Khokhlach (Cystophora cristata) - ya samo sunanta ne daga fitowar fatar jiki mai laushi da aka samu a bakin maza. Wannan yanayin ana kiransa wani lokaci bang (crest), hula ko jaka. Fata ce mai girma ta ƙasan hancin kuma tana can matakin ƙira. A hutawa, aljihun jaka sun rataya daga bakin bakin. A cikin namiji mai cike da fushi, ana rufe buɗe hancin hanci, kuma ruhun yana karɓar iska daga huhu. A ja blister wani lokacin yakan bayyana daga hanci daya. Namiji wani lokacin yana yin kumburi irin wannan musanyawar ta musamman don nishaɗi - “motsa jiki”.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Khokhlach
Masanin Bajamushe Johann Illiger shine farkon wanda ya fara kirkirar tsintsiya a matsayin jinsin mai ikon mallakar haraji. A 1811 ya ba da suna ga danginsu. Masanin kimiyar namun daji na Amurka Joel Allen ya binciko finafinai a cikin tarihinsa na tarihin 18 Pinnipeds na Arewacin Amurka. Ya nuna walruses, zakunan teku, beyar teku da hatimai. A cikin wannan littafin, ya bi diddigin tarihin sunaye, ya ba da alama ga iyalai da jinsi, ya kuma bayyana jinsunan Arewacin Amurka da bayar da takaitaccen bayanin jinsuna a wasu sassan duniya.
Bidiyo: Khokhlach
Ya zuwa yanzu, ba a sami cikakkun burbushin halittu ba. Daya daga cikin burbushin farko da aka samo an samo shi ne a Antwerp, Belgium a 1876, wanda ya wanzu daga zamanin Pliocene. A cikin 1983, an buga labarin da ke ikirarin cewa an samo wasu burbushin halittu a Arewacin Amurka, mai yiwuwa a hood. Daga cikin kwatancin guda uku, ingantaccen binciken shine shafin Maine. Sauran kasusuwa sun haɗa da scapula da humerus, waɗanda aka yi imanin cewa sun dace ne tun bayan post-Pleistocene. Daga cikin sauran kasusuwa biyu da aka samo, ɗayan daga baya ya zama wani nau'in, ɗayan kuma ba a gano shi daidai ba.
Abubuwan tarihin hatimi da walruses sun rabu kusan shekaru miliyan 28 da suka gabata. Otariidae ya samo asali ne daga Arewacin Pacific. Burbushin Pithanotaria na farko da aka samo a California ya samo asali ne shekaru miliyan 11 da suka gabata. Halin na Callorhinus ya faɗi a farkon a cikin miliyan 16. Zakin teku, hatimin kunnuwa da zakunan kudanci sun raba gaba, tare da na biyun sun mallaki gabar tekun Kudancin Amurka. Yawancin sauran Otariidae sun bazu zuwa theasashen Kudancin duniya. Abubuwan tarihi na farko na Odobenidae - Prototaria an samo su a cikin Japan, kuma asalin kwayar halittar Proneotherium an same ta a Oregon - wacce ta kasance shekaru 18-16.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Menene hoton da aka yi masa kama
Mazajen da aka kama suna da furfura mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi tare da duhu, wuraren da ba su da daidaito a duk cikin jiki. Gabatarwar bakin baki baƙi kuma wannan launin ya faɗaɗa zuwa idanuwa. Theasussuwan jiki ba ƙarami ba ne dangane da jiki, amma suna da ƙarfi, wanda ya sa waɗannan hatimin suka zama ƙwararrun masu iyo da masaniya. Kuliyoyi masu kyan gani suna nuna dimorphism na jima'i. Maza sun fi mata tsayi kaɗan kuma sun isa tsayin 2.5 m. Mata suna da matsakaita na mita 2.2. Mafi mahimmancin bambanci tsakanin jinsi shine nauyi. Maza suna da nauyin kilogiram 300, mata kuma sun kai kilo 160. Musamman ga maza shine ƙananan jakar hanci wanda yake a gefen kai.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Har zuwa shekara huɗu, maza ba su da jaka. Idan ba kumbura ba, sai ya rataya daga leɓen sama. Maza suna hura wannan jan, kamar balan-balan hanci har sai ya fito daga hancin daya. Suna amfani da wannan jakar ta hanci don nuna zalunci gami da jan hankalin mata.
Hooded like suna da fasali da yawa waɗanda suka banbanta su da sauran hatimin. Suna da manyan hanci a cikin iyali. Kokon kai gajere ne tare da babban bakinsa. Hakanan suna da sararin sama wanda yake fitowa daga baya fiye da kowane bangare. Daya bisa uku na kashin hanci ya zarce gefen hawan sama. Tsarin incisor na musamman ne, tare da manyan zafin jiki biyu na sama da na kasa. Hakoran kanana ne kuma hakoran sun kankance.
A lokacin haihuwa, launin launukan samari matasa azurfa ne a gefen bayan, ba tare da tabo ba, kuma launin shuɗi-shuɗi a gefen gefen, wanda ke bayyana laƙabinsu "shuɗi". Kubiyoni suna da tsawon 90 zuwa 105 cm lokacin haihuwarsu kuma matsakaita kilo 20 ne. Zai iya zama bambance-bambance tsakanin jinsi kusan shekara 1.
A ina hoched hood ke zaune?
Photo: Hooded hatimi
Hannun hatti galibi ana samunsu daga 47 ° zuwa 80 ° arewa latitude. Sun zauna a gefen gabashin gabashin Arewacin Amurka. Hakanan zangon su ya kai ƙarshen yammacin Turai, tare da gabar Norway. Sun fi mayar da hankali ne a kan Tsibirin Bear na Rasha, Norway, Iceland da arewa maso gabashin Greenland. A wasu lokuta ba safai ba, an same su a gabar Siberia.
An samo asalinsu a cikin Tekun Atlantika ta Arewa, kuma a kowane lokaci suna fadada zangonsu zuwa arewa zuwa Tekun Arewa. Sun yi kiwo a kan kankara kuma suna da alaƙa da shi tsawon shekara. Akwai manyan wuraren kiwo huɗu: kusa da Magdalena Isles a St. Lawrence Bay, arewacin Newfoundland, a yankin da ake kira Front, a tsakiyar Davis Strait, da kankara a Tekun Greenland kusa da Tsibirin Jan Mayen.
Kasashen da ake samun tambarin tambarin sun hada da:
- Kanada;
- Greenland;
- Iceland;
- Norway;
- Bahamas;
- Bermuda;
- Denmark;
- Faransa;
- Jamus;
- Ireland;
- Fotigal;
- Rasha;
- Ingila;
- Amurka.
Wasu lokuta ana ganin dabbobi matasa a kudu har zuwa Fotigal da Tsibirin Canary a Turai da kuma kudu a cikin Caribbean a Yammacin Atlantika. An kuma samo su a wajen yankin Atlantic, a Arewacin Pacific har ma da kudu har zuwa California. Sun kasance masu nasara iri-iri waɗanda ke cinye mafi yawan lokacinsu a cikin ruwa. Hatunan hatimi galibi suna nitsewa zuwa zurfin mita 600, amma zai iya kaiwa mita 1000. Lokacin da hatimai suke kan ƙasa, yawanci ana samun su a yankunan da ke da mahimman murfin kankara.
Yanzu kun san inda aka sami kifin mai hood. Bari mu ga abin da wannan hatimin yake ci.
Menene mutumin da aka yi wa kaho yake ci?
Hotuna: Khokhlach a Rasha
Hannun Hohlaiai suna ciyar da abinci iri-iri iri daban-daban, musamman kifi irin su bahar teku, herring, polar cod da flounder. Suna kuma ciyar da dorinar ruwa da jatan lande. Wasu maganganun sun nuna cewa a cikin hunturu da damina waɗannan hatimin suna ciyar da abinci sosai a kan squid, kuma a lokacin bazara sukan sauya zuwa abincin kifi, musamman kodin na polar. Na farko, haɓakar matasa ta fara ciyarwa a kusa da gabar teku. Suna cin galibi squid da crustaceans. Farauta don agwagin da aka yi wa murfin wuya ba shi da wahala, domin za su iya yin zurfi cikin teku na dogon lokaci.
Lokacin da algae arctic da phytoplankton suka fara fure, ana tura makamashin su zuwa acid. Wadannan tushen abinci ana cin su daga ciyayi masu tsire-tsire kuma suna tayar da sarkar abinci zuwa manyan masu cin nama kamar hatimin dutsen. Asid mai mai farawa a ƙasan sarkar abinci sannan ana ajiye shi a cikin jikin adipose na hatimin kuma kai tsaye yana shiga cikin shaƙuwa da dabba.
Babban tushen abinci ga mutane masu sutura sune:
- firamare na farko: marine arthropods da molluscs;
- abinci ga dabbobin manya: kifi, cephalopods, crustaceans na cikin ruwa.
Mutane masu sanye da inuwa suna da ikon furta sautuna kamar ruri, wanda za'a iya jin sa a ƙasa. Koyaya, mafi mahimmanci hanyar sadarwa shine daga jakar hanci da septum. Suna da ikon samar da bugun jini a tsakanin 500 zuwa 6 Hz, ana jin waɗannan sautunan a ƙasa da cikin ruwa. Sau da yawa ana ganin su suna motsa jaka da kumbura da septa na hanci sama da kasa don ƙirƙirar sautuna mitoci daban-daban. Wannan hanyar sadarwar tana aiki ne a matsayin nuna niyya ga mace, amma kuma barazana ga makiya.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Khokhlach
Cats masu farin ciki galibi dabbobin keɓewa ne, banda lokacin da suka yi kiwo ko suka narke. A waɗannan lokutan guda biyu, suna haɗuwa kowace shekara. Don moult wani wuri a watan Yuli. Ana sanya su a wurare daban-daban kiwo. Mafi yawan abin da aka sani game da su an yi nazarin su a cikin waɗannan lokutan ayyukansu. Jakar hanci mai kumburawa galibi takan kumbura lokacin da maza suka ji barazanar ko suna son jan hankalin mace. Crested nutse yawanci yakan wuce minti 30, amma an ba da rahoton tsayi mafi tsayi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Hatim din ba alamun alamun sanyi a lokacin ruwa. Wannan saboda girgizawa na iya haifar da karuwar buƙatar iskar oxygen kuma, sabili da haka, rage adadin lokacin da wani maƙiyi zai iya ɓata cikin ruwa. A kan ƙasa, hatimai suna rawar sanyi daga sanyi, amma suna raguwa ko tsayawa gaba ɗaya bayan nutsewa cikin ruwa.
Mutane masu inuwa suna zaune su kaɗai kuma basa yin gasa don yanki ko matsayin zamantakewar jama'a. Wadannan hatimin suna yin ƙaura suna bin takamaiman tsarin motsi kowace shekara don kasancewa kusa da dusar kankara. A lokacin bazara, mutane masu sanye da sutura suna mai da hankali ne a wurare uku: St. Lawrence, Davis Strait da gabar yammacin Amurka, waɗanda aka rufe da kankara.
A lokacin bazara, suna matsawa zuwa wurare biyu, kudu maso gabas da arewa maso gabashin yankunan Greenland. Bayan narkewar ruwan, tambarin ya watse sannan yayi dogon balaguro arewa da kudu a arewacin tekun tlantika a lokacin kaka da watannin hunturu kafin su sake taruwa a cikin bazara.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: An kama jariri
Ga wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, lokacin da uwa take haihuwa da kula da hera heranta, maza da yawa zasu kasance a yankin ta don samun haƙƙoƙin aure. A wannan lokacin, maza da yawa za su tsoratar da juna ta hanyar amfani da kumburin hancin hancinsu, har ma su tura juna daga yankin kiwo. Maza yawanci basa kare yankunansu, suna kare yankin da akwai mace mai saukin kai. Ma'aurata masu nasara tare da mace a cikin ruwa. Mating yawanci yakan faru a lokacin Afrilu da Yuni.
Mata na balaga tsakanin 2an shekaru 2 zuwa 9, kuma an kiyasta cewa yawancin mata suna haihuwar theira theiransu na farko kusan shekaru 5. Maza sun isa balaga jimawa kadan, a kusan shekaru 4-6, amma galibi suna shiga cikin dangantaka da yawa daga baya. Mata suna haihuwar maraƙi ɗaya kowannensu daga Maris zuwa Afrilu. Lokacin haihuwa shine kwanaki 240 zuwa 250. A lokacin haihuwa, jarirai sabbin haihuwa suna iya motsawa cikin sauƙi. Sun zama masu cin gashin kansu kuma suna rugawa zuwa na’urar su kai tsaye bayan sun yaye.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Yayin ci gaba, tayin - sabanin sauran hatimai - yana zubar da murfin siririn, gashi mai laushi, wanda aka maye gurbinsa da gashin mai kauri kai tsaye a cikin mahaifar mata.
Duck wanda aka hood yana da gajeren lokacin ciyarwa na kowane mai shayarwa, daga kwana 5 zuwa 12. Madarar mace tana da wadataccen mai, wanda yakai kashi 60 zuwa 70% na abinda ke ciki kuma yana bawa jariri damar ninka girman sa a wannan gajeren lokacin ciyarwar. Kuma uwa a wannan lokacin tana rasa daga kilo 7 zuwa 10 kowace rana. Mata har yanzu suna ci gaba da kare 'ya'yansu a cikin gajeren lokacin da aka yaye. Suna yaƙi da predan ci ranin, gami da sauran hatimi da mutane. Maza ba su da hannu wajen kiwon zuriya.
Abokan gaba na mutanen da aka kama su
Hotuna: Khokhlach a cikin yanayi
Kwanan nan, mutane sun kasance manyan masu cin abincin hatimin hatimi. An farautar wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa tsawon shekaru 150 ba tare da wata doka mai tsauri ba. Tsakanin 1820 da 1860, an kama sama da hatimai da garaya sama 500,000 kowace shekara. Da farko, an farautar su da mai da fatunsu. Bayan 1940s, ana farautar hatimai don gashinsu, kuma ɗayan mahimmancin nau'in shine hatimin hatimi, wanda aka ɗauka darajar sa sau huɗu fiye da sauran hatimin. An gabatar da adadin ƙuntatawa na farauta a cikin 1971 kuma an saita shi zuwa 30,000.
Masu farautar halittar kifin whale da ke kaho a duniyar dabbobi sun hada da kifayen kifaye, kogin polar da kifin whale. Belar Belar ta fi ciyar da garaya da hatimin gemu, amma kuma sukan fara farautar hatimin da aka sanya masu kaho lokacin da suka hayayyafa a kan kankara kuma suka zama bayyane da abubuwa marasa rauni.
Dabbobin da ke farautar mutumin da aka ɗauka sun hada da:
- polar bears (Ursus maritimus);
- Greenland polar sharks (S. microcephalus);
- kifayen kifayen teku (Orcinus orca).
Lounƙarar daɗaɗɗa tana ɗauke da tsutsotsi masu laushi kamar Heartworms, Dipetalonema spirocauda. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta suna rage tsawon rayuwar dabbar. Kuliyoyi masu kyan gani sune masu cin abincin kifaye da yawa kamar su polar cod, squid da kuma irin ɓawon burodi. Sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar 'yan asalin Greenland da Kanada, waɗanda ke farautar waɗannan hatimin don abinci. Sun kuma samar da kayayyaki masu daraja da suka hada da fata, mai da kuma fur. Koyaya, yawan buƙatu na waɗannan kayan ya shafi mutanen da ke da murfin.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Yaya mutumin da yake kama fuska ya yi kama
An farautar mutanen da ke sanye da sutura waɗanda suka rufe kansu tun ƙarni na 18. Shaharar fatarsu, musamman shuɗin fata, waɗanda suke fatun yara masu hatimi, ya haifar da raguwar jama'a cikin sauri. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, fargaba ta tashi cewa mutanen da ke da kakin rufi za su kasance cikin haɗarin halaka.
An zartar da dokoki a cikin 1958, sannan an ba da takaddama a cikin 1971. Kokarin baya-bayan nan sun hada da yarjejeniyoyi da yarjejeniyoyi, hanin farauta a yankuna kamar Gulf of St. Lawrence, da kuma hana shigo da kayayyakin hatimi. Duk da waɗannan matakan, yawan hatimi na ci gaba da raguwa saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba, kodayake raguwar ta ɗan ɗan ragu.
Gaskiya mai dadi: An ɗauka cewa duk yawan jama'a zai ƙi da 3.7% a kowace shekara, rage ƙarni uku zai zama 75%. Ko da kuwa yawan faduwar gaba 1% ne kawai a kowace shekara, raguwar tsararraki uku zai zama 32%, wanda ya cancanci nau'ikan da aka lulluɓe masu kaho a matsayin mai rauni.
Duk da cewa babu wani takamaiman kiyasi na adadin hatimai, ana ɗaukar yawan jama'a ba su da yawa, suna da ɗimbin mutane dubu ɗari. Lambobin hatimi a gabar tekun yamma sun yi binciken sau hudu a cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata kuma suna raguwa a kan kashi 3.7% a kowace shekara.
Adadin mutane a cikin ruwan Kanada ya ƙaru yayin shekarun 1980 da 1990, amma ƙimar ƙaruwar ta ragu a tsawon lokaci, kuma ba shi yiwuwa a san halin da ake ciki yanzu ba tare da ƙarin safiyo ba. Kamar yadda yanayin kankara ke canzawa, rage wurin zama na kankara da ake buƙata ga duk wasu kahotattun mutane masu kyan gani don tattarawa da yin ba'a, akwai kowane dalili da za ayi imani da cewa lambobi a duk yankuna na iya raguwa sosai.
Kariyar mutane masu kaho
Hotuna: Khokhlach daga littafin Red
Yawancin matakan kiyayewa, tsare-tsaren gudanarwa na kasa da kasa, kamun kidaya, yarjejeniyoyi da yarjejeniyoyi an kirkiresu don kiyaye kaho mai kariya tun daga shekarun 1870 Tun 1961 aka kare wuraren ɓoyewa da wuraren kiwo. Hohlach an haɗa shi a cikin Littafin Ja a matsayin nau'in haɗari. Kwace kason a cikin Jan Mayen sun fara aiki tun daga 1971. An dakatar da farauta a cikin Gulf of St. Lawrence a cikin 1972, kuma an sanya kayyadadden ga ragowar yawan mutanen Kanada tun daga 1974.
Haramcin shigo da kayayyakin hatimi a cikin 1985 ya haifar da raguwar kamun marufin da aka rufe saboda asarar kasuwar fur. Farautar Greenland ba ta iyakance ba kuma yana iya kasancewa a matakan da ba su da ɗorewa saboda lahani da yanayin kiwo. Hannun Jarin Arewa Maso Gabashin Atlantika ya ragu da kusan kashi 90% kuma raguwar na ci gaba. Bayanin yawan jama'a a yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Atlantika ba shi da zamani, don haka ba a san yanayin wannan bangare ba.
Dalilan da suka shafi yawan kuliyoyin katanga sun hada da:
- hako mai da gas.
- hanyoyi masu zirga-zirga (hanyoyin sufuri da hanyoyin sabis).
- kame dabbobi da rage kayan abinci.
- motsi da canjin wurin zama.
- cutarwa iri-iri / cututtuka.
Khokhlach - kadai daga cikin jinsin Cystophora. Yakamata a sake kimanta yawan sa da zaran sabbin bayanai sun samu.Dangane da yawan jama'a, yanayin ƙasa, takamaiman mazauninsu, bambancin abinci, ƙaura, daidaituwar mazaunin, ƙwarewar canje-canje a cikin kankara a teku, ƙwarewa ga canje-canje a cikin gidan yanar sadarwar abinci, da kuma yawan ƙarfin haɓakar yawan jama'a, an sanya zakar zakaru ga nau'ikan halittun halittun ruwa uku na Arctic. waxanda su ka fi damuwa da canjin yanayi.
Ranar bugawa: 08/24/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 21.08.2019 a 23:44
