Magot yana zaune a arewacin Afirka kuma, galibi, yana rayuwa a cikin Turai. Waɗannan su ne birai da ke zaune a Turai a cikin yanayin yanayi - gwargwadon yadda za a iya kiran hakan, tunda suna ƙoƙari ta kowace hanya don kare su daga haɗari da samar da duk abin da suke buƙata. An jera a cikin Littafin Ja a matsayin nau'in haɗari.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Magot
An bayyana magnetic a cikin 1766 ta K. Linnaeus, sannan suka sami sunan kimiyya Simia inuus. Sannan ya canza sau da yawa, kuma yanzu sunan wannan nau'in a Latin shine Macaca sylvanus. Magots na cikin tsari ne na birrai, kuma asalinsa yana da kyau sosai. Kakannin magabata na birrai sun bayyana a cikin zamanin Cretaceous, kuma idan tun da farko anyi imani cewa sun tashi kusan a ƙarshen, shekaru miliyan 75-66 da suka gabata, to a kwanan nan wani ra'ayi shine yafi yaduwa: cewa sun rayu a duniyar tamu kusan 80-105 miliyan miliyan da suka wuce.
An samo irin wadannan bayanai ne ta hanyar amfani da agogon kwayoyin, kuma farkon ingantaccen wanda aka kafa, wato purgatorius, ya bayyana ne gabanin karewar Cretaceous-Paleogene, mafi tsufa ya samo kimanin shekaru miliyan 66. A girma, wannan dabba kusan ta dace da linzamin kwamfuta, kuma a bayyane tana kama da ita. Ya rayu cikin bishiyoyi kuma yana cin kwari.
Bidiyo: Magot
Lokaci guda tare da shi, irin wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa wadanda suka danganci birrai kamar fikafikan ulu (ana daukar su mafi kusanci) kuma jemage sun bayyana. Farkon birrai sun tashi a Asiya, daga can suka fara zama a Turai, sannan daga Arewacin Amurka. Furtherari ga haka, developedan birrai na Amurka sun haɓaka daban da waɗanda suka kasance a cikin Tsohuwar Duniya, kuma suka mallaki Kudancin Amurka, a cikin miliyoyin shekaru da yawa na irin wannan ci gaban daban da daidaitawa da yanayin gida, bambancinsu ya zama babba.
Wakilin farko da aka sani na dan biri, wanda magot yake, yana da mawuyacin sunan nsungwepitek. Wadannan birai sun rayu a Duniya sama da shekaru miliyan 25 da suka gabata, an gano kasusuwansu a shekarar 2013, kafin haka ana daukar tsoffin birai a matsayin Victoriopithecus. Kwayar ma'adanar ta bayyana ne daga baya - dadaddun burbushin halittun da aka samu dan shekaru sama da miliyan 5 - kuma wadannan sune kasusuwa na magot. Burbushin wadannan birai ana samunsu ko'ina cikin Turai, har zuwa Yammacin Turai, kodayake a zamaninmu sun kasance ne kawai a Gibraltar da Arewacin Afirka.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Yaya kyallen gani yake?
Magots, kamar sauran makaɗa, ƙanana ne: maza suna da tsawon 60-70 cm, nauyinsu ya kai kilogiram 10-16, mata sun ɗan yi ƙanƙani - 50-60 cm da 6-10 kg. Birin yana da gajeriyar wuya, saitattun idanu sun fito kan kai. Idanun kansu kanana ne, iris dinsu launin ruwan kasa ne. Kunnen Magot kadan ne, kusan basa ganuwa, kuma zagaye suke.
Fuskan yana da kankanta kuma an kewaye shi da gashi. Yankin fata kawai tsakanin kai da baki bashi da gashi kuma yana da ɗanɗano mai ruwan hoda. Hakanan, babu gashi a ƙafa da tafin hannu; sauran jikin magaryar an lulluɓe da fur mai kauri na matsakaiciyar tsayi. A cikin ciki, inuwarta ta fi haske, ta zama rawaya rawaya. A baya da kai, ya fi duhu, launin ruwan kasa-rawaya. Inuwar rigar na iya bambanta: wasu suna da launin launin toka galibi, kuma yana iya zama mai haske ko duhu, sauran magots suna da gashi kusa da rawaya ko launin ruwan kasa. Wasu ma suna da launi mai launi ja.
Ulu mai kauri yana bawa magoth damar jimre da sanyi, har ma da yanayin daskarewa, kodayake wannan lamari ne mai matukar wahala a mazauninsu. Ba shi da jela, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa ɗayan sunaye ya fito - macaque tailless. Amma biri yana da ragowar sa: ƙaramin tsari a wurin da ya kamata, daga 0.5 zuwa 2 cm.
Theafafun magot suna da tsayi, musamman na gaba, kuma sun fi sirara; amma a lokaci guda suna da muscular, kuma birai suna da kyau tare da su. Suna iya yin tsalle nesa, da sauri kuma suna hawan bishiyoyi ko duwatsu ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba - kuma da yawa suna rayuwa a yankunan tsaunuka inda wannan ƙwarewar ta zama dole.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Akwai tatsuniya cewa nan da nan bayan birai suka ɓace daga Gibraltar, mulkin Burtaniya kan wannan yankin zai ƙare.
A ina ne magoth yake rayuwa?
Hotuna: Macaque magot
Wadannan macaques suna zaune a cikin ƙasashe 4:
- Tunisia;
- Aljeriya;
- Maroko;
- Gibraltar (wanda Burtaniya ke mulki).
Sananne azaman birai ne kawai da ke zaune a Turai a cikin mahalli. A baya can, zangonsu ya fi fadi sosai: a zamanin da, suna zaune mafi yawan Turai da manyan yankuna a Arewacin Afirka. Kusan kusan ɓacewa daga Turai ya faru ne saboda Zamanin kankara, wanda ya sanya musu sanyi sosai.
Amma koda kwanan nan, ana iya samun magots a wani yanki mafi girma - a farkon karnin da ya gabata. Sannan sun hadu a mafi yawan Maroko da kuma duk arewacin Algeria. Zuwa yau, yawan mutanen da ke cikin tsaunukan Rif da ke arewacin Marokko, da ƙungiyoyi a warwatse a Aljeriya, kuma birai kaɗan ne suka rage a Tunisia.
Za su iya zama duka a cikin tsaunuka (amma ba su fi mita 2,300 ba) da kuma a filayen. Mutane sun kore su zuwa yankunan tsaunuka: wannan yanki ba shi da yawan jama'a, saboda haka ya fi shuru a wurin. Saboda haka, maget suna zaune a cikin ciyawar tsaunuka da dazuzzuka: ana iya samunsu a cikin itacen oak ko na dazuzzuka, waɗanda suka cika da gangaren tsaunukan Atlas. Kodayake galibi suna son itacen al'ul kuma sun fi son zama kusa da su. Amma ba sa zama a cikin gandun daji mai yawa, amma kusa da gefen dajin, inda ba a cika san shi ba, su ma za su iya zama a cikin fili, idan akwai bishiyoyi a kanta.
A lokacin Ice Ice, sun kare a duk Turai, kuma mutane sun kawo su Gibraltar, kuma an riga an shigo da wani shigowa tun lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, tunda mazaunan yankin sun kusan bacewa. Akwai jita-jita cewa Churchill da kansa ya ba da umarnin wannan, kodayake ba a fayyace wannan abin ba. Yanzu kun san inda magot ke zaune. Bari mu ga abin da wannan macaque din yake ci.
Menene mageth yake ci?
Hotuna: Biri Magot
Tsarin menu na magots ya hada duka abincin asalin dabbobi da tsire-tsire. Thearshen ya zama babban ɓangarensa. Wadannan birai suna cin abinci:
- 'ya'yan itace;
- mai tushe;
- ganye;
- furanni;
- tsaba;
- haushi;
- tushe da kwararan fitila.
Wato, zasu iya cin kusan kowane ɓangaren shukar, kuma ana amfani da bishiyoyi da shrubs da ciyawa. Saboda haka, yunwa ba ta yi musu barazana ba. A wasu tsire-tsire sun fi son samun ganye ko furanni, wasu kuma a hankali suke haƙawa don zuwa ɓangaren tushen daɗin.
Amma mafi yawansu suna son 'ya'yan itace: da farko dai, wadannan sune ayaba, haka kuma' ya'yan itacen citrus daban-daban, tumatir mai katako, grenadilla, mangoro da sauran su na yanayin yanayin yankin arewacin Afirka. Hakanan suna iya karɓar 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari, wani lokacin har ma suna yin ɗakuna a cikin lambunan mazauna yankin.
A lokacin hunturu, nau'ikan menu sun ragu sosai, magots dole ne su ci buds ko allura, ko ma itacen itacen. Ko da lokacin sanyi, suna ƙoƙari su tsaya kusa da wuraren ruwa, saboda ya fi sauƙi kama wasu halittu a wurin.
Misali:
- dodunan kodi;
- tsutsotsi;
- Zhukov;
- gizo-gizo;
- tururuwa;
- malam buɗe ido;
- fara
- kifin kifi;
- kunama.
Kamar yadda ake iya gani daga wannan jerin, an iyakance su ga ƙananan dabbobi, galibi kwari, ba sa gudanar da farautar tsari don manyan dabbobi, har ma da girman zomo.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Magot daga Littafin Ja
Magots suna rayuwa cikin rukuni-rukuni, yawanci ana yin lambobi daga dozin zuwa mutane dozin huɗu. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan rukunin suna mamaye yankinsu, kuma suna da faɗi sosai. Suna buƙatar ƙasa mai yawa don ciyar da kansu yau da kullun: suna kewaya wurare mafi yawa tare da garkensu duka. Yawancin lokaci suna yin da'ira tare da radius na kilomita 3-5 kuma suna yin tazara mai nisa a cikin yini, amma zuwa ƙarshen suna komawa wuri ɗaya da suka fara tafiya. Suna zaune a cikin yanki guda, da wuya suke yin kaura, wannan galibi ayyukan mutane ne ke haifar da shi, sakamakon haka ne aka sake kwato filayen da birai suke da zama.
Bayan wannan, magnetic ba za su iya ci gaba da rayuwa da ciyar da su ba, kuma dole ne su nemi sababbi. Wani lokaci ƙaura na faruwa ne sakamakon canjin yanayin yanayi: shekaru marasa ƙarfi, fari, sanyin hunturu - a ƙarshen lamarin, matsalar ba ta da yawa a cikin sanyi kanta, ga magta ba ta damu ba, amma a gaskiyar cewa saboda shi akwai ƙarancin abinci. A cikin wasu lamura da ba kasafai suke faruwa ba, kungiyar tana girma sosai har ta kasu kashi biyu, kuma sabon da aka kirkira yana neman sabon yanki.
Tafiya na rana, kamar sauran birai, an kasu kashi biyu: kafin azahar da bayanta. Wajen tsakar rana, a lokacin mafi tsananin yini, galibi suna hutawa a inuwar ƙarƙashin bishiyoyi. Kubiyoyi suna wasa a wannan lokacin, manya suna tsefe ulu. A cikin zafin rana, garken tumaki 2-4 sukan taru a rami ɗaya a lokaci ɗaya. Suna son sadarwa kuma suna yin hakan koyaushe yayin tafiyar rana da kuma hutu. Don sadarwa, ana amfani da sautuka masu yawan gaske, ana tallafasu ta fuskoki, fasali, da motsin rai.
Suna tafiya akan ƙafafu huɗu, wani lokacin sukan tsaya akan ƙafafunsu na baya kuma suyi ƙoƙari su hau zuwa sama kamar yadda zai yiwu don nazarin kewaye da kuma lura idan akwai wani abu da za'a ci a kusa. Sun kware a hawa bishiyoyi da duwatsu. Da yamma suna kwana. Mafi yawanci sukan kwana a bishiyoyi, suna yin wa kansu sheƙan bishiyoyi masu ƙarfi. Guda iri daya ake amfani dasu tsawon lokaci, kodayake zasu iya shirya sabo a kowace rana. Madadin haka, wani lokacin sukan kwana a wasu wuraren buɗe duwatsu.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Magoth Kubu
Ungiyoyin waɗannan birai suna da matsayi na ciki, tare da mata a kai. Matsayinsu ya fi girma, manyan mata ne ke kula da duk birai a cikin ƙungiyar. Amma maza na haruffa suma akwai, amma, suna jagorantar maza kawai kuma suna yin biyayya ga matan "masu mulki".
Magot ba safai suke nuna gaba ga juna ba, kuma wanene ya fi mahimmanci galibi ba a samun fada, sai dai da yardarm birai a cikin rukuni. Har yanzu, rikice-rikice a cikin rukuni suna faruwa, amma ba sau da yawa fiye da yawancin yawancin jinsunan dabbobi.
Sake haifuwa na iya faruwa a kowane lokaci na shekara, galibi daga Nuwamba zuwa Fabrairu. Ciki yana dauke da watanni shida, sannan a haifi yaro - tagwaye ba safai ba. Jariri yayi nauyin gram 400-500, an rufe shi da ulu mai duhu mai laushi.
Da farko, yakan yi kowane lokaci tare da mahaifiyarsa a cikin ciki, amma sai sauran membobin ƙungiyar suka fara kula da shi, kuma ba mata kawai ba, har ma da maza. Galibi, kowane ɗa yana zaɓar jaririn da yake ƙauna kuma mafi yawan lokaci tare da shi, yana kula da shi: tsabtace rigarsa da nishaɗi.
Maza suna sonta, kuma banda haka, yana da mahimmanci a nuna kansu ga namiji daga kyakkyawar gefe, saboda mata suna zaɓar abokan tarayya kansu daga cikin waɗanda suka nuna kansu mafi kyau yayin sadarwa tare da ɗiya. A farkon makon na biyu na rayuwa, ƙananan mago na iya tafiya da kansu, amma yayin doguwar tafiya, uwa tana ci gaba da ɗauke ta a bayanta.
Suna ciyar da madarar uwa har tsawon watanni uku na rayuwa, sannan suka fara cin kansu, tare da kowa. A wannan lokacin, gashinsu yana haske - a cikin ƙuruciya ƙuruciya kusan baƙar fata ce. Zuwa watanni shida, manya sun kusan daina wasa da su; maimakon haka, magu matasa za su ɗauki lokaci suna wasa da juna.
A shekara sun riga sun zama masu cikakken 'yanci, amma sun balaga da jimawa da yawa: mata ba su kai shekaru uku da haihuwa ba, kuma maza sun cika shekara biyar. Suna rayuwa shekara 20-25, mata sun ɗan fi tsayi, har zuwa shekaru 30.
Abokan gaba na Magots
Hotuna: Gibraltar magot
A dabi'a, masu sihiri ba su da abokan gaba, tunda a Arewacin Yammacin Afirka ba a sami wasu manyan dabbobin da za su iya yi musu barazana ba. Daga gabas akwai kadoji, daga kudu na zakuna da damisa, amma a yankin da waɗannan macaques suke, babu ɗayansu. Haɗari kawai yana wakiltar manyan mikiya.
Wasu lokuta sukan farautar wadannan birai: da farko dai, 'ya' yan yara, saboda manya sun riga sun fi su girma. Ganin tsuntsu yana niyyar kai hari, sai magata suka fara ihu, suna gargaɗi ga fellowan uwansu tribesan ƙabilar game da haɗarin, kuma suka ɓuya.
Makiyan da suka fi hatsari ga wadannan birai mutane ne. Kamar yadda yake ga sauran dabbobi da yawa, saboda ayyukan mutane ne yasa yawan mutane ke raguwa da farko. Kuma wannan ba koyaushe yake nufin hallakar kai tsaye ba: har ma da ƙarin lalacewa sakamakon lalacewar dazuzzuka da sauya mutane zuwa yanayin da magots ke rayuwa a ciki.
Amma kuma akwai hulɗa kai tsaye: manoma a Aljeriya da Maroko sau da yawa sun kashe ƙwayoyi kamar kwari, wani lokacin wannan yakan faru har zuwa yau. An sayar da wadannan birai, kuma mafarauta suna ci gaba da yin hakan a zamaninmu. Matsalolin da aka lissafa sun shafi Afirka ne kawai; babu kusan wata barazana a cikin Gibraltar.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A lokacin tono duwatsu a Novgorod a 2003, an sami kokon kan magot - biri ya rayu a cikin shekara a rabi na biyu na XII ko a farkon karni na XIII. Wataƙila sarakunan larabawa ne suka gabatar da shi ga yariman.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hoto: Yaya kyallen gani yake?
A Arewacin Afirka, bisa ga ƙididdiga daban-daban, akwai Magoths 8,000 zuwa 16,000. Daga cikin wannan adadin, kimanin kashi uku cikin huɗu suna cikin Maroko, kuma na sauran kwata, kusan duka suna cikin Aljeriya. Kalilan ne daga cikinsu suka rage a Tunisia, kuma birai 250 - 300 ke zaune a Gibraltar.
Idan a tsakiyar karnin da ya gabata, bacewar ta yi barazana ga yawan mutanen Gibraltar, amma a yanzu, akasin haka, ta zama ita ce kawai wacce ke da karko: a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, yawan Magots a Gibraltar ya karu kadan. A Afirka, duk da haka, sannu-sannu yana faɗuwa, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa aka rarraba waɗannan makaƙan a matsayin nau'in haɗari.
Duk game da banbancin kusanci ne: Mahukuntan Gibraltar sun damu da gaske game da kiyaye jama'ar yankin, kuma a ƙasashen Afirka ba a lura da irin wannan damuwa. A sakamakon haka, alal misali, idan birai suka haifar da lalacewar amfanin gona, to a Gibraltar za a biya shi diyya, amma a Maroko babu abin da za a samu.
Don haka bambancin ra'ayi: manoma a Afirka dole ne su tashi tsaye don kare muradinsu, saboda wannan wani lokaci har ma suna harbe birai da ke ciyar da gonakinsu. Kodayake Magots sun rayu a Turai tun zamanin da, amma da taimakon nazarin kwayoyin halitta, an tabbatar da cewa an kawo mutanen Gibraltar na wannan zamani daga Afirka, kuma asalin ya mutu kwata-kwata.
An gano cewa kakannin kakannin na wannan zamanin na Gibraltar Magots sun fito ne daga alƙaryar Maroko da Aljeriya, amma babu ɗayansu daga Iberiyan. Amma an kawo su ne kafin Burtaniya ta bayyana a Gibraltar: wataƙila, Moors ne ya kawo su lokacin da suke mallakar Yankin Iberia.
Kiyaye Magots
Hotuna: Magot daga littafin Ja
Wannan jinsin birai na kunshe a cikin Littafin Ja kamar yadda yake cikin hadari saboda kasancewar yawan mutanensa kadan ne kuma yana neman kara raguwa. Koyaya, a wuraren da mafi yawan magi suke zaune, ya zuwa yanzu fewan matakan da aka ɗauka don kiyaye su. Biri na ci gaba da wargazawa da kamawa don siyarwa a cikin tarin keɓaɓɓu.
Amma aƙalla a cikin Gibraltar, ya kamata a kiyaye su, tunda ana ɗaukar matakai masu yawa don kare jama'ar yankin, ƙungiyoyi da yawa suna yin wannan a lokaci ɗaya. Don haka, kowace rana, ana samar da mago da ruwa mai kyau, 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan marmari da sauran abinci - duk da cewa galibi suna ci gaba da cin abincin a muhallin su.
Wannan yana taimakawa wajan haifar da birrai, saboda ya dogara da yawan abinci. Ana kamawa da bincike na lafiya a kai a kai, ana yi musu zane da lambobi, kuma suna kuma karɓar microchips na musamman. Tare da waɗannan kayan aikin, kowane mutum ana kidaya shi a hankali.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Saboda yawan cudanya da masu yawon bude ido, dansandan Gibraltar ya zama masu dogaro da mutane, sun fara ziyartar garin don abinci da hargitsi. Saboda wannan, ba zai yiwu a ciyar da birai a cikin birni ba, saboda ƙeta za ku biya babban tara. Amma matsafa sun sami nasarar komawa mazauninsu na asali: yanzu ana ciyar dasu a can.
Magot - biri yana da aminci da kariya a gaban mutane.Yawan jama'a na raguwa kowace shekara, tare da filin da suke da shi don zama, kuma don sauya wannan yanayin, ya zama dole a dauki matakan kare su. Kamar yadda aikace-aikace ya nuna, irin waɗannan matakan na iya yin tasiri, saboda yawan mutanen Gibraltar na waɗannan birai sun sami kwanciyar hankali.
Ranar bugawa: 28.08.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 25.09.2019 a 13:47
