannan ƙwayar yana faruwa a cikin hanyar da ba a tuntuɓar mu ba. Guidaki ya kasu kashi biyu tsakanin maza da mata, amma kusan babu bambancin waje. Abin sani kawai wasu mollusks sun ƙunshi ƙwayoyin mata, yayin da wasu suna dauke da ƙwayoyin maza.
A ƙarshen lokacin hunturu, lokacin da ruwan ya dumama sosai, mollusc ɗin zasu fara lokacin kiwo. Yawan sa yana faruwa a ƙarshen Mayu da farkon Yuni. A wannan lokacin, mazan mollusks suna sakin ƙwayoyin haihuwar cikin ruwa. Mata suna amsa ga bayyanar ƙwayoyin, wanda a cikin amsar ya saki adadin ƙwai mata da yawa. Don haka, haɗuwa da haɗuwa da jagororin yakan faru.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A tsawon rayuwar su, mata masu jagorar mata suna sakin kwai biliyan 5. Adadin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin maza da aka saki ba adadi ne kwata-kwata. Irin wannan adadi mai yawa na ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta saboda gaskiyar cewa damar haɗuwa da haɗari a cikin matsakaiciyar hanyar ruwa ba ta da yawa, kuma sakamakon haka, ba a haifa sabbin newanƙolin dozin da yawa ba.
Kwanaki huɗu bayan haɗuwa, amfrayo za su zama larvae kuma su yi gantali tare da raƙuman ruwa tare da sauran abubuwan plankton. Kawai bayan kwana 10, karamin kafa ya samu a amfrayo kuma zai fara kama da ƙaramin molk.
Cikin wata daya, amfrayo zai sami nauyi kuma a hankali ya sauka zuwa kasan, yana zabar wajan kansa fanko. Tsarin ƙarshe na jagorar yana ɗaukar shekaru da yawa. Kamar yadda aka nuna ta abubuwan lura na tsawon lokaci, duk da adadi mai yawa da kwayoyin kwayar halittar da aka fitar, basu wuce 1% na mollusks sun balaga ba.
Abokan gaba na jagorar
Hoto: Yaya jagorar jagora take
A cikin daji, jagorar tana da isassun makiya. Tunda siphon na mollusk ya fito daga ƙasa kuma ba shi da kariya daga kwasfa mai aminci, kowane kifi mai farauta ko dabba mai shayarwa na iya lalata shi.
Babban abokan adawar sune:
- babban kifin kifi;
- sharks;
- moray eels.
Hakanan otters na teku na iya haifar da haɗari mai mahimmanci. Wadannan kananan dabbobin suna yin iyo suna yin ruwa mai kyau, kuma suna iya isa ga jagorar koda kuwa an binne shi da zurfin zurfin gaske. Duk da cewa kwalliyar ba su da gabobin gani, suna jin kusancin mai farauta ta hanyan ruwa. Idan akwai hatsari, jagoran yakan fara fitar da ruwa daga siphon da sauri, kuma saboda karfin da zai iya tashi, sai yayi saurin tono ma cikin kasa, yana boye bangaren mara karfi. An yi imanin cewa ƙungiyar jagororin da ke zaune kusa da juna na iya watsa saƙonni game da haɗari don haka, ta hanyar kariya daga ɓarna.
Koyaya, mutane sunyi barna mafi yawa ga jagorar. A cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata, yawan kifin kifin ya ragu da rabi. Dalilin wannan ba wai kawai kamun kifi a sikelin masana'antu ba, har ma da gurɓataccen ruwan tekun, wanda ke haifar da raguwar adadin plankton. Mollusk kawai bashi da abin da zai ci, kuma ko dai ya rage saurin haɓaka, ko kuma ya mutu gaba ɗaya saboda yunwa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Guidak mollusk
Masana kimiyya a ilimin malacology basu dauki nauyin fadin daidai adadin mutanen da suke jagorantar cikin tekunan duniya ba. Dangane da ƙididdigar kimantawa, akwai aƙalla miliyan 50 daga cikinsu, kuma a nan gaba waɗannan mollusc ɗin bivalve ba su da barazanar halaka.
Mafi yawan mutanen da ke zaune a cikin ruwan Tekun Atlantika. Hakanan, manyan yankuna suna rayuwa a cikin ruwan Ostiraliya da New Zealand. Amma mulkin mallaka na Fotigal a cikin recentan shekarun nan ya sha wahala sosai kuma ya ragu da fiye da rabi. An kama kifin kifin kawai, kuma yawan jama'a ba shi da lokaci don murmurewa ta al'ada.
Akwai irin waɗannan matsalolin a cikin Tekun Japan, amma an sake dawo da lambar jagora ta hanyar tsananin kayyadadden lokacin kama kifin kifin. Koyaya, wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa farashin abincin kayan abinci a gidajen cin abinci na Sin da Jafananci ya ninka.
A cikin fewan shekarun da suka gabata, jagororin an bunkasa su ta hanyar kere kere. A cikin yankin babban tudu, 'yan mituna daga bakin teku, dubban bututu da yawa aka haƙa kuma aka sanya tsutsa mai narkewa a cikin kowannensu. Ba tare da abokan gaba ba, yawan rayuwar larvae ya kai kashi 95% kuma mollusk ya kusan zama kusan kowane bututu.
Ruwan teku yana ba da abinci don jagoran, bututun filastik yana ba da gida mai aminci, kuma mutum yana kariya daga abokan gaba. Don haka, yana yiwuwa a shekara mu karɓi tabbataccen abin jagora ba tare da lalacewar jama'a ba.
Guidak - mollusk mai ban mamaki wanda ke da kyan gani. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yawan molluscs ya ragu, amma saboda gaskiyar cewa an fara noman ganyayyaki na jagora, lamarin yana inganta a hankali. A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, yawan waɗannan mollusc ɗin ya kamata su farfaɗo da kyawawan halaye.
Ranar bugawa: 19.09.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 26.08.2019 a 21:29
