Bustard - babban tsuntsu mai sarauta na filayen fili marassa bishiyoyi da takaddun halitta, yana mamaye wasu yankuna na noma wadanda basu da karfi sosai. Tana tafiya da ɗaukaka, amma tana iya gudu maimakon tashi idan ta rikice. Jirgin jirgin sama na da nauyi yana da nauyi kamar na Goose. Bustard yana da ma'amala sosai, musamman a lokacin sanyi.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Bustard
Bustard memba ne na dangin bustard kuma shine kadai memba na Otis genus. Shine ɗayan mafi girman tsuntsayen tashi sama waɗanda aka samo ko'ina cikin Turai. Babba, mai ƙarfi amma mai kyan gani maza masu girma suna da wuyan wuya da kirji mai nauyi tare da wutsiyar halayya ta halayya.
Umaƙannin kiwo na maza sun haɗa da farin whisker mai tsawon santimita 20, kuma bayansu da wutsiyar su sun yi launi. A kan kirji da ƙananan ɓangaren wuya, suna haɓaka raƙuman fuka-fukai masu launin ja kuma ya zama mai haske da faɗi da shekaru. Wadannan tsuntsayen suna tafiya a tsaye kuma suna tashi da ƙarfi da ƙarfi na fuka fukai na yau da kullun.
Bidiyo: Bustard
Akwai jinsin 11 da nau'in 25 a cikin dangin dangi. Bustard bustard yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan 4 a jinsin halittar Ardeotis, wanda shima ya kunshi balaraben larabawa, A. larabawa, babban bustard dan India A. nigriceps, da kuma dan Australia dan iska A. australis. A cikin jerin Gruiformes, akwai dangi da yawa na bustard, gami da masu busa ƙaho da kwalliya.
Akwai kusan nau'ikan bustard 23 masu alaƙa da Afirka, kudancin Turai, Asiya, Ostiraliya da wasu sassan New Guinea. Bustard yana da kafafu masu tsayi, an daidaita shi don gudana. Suna da yatsu uku kawai kuma basu da yatsan ƙafa. Jiki a dunkule yake, an ajiyeshi a tsaye, kuma wuya yana tsaye a gaban kafafu, kamar sauran tsuntsayen da ke tsere.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Yaya ɗan gidan kama yayi kama
Mafi shahararren mashahurin shine babban bustard (Otis tarda), mafi girman tsuntsayen ƙasar Turai, namiji mai nauyin kilogram 14 da 120 cm tsayi kuma fikafikansa mai girman cm 240. Ana samunsa a cikin filaye da buɗe takunkumi daga tsakiya da kudancin Turai zuwa Asiya ta Tsakiya da Manchuria.
Filayen suna kama da launi, launin toka a sama, tare da ratsi mai launin baƙi da launin ruwan kasa, fari a ƙasa. Namiji ya fi kauri kuma yana da fari, fuka-fukai masu tsini a gindin beken. Tsuntsu mai hankali, babban ɗan iska, yana da wahalar kusantar shi; yana gudu da sauri lokacin da yake cikin haɗari. A kan ƙasa, tana nuna wani babban motsi. Kwai biyu ko uku, masu ɗigon zaitun masu ruwan kasa, ana ajiye su a cikin ramuka marasa zurfin da ƙananan ciyayi ke kiyaye su.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Bustard yana nuna ɗan jinkiri, amma mai ƙarfi da ci gaba. A lokacin bazara, shagulgulan bikin aure na al'ada ne a gare su: kan namiji ya sunkuya, yana kusan taɓa wutsiyar da aka ɗaga, sai jakar makogwaro ta kumbura.
Karamin ɗan guguwa (Otis tetrax) ya faɗo daga Yammacin Turai da Maroko zuwa Afghanistan. Bustards a Afirka ta Kudu an san su da pau, mafi girma shine babban pau ko kyanda da kyanda (Ardeotis kori). Ana samun mashahurin larabawa (A. larabawa) a Maroko da arewacin saharar Afirka, kamar yadda akwai wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan jinsin da yawa. A Ostiraliya, ana kiran bustard Choriotis australis turkey.
Yanzu kun san yadda mai kama yake. Bari mu ga inda aka samo wannan tsuntsu mai ban mamaki.
A ina ne dan gidan bustard yake zaune?
Hoto: Tsuntsun Bustard
Bustards suna da yawa a tsakiya da kudancin Turai, inda sune mafi yawan nau'ikan tsuntsaye, kuma a cikin duk yankin Asiya. A cikin Turai, yawancin jama'a suna tsayawa don lokacin hunturu, yayin da tsuntsayen Asiya ke tafiya kudu zuwa hunturu. Wannan nau'in yana rayuwa ne a cikin makiyaya, tudu da kuma bude gonakin noma. Sun fi son wuraren kiwo ba tare da ɗan adam ko kaɗan ba.
An samo mutum huɗu na dangin bustard a Indiya:
- Bustard Ardeotis nigriceps daga filayen ƙasa da hamada;
- bustard MacQueen Chlamydotis macqueeni, mai ƙaura zuwa hunturu zuwa yankunan hamada na Rajasthan da Gujarat;
- Lesp Florican Sypheotides indica, wanda aka samo a filayen gajerun ciyawa a yamma da tsakiyar Indiya;
- Bengal florican Houbaropsis bengalensis daga tsaunuka masu dausayi na Terai da kwarin Brahmaputra.
Dukkanin 'yan bangan gida an sanya su a matsayin masu haɗari, amma yaren Indiya yana gab da zama mai wahala. Kodayake kewayonsa na yanzu yafi yawa tare da zangon tarihinsa, an sami raguwar mahimmancin yawan jama'a. Bustard din ya bace da kusan kashi 90% na tsohon zangon sa kuma, abun ban mamaki, ya bace daga wasu tanadi biyu da aka kirkira musamman dan kare jinsunan.
A wasu wurare masu tsarki, nau'in yana raguwa da sauri. A baya, yawanci farauta ne da lalata muhalli ne suka haifar da irin wannan mummunan halin, amma yanzu rashin kula da muhalli, kariyar jin kai na wasu dabbobin da ke cikin damuwa matsaloli ne na 'yan sata.
Menene ɗan gidan cin abinci?
Photo: Bustard a cikin jirgin
Bustard yana da komai kuma yana cin ciyayi kamar ciyawa, legumes, giciye, hatsi, furanni, da inabi. Hakanan yana ciyar da beraye, kajin wasu jinsunan, tsutsar ciki, butterflies, manyan kwari da larvae. Kyanwa kuma suna cin kadangaru da amphibians, ya danganta da yanayi.
Don haka, suna farautar:
- hanyoyi daban-daban;
- tsutsotsi;
- kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa;
- kananan amphibians.
Kwari kamar su fiska, crickets, da beetles sune suke cin mafi yawan abincin su a lokacin damina, lokacinda ruwan sama na Indiya da kuma lokacin kiwon tsuntsaye galibi ke faruwa. Tsaba (gami da alkama da gyada), akasin haka, sune mafi girman ɓangaren abinci a lokacin mafi tsananin sanyi, watanni masu bushewa na shekara.
Bustards na Australiya sun taɓa yin farauta da haɓaka sosai, kuma tare da canje-canje na mazauni waɗanda dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar su zomaye, shanu da tumaki suka gabatar, yanzu an tsare su zuwa ƙasan bayan gari. An tsara wannan nau'in a matsayin nau'in haɗari mai haɗari a cikin New South Wales. Su makiyaya ne, don neman abinci wani lokaci ana iya katse su (da sauri su tara), sannan kuma su sake watsewa. A wasu yankuna, kamar su Queensland, akwai motsi na yau da kullun na ɓarayi.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: diyar mata
Wadannan tsuntsayen suna tafe ne kuma a tsakanin kashin baya suna da ɗayan manyan bambance-bambance a tsakanin jinsi. Saboda wannan dalili, maza da mata suna zaune a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban daban kusan shekara duka, ban da lokacin saduwa. Wannan bambancin girman kuma yana shafar bukatun abinci har da kiwo, tarwatsawa da halayyar ƙaura.
Mata sukan yi tururuwa tare da dangi. Sun fi maza nuna son kai da sakin fuska kuma suna yawan kasancewa a yankin su na rayuwa. A lokacin hunturu, maza sukan kafa tsarin rukuni ta hanyar yin fada, tsawaita fada, buga kai da wuyan wasu mazan, wani lokacin ma suna haifar da mummunan rauni, halayyar da ta saba da 'yan boko. Wasu yan baranda suna yin ƙaura.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Manyan 'yan iska suna yin motsi na gari tsakanin radius na 50 zuwa 100 kilomita. An san tsuntsaye maza su kaɗai a lokacin kiwo, amma suna yin ƙananan garken tumaki a lokacin sanyi.
Namiji ya yi amannar cewa ya auri mace fiye da daya ta hanyar amfani da tsarin saduwa da ake kira "fashe" ko "warwatse". Tsuntsun yana da komai kuma yana cin kwari, beet, rodents, kadangaru wani lokacin ma harda kananan macizai. Kuma an san su da yin abinci a kan ciyawa, iri, 'ya'yan itace, da sauransu. Yayin da ake musu barazana, tsuntsayen mata kan dauki' yan kananan kaji a karkashin fikafikansu.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Biyu na bustards
Kodayake wasu halaye na haihuwa na bustards sanannu ne, mafi kyawun bayanai game da gida da saduwa, gami da ayyukan ƙaura masu alaƙa da gida da saduwa, ana ganin sun bambanta sosai a tsakanin jama'a da mutane. Misali, suna da damar yin kiwo shekara-shekara, amma ga yawancin alumma, lokacin kiwo yana daga watan Maris zuwa Satumba, wanda yawanci ke lullube lokacin damina.
Hakanan, kodayake ba sa komawa gida sau ɗaya shekara zuwa shekara kuma suna son ƙirƙirar sababbi maimakon, wasu lokuta suna amfani da gidajen da wasu 'yan iska suka yi a shekarun da suka gabata. Gidajen kansu suna da sauƙi kuma galibi suna cikin ɓacin rai da aka kafa a cikin ƙasa a cikin filayen filayen shuke-shuke da makiyaya, ko kuma a cikin ƙasa mai duwatsu.
Ba a sani ba idan jinsin ya yi amfani da wata dabara ta musamman, amma abubuwa na mazinata duka (inda maza da mata suke haduwa da abokan tarayya da yawa) da kuma polygynous (inda maza suke saduwa da mata da yawa). Jinsin bai bayyana a haɗe ba. Rashin rashi, inda maza ke taruwa a wuraren bainar jama'a don yinwa da kula da mata, yana faruwa a cikin wasu rukunin jama'a.
Koyaya, a wasu yanayin, mazan maza da ke kaɗaici na iya jan hankalin mata zuwa wurarensu tare da kira mai ƙarfi, wanda ana jinsa a nesa na aƙalla kilomita 0.5. Nunin da ake gani na namiji shi ne tsayawa a buɗe tare da ɗaga kansa da jelarsa, fuka-fuka masu laushi masu laushi da jakar madubi mai cike da iska (jaka a wuyansa).
Bayan kiwo, namiji ya bar, kuma mace ta zama mai kulawa ta musamman ga 'ya'yanta. Yawancin mata suna yin ƙwai ɗaya, amma ba a san ƙwallaye ƙwai biyu ba. Tana saka kwai kamar wata daya kafin yayi kwai.
Kaji na iya ciyar da kansa bayan mako guda, kuma suna cika idan sun kai kwana 30-35. Yawancin yara suna da 'yanci daga iyayensu mata a farkon kakar kiwo mai zuwa. Mata na iya haifuwa tun suna ɗan shekara biyu ko uku, yayin da maza ke balaga a lokacin da suka cika shekara biyar ko shida.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An lura da alamomi daban-daban na ƙaura a tsakanin ɓarawo a wajen lokacin kiwo. Wasu daga cikinsu na iya yin gajerun ƙaura na cikin gida a cikin yankin, yayin da wasu ke yin doguwar tafiya a ƙetaren yankin.
Abokan gaba na bustard
Photo: Steppe tsuntsu busse
Fastowa barazana ce ta farko ga ƙwai, yara da yara masu tasowa. Babban masu farautar su ne jajayen dawakai, sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa irin su badger, martens da boars, da kuma hankaka da tsuntsayen dabbobi.
'Yan fadan manya ba su da abokan gaba na zahiri, amma suna nuna jin daɗi game da wasu tsuntsaye masu cin nama kamar gaggafa da ungulu (Neophron percnopterus). Dabbobin da suka lura da su sune kerketai masu ruwan toka (Canis lupus). A gefe guda kuma, ana iya farautar kajin ta kuliyoyi, diloli da karnukan daji. Wasu lokutan wasu kwoyi, mongoza, kadangaru, da ungulu da sauran tsuntsaye sukan saci kwai daga wasu gurbi. Koyaya, babbar barazanar ga ƙwai tana zuwa ne daga shanun kiwo, kamar yadda sukan tattake su.
Wannan nau'in yana fama da rarrabuwa da asarar mazaunin sa. Karuwar ba da izinin mallakar filaye da rikice-rikicen mutane ana sa ran zai haifar da babbar asarar muhalli ta hanyar nome, gandun daji, noma mai yawa, ƙara amfani da shirin ban ruwa, da gina layukan wutar lantarki, hanyoyi, shinge da ramuka. Takin kemikal da magungunan kashe kwari, kere-kere, wuta da farauta sune babbar barazana ga kajin da yara, yayin farautar tsuntsayen da ke balaga na haifar da yawan mace-mace a wasu kasashen da suke zaune.
Saboda ustan baranda sukan tashi sama kuma ikonsu yana iyakance ta hanyar nauyi mai nauyi da manyan fukafukai, karo da layukan wutar yana faruwa inda akwai layukan wutar sama da yawa a cikin tsaunuka, a yankunan da ke kusa da su, ko kuma a kan hanyoyin jirgi tsakanin jeri daban-daban.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Yaya ɗan gidan kama yayi kama
Yawan mutanen bust kusan mutane 44,000-57,000 ne. Wannan nau'in a halin yanzu an rarrabe shi da Raunana kuma adadin sa suna raguwa a yau. A cikin 1994, an sanya jerin gwano a cikin hadari a theungiyar forasashen Duniya na Kare Lafiyar Dabi'a (IUCN) Red List of Endangered Species. Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, sai dai raguwar mutane ya yi kamari sosai har IUCN ta sake sanya jinsunan a matsayin masu hatsari.
Lalacewar muhalli da lalacewa da alama manyan dalilan ne suka haifar da koma baya ga yawan 'yan baranda. Masana ilimin kimiyyar muhalli sun kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 90% na yanayin halittar, wanda ya mamaye kusan arewa maso yamma da yammacin Indiya ta tsakiya, ya bata, aikin hanya da ayyukan hakar ma'adana ya rarrabu, kuma ya canza ta hanyar ban ruwa da aikin injiniya.
Yawancin filayen noman da suka taɓa samar da dawa da gero da masara ta bunkasa a kai sun zama filayen noman rake da auduga ko gonakin inabi. Farauta da farauta ma sun taimaka wajen raguwar mutane. Waɗannan ayyuka, haɗe da ƙarancin haihuwa na jinsin da kuma matsin lamba daga masu cin abincin halitta, sun sanya bustard ɗin cikin mawuyacin hali.
Bustard kariya
Hotuna: Bustard daga littafin Red
An kafa shirye-shirye don ɓarna da haɗari masu haɗari a Turai da tsohuwar Soviet Union, da kuma don babban ɗan Afirka a Amurka. Aikace-aikacen da ke tattare da wasu nau'in tsuntsaye na da niyyar samar da rarar tsuntsayen don sakin su zuwa wuraren da aka kiyaye, hakan ke taimakawa raguwar yawan namun daji, yayin da ayyukan Hubar a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka ke da niyyar samar da rarar tsuntsayen domin sakin su zuwa wuraren da aka kiyaye. ci gaba da farauta ta amfani da falcons.
Shirye-shiryen kiwo a cikin Amurka don bustards da cinnamon bustards (Eupodotis ruficrista) suna da niyyar kiyaye yawan al'ummomin da ke tattare da su ta hanyar dabi'a da yawan jama'a kuma ba su dogara da shigowa da dindindin daga daji ba.
A cikin 2012, Gwamnatin Indiya ta ƙaddamar da Project Bustard, wani shiri na kiyaye ƙasa don kare babban ɓarke na Indiya, tare da Bengal florican (Houbaropsis bengalensis), ƙananan masarufin florican (Sypheotides indicus) da mazauninsu daga ƙara raguwa. An tsara shirin ne bayan Project Tiger, wani yunƙuri na ƙasa da aka yi a farkon shekarun 1970 don kare damisa da ƙauyukan Indiya.
Bustard Shin ɗayan ɗayan tsuntsayen da yake da nauyin gaske a yau. Ana iya samun shi ko'ina cikin Turai, yana motsawa zuwa kudu da Spain, da zuwa arewa, misali, a cikin matakan Rasha. An lasafta babban ɗan kwali a matsayin mai rauni, yawanta yana raguwa a ƙasashe da yawa. Tsuntsu ne na ƙasa wanda aka san shi da doguwar wuya da ƙafa da baƙar fata a saman kansa.
Ranar bugawa: 09/08/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 07.09.2019 a 19:33
