Takahe (Porphyrio hochstetteri) tsuntsu ne mara tashi, asalinsa New Zealand, mallakar dangin makiyaya. An yi imani da cewa ya mutu bayan an cire huɗu na ƙarshe a cikin 1898. Koyaya, bayan bincike da hankali, an sake gano tsuntsun a kusa da Lake Te Anau, Tsibirin Kudu a 1948. Sunan tsuntsu ya fito ne daga kalmar takahi, wanda ke nufin tattaka ko tattakewa. Takahe sanannu ne ga mutanen Maori, wanda ke yin tafiya mai nisa don farautar su.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Takahe
A cikin 1849, wasu gungun mafarauta a Duski Bay sun gamu da wani katon tsuntsu, wanda suka kama sannan suka ci. Walter Mantell ya sadu da mafarautan kwatsam kuma ya ɗauki fatar kaji. Ya aika wa mahaifinsa, masanin burbushin halittu Gideon Mantell, kuma ya fahimci cewa Notornis ne ("tsuntsayen kudanci"), tsuntsu mai rai wanda aka sani kawai don kasusuwa burbushin halittu waɗanda a baya ake tsammani sun mutu a matsayin moa. Ya gabatar da kwafi a 1850 a taron ofungiyar Dabbobi na London.
Bidiyo: Takahe
A karni na 19, Turawan sun gano mutane biyu ne kawai na takaha. An kama ɗaya samfurin kusa da Lake Te Anau a cikin 1879 kuma Gidan Tarihi na 9asa a Jamus ya saya shi. An lalata shi yayin harin bam na Dresden a Yaƙin Duniya na II. A cikin 1898, wani kare mai suna Rough, mallakar Jack Ross ya kama samfurin na biyu. Ross ya yi kokarin tseratar da matar da ta ji rauni, amma ta mutu. Kwafin gwamnatin New Zealand ce ta siya kuma ana kan nuna ta. Shekaru da yawa shi ne kawai baje kolin da ake nunawa a ko'ina cikin duniya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Bayan 1898, rahotanni game da manyan tsuntsaye masu launin shuɗi-shuɗi sun ci gaba. Babu wani abin lura daga cikin abin da aka tabbatar, saboda haka ana daukar takahe a matsayin maratattu.
An sake gano takahe mai rai a cikin tsaunukan Murchison a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1948. An kama takahe biyu amma sun koma daji bayan an dauki hotunan sabon tsuntsun da aka gano. Studiesarin nazarin halittar rayuwa da dadadden takahe ya nuna cewa tsuntsayen Tsibirin Arewa da na Kudancin jinsinsu daban.
Nau'in Tsibirin Arewa (P. mantelli) Maori ya san shi da mōho. Ya mutu kuma sananne ne kawai daga kasusuwan kasusuwa da ɗayan samfuran da zai yiwu. Mhoho sun fi takahē tsawo da siriri, kuma suna da kakanni na kowa. Tsibirin Kudancin Takahe ya fito ne daga wani jinsi na daban kuma yana wakiltar wani farkon kuma kutsawa zuwa New Zealand daga Afirka.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Yadda takahe yake
Takahe shine babban dangin Rallidae mafi girma. Dukan tsawonsa yana kan matsakaita 63 cm, kuma matsakaicin nauyi ya kai kimanin kilogiram 2.7 a cikin maza da kuma kilogiram 2.3 a cikin mata a kewayon kilogiram 1.8-4.2. Tsayinsa ya kai kimanin cm 50. Tsuntsu ne mai ɗoki, mai ƙarfi da gajarta ƙafafu masu ƙarfi da babban baki wanda zai iya haifar da cizon mai ciwo ba da sani ba. Halitta ce wacce ba ta tashi sama ba wacce ke da kananan fika-fikai wadanda wasu lokuta ake amfani da su don taimakawa tsuntsayen hawa dutsen.
Tumakin takhe, baki da kafafu suna nuna launuka iri na gallinula. Lilin babban balagaggen mutum yana da siliki, mara kyau, galibi shuɗi mai duhu a kai, wuya, fikafikan waje da ƙananan ɓangaren. Baya da fikafikan ciki suna da duhu duhu kuma launuka masu launi ne, kuma launuka a kan jelar sun zama koren zaitun. Tsuntsayen suna da jan kyalle na gaban goshi mai haske kuma "an gyara bakunan carmine da launukan ja." Paafafun su mulufi ne mai haske.
Fasinjojin suna kama da juna. Mata suna da ƙanƙan kaɗan. An rufe kajin da shuɗi mai duhu zuwa baƙi ƙasa a ƙyanƙyashe kuma suna da manyan ƙafafu masu ruwan kasa. Amma da sauri suna samun kalar manya. Tatashi mara kyau yana da sigar dulawa ta launin manya, tare da shuhu mai duhu wanda ya koma ja yayin da suka girma. Ba a iya fahimtar dimorphism na jima'i, duk da cewa maza masu matsakaicin nauyi ne.
Yanzu kun san yadda takahe yake. Bari muga inda wannan tsuntsun yake zaune.
Ina takahe yake rayuwa?
Photo: Takahe tsuntsu
Porphyrio hochstetteri yana fama da cutar New Zealand. Burbushin ya nuna cewa ya taba yaduwa a Arewacin da Kudancin Kudancin, amma lokacin da aka "sake gano shi" a cikin 1948, an tsare jinsin a tsaunukan Murchison da ke Fiordland (kusan kilomita 650 2), kuma sunada tsuntsaye 250-300 kawai. ya ragu zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci a shekarun 1970s da 1980s, sannan ya jujjuya daga tsuntsaye 100 zuwa 160 sama da shekaru 20 kuma da farko ana tunanin zai iya haifuwa. Koyaya, saboda abubuwan da suka shafi hormone, wannan yawan ya ƙi da fiye da 40% a 2007-2008, kuma zuwa 2014 ya kai ƙarancin mutane 80.
Withari tare da tsuntsaye daga wasu yankuna ya ƙaru wannan adadin zuwa 110 a shekarar 2016. An fara shirin kiwo cikin gida a cikin 1985 tare da nufin kara yawan jama'a don matsawa zuwa tsibirai marasa 'yanci. A wajajen shekara ta 2010, an canza tsarin kiwon kiwo kuma ba dan adam bane ya yi kiwonsa, amma daga uwaye ne, wanda ke kara yiwuwar rayuwarsu.
A yau ana samun yawan mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu a tsibirai tara da na tsibiri:
- Tsibirin Mana;
- Tiritiri-Matangi;
- Tsarkakken Cape;
- Tsibirin Motutapu;
- Tauharanui a New Zealand;
- Kapiti;
- Tsibirin Rotoroa;
- tsakiyar Taruja a Berwood da sauran wurare.
Bugu da kari, a wani wuri da ba a san shi ba, inda lambobin su suka karu sosai a hankali, tare da manya 55 a 1998 saboda karancin kyankyashewa da kuma yawan kifin da ke hade da matakin kiwo na matan wannan ma'auratan. Yawan wasu ƙananan tsibiran yanzu na iya kasancewa kusa da ɗaukar ɗaukar kaya. Ana iya samun yawan mutanen da ke cikin ƙasar a cikin wuraren kiwo mai tsayi da kuma cikin ciyawar da ke ƙasa. Yawan tsibirin yana rayuwa ne a wuraren kiwo da aka gyara.
Menene Takahe yake ci?
Hotuna: Makiyayi Takahe
Tsuntsun yana cin ciyawa, harbe-harbe da kwari, amma galibi ganyen Chionochloa da sauran nau'o'in ciyawar mai tsayi. Ana iya ganin Takahe yana tsinke ciyawar ciyawar dusar ƙanƙara (Danthonia flavescens). Tsuntsun yana daukar tsiron a cikin kambori daya kuma yana cin sassan sassa ne masu taushi, wadanda sune abincin da yafi so, kuma ya yar da sauran.
A New Zealand, ana lura da takahe yana cin ƙwai da kajin sauran ƙananan tsuntsaye. Kodayake ba a san wannan halin ba a baya, haɗuwa da takahe sultanka wani lokacin yana ciyar da ƙwai da kajin sauran tsuntsaye. An iyakance kewayon tsuntsayen ne zuwa wuraren kiwo mai tsayi a babban yankin kuma ana ciyar dasu galibi akan ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga tushen ciyawar dusar ƙanƙara da ɗayan nau'ikan fern rhizomes. Bugu da kari, wakilan jinsin cikin farin ciki suna cin ganye da hatsi da aka kawo tsibirin.
Abubuwan da aka fi so akan takahe sun haɗa da:
- ganye;
- tushe;
- tubers;
- tsaba;
- kwari;
- hatsi;
- kwayoyi
Takahe yana cinye ganyayen ganyayen da ƙwayoyin Chionochloa rigida, Chionochloa pallens da Chionochloa crassiuscula. Wani lokacin ma sukan dauki kwari, musamman lokacin kiwon kaji. Tushen abincin tsuntsaye shine ganyen Chionochloa. Sau da yawa ana iya ganin su suna cin ƙwayoyi da ganyayen Dantonia rawaya.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Takahe
Takahe suna aiki da rana kuma suna hutawa da dare. Sun dogara sosai da yanayin ƙasa, tare da yawancin rikice-rikice tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu gasa da ke faruwa yayin shiryawa. Waɗannan ba tsuntsayen da ke zaune a ƙasa ba ne. An ƙirƙira hanyar rayuwarsu a cikin yanayin keɓewa a Tsibirin New Zealand. Mazaunan Takahe sun bambanta cikin girma da yawa. Mafi girman girman yankin da aka mamaye shi ne daga hekta 1.2 zuwa 4.9, kuma mafi girman ɗaiɗaikun mutane suna cikin ƙauyuka masu sanyin ruwa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Nauyin takahe suna wakiltar wani yanayi ne na musamman wanda yake ba iya tashi daga tsuntsayen tsibirin. Saboda rauninsu da rashin saninsu, wadannan tsuntsayen suna tallafawa ecotourism ga mutanen da ke sha’awar lura da wadannan tsuntsayen da ba safai a tsibiran bakin teku ba.
Ana samun Takahe a cikin makiyaya mai tsayi, inda ake samun sa a mafi yawan shekara. Ya rage kan makiyaya har sai dusar ƙanƙara ta bayyana, bayan haka ana tilasta tsuntsayen su sauko cikin dazuzzuka ko gandun daji. A halin yanzu, akwai karancin bayanai game da hanyoyin sadarwa tsakanin tsuntsayen takahe. Ana amfani da sigina na gani da na taba wadanda wadannan tsuntsayen suke amfani da su yayin saduwa. Kaji na iya fara kiwo a karshen shekarar farko ta rayuwarsu, amma galibi yakan fara ne a shekara ta biyu. Takahe tsuntsaye ne masu auren mace daya: ma'aurata suna zama tare daga shekara 12, wataƙila har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Takahe tsuntsu
Zaɓin ma'aurata ya haɗa da zaɓukan zawarci da yawa. Duet da daskararrun wuya, na jinsi biyu, halaye ne da aka fi sani. Bayan sun yi zawarci, sai mace ta tilasta wa namiji ta hanyar miƙe bayanta ga namiji, ta faɗaɗa fikafikanta ta kuma sauke kan ta. Namiji yana kula da labulen mace kuma shine mai fara aiwatar da haihuwa.
Kiwo yana faruwa bayan hunturu na New Zealand, wanda ya ƙare a watan Oktoba. Ma'auratan sun shirya gida mai zurfin kwano mai siffar kwano a ƙasa da aka yi da ƙananan ƙanƙani da ciyawa. Kuma mace tana yin kama na ƙwai 1-3, waɗanda ƙyanƙyashe bayan kimanin kwanaki 30 na shiryawa. An bayar da rahoton yawan rayuwa da aka samu, amma a matsakaita kaji daya ne zai tsira har zuwa girma.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kadan ne sananne game da rayuwar takaha a cikin daji. Majiyoyi sun kiyasta cewa zasu iya rayuwa cikin daji tsawon shekaru 14 zuwa 20. A cikin bauta har zuwa shekaru 20.
Nau'in Takahe da ke tsibirin Kudu yawanci suna kusanci da juna lokacin da basa yin ƙwai. Sabanin haka, ba safai ake ganin nau'ikan kiwo ba tare yayin yaduwa, saboda haka ana zaton cewa tsuntsu daya koyaushe yana cikin gida. Mata na yin karin girma sosai da rana, kuma da dare maza. Abubuwan lura bayan ƙyanƙyashe sun nuna cewa duka mata da miji suna ciyar da lokaci daidai don ciyar da matasa. Ana ciyar da matasa har sun kai kimanin watanni 3, a wannan lokacin sun zama masu zaman kansu.
Makiyan Takahe
Hotuna: Makiyayi Takahe
Takahe ba shi da wasu mahaukata na gida a da. Yawan jama'a ya ƙi sakamakon sauye-sauyen halittar ɗan adam kamar lalata mahalli da canji, farauta da gabatar da masu farauta da masu gasa dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da karnuka, barewa da ɓarna.
Babban mafarautan sune takahe:
- mutane (Homo Sapiens);
- karnukan gida (C. lupusiliaris);
- jan barewa (C. elaphus);
- ermine (M. erminea).
Gabatarwar jan barewa yana gabatar da gasa mai mahimmanci game da abinci, yayin da ɓatattun abubuwa ke taka rawar masu farauta. Fadada dazuzzuka a cikin bayan mulkin mallaka Pleistocene ya ba da gudummawa ga rage wuraren zama.
Dalilan da suka jawo raguwar yawan mutanen Takahe kafin zuwan Turawa sun bayyana Williams (1962). Canjin yanayi shi ne babban dalilin raguwar yawan mutanen Takahe kafin sulhun Turai. Canje-canje na muhalli ba a kula da takaha ba, kuma kusan dukkaninsu sun lalace. Ba a yarda da rayuwa cikin canjin yanayin ba ga wannan rukunin tsuntsaye. Takahe yana rayuwa ne a cikin makiyaya mai tsayi, amma zamanin bayan glacial ya lalata waɗannan yankuna, wanda ya haifar da raguwar lambobin su sosai.
Bugu da kari, mazaunan Polynesia wadanda suka zo kimanin shekaru 800-1000 da suka gabata sun zo da karnuka da berayen Polynesia. Sun kuma fara farauta takaha don abinci, wanda ya haifar da sabon koma bayan tattalin arziki. Europeanasashen Turai a cikin ƙarni na 19 sun kusan shafe su ta hanyar farauta da gabatar da dabbobi masu shayarwa, kamar barewa, waɗanda ke gasa don abinci, da kuma masu lalata (kamar ermines), waɗanda ke farautar su kai tsaye.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Yadda takahe yake
Jimlar adadin a yau an kiyasta ta kai tsuntsaye 280 da suka manyanta da kusan 87 kiwo-nau'i. Yawan alumma yana ta canzawa koyaushe, gami da raguwar kashi 40% saboda farauta a shekarar 2007/08. Adadin mutanen da aka shigar dasu cikin daji ya karu sannu a hankali kuma masana kimiyya suna sa ran cewa yanzu zata iya daidaitawa.
An lissafa wannan nau'in a matsayin mai hadari saboda yana da karami kaɗan, duk da cewa sannu a hankali yana ƙaruwa, yawan jama'a. Shirin farfadowa na yanzu yana da nufin ƙirƙirar yawan mutane sama da 500. Idan yawan jama'a ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa, wannan zai zama dalilin canja shi zuwa jerin masu rauni a cikin Littafin Ja.
Arshen ɓacewar takhe da aka yadu a baya saboda wasu dalilai ne:
- yawan farauta;
- asarar wurin zama;
- gabatar da masu farauta.
Tunda wannan jinsin ya daɗe, yana haihuwa a hankali, yana ɗaukar shekaru da yawa don ya balaga, kuma yana da babban kewayon da ya ragu sosai a cikin ƙarancin ƙarni masu yawa, inbred inthry matsala ce mai tsanani. Kuma kokarin dawo da su yana fuskantar cikas saboda karancin haihuwa na sauran tsuntsayen.
Anyi amfani da nazarin kwayoyin don zaɓar kayan kiwo don kiyaye iyakar bambancin jinsin. Ofaya daga cikin manufofin dogon lokaci shine ƙirƙirar wadatar mutane sama da 500. A farkon 2013, lambar ta kasance mutane 263. A 2016 ya karu zuwa 306 taka. A cikin 2017 zuwa 347 - 13% fiye da na shekarar da ta gabata.
Takahe mai gadi
Hotuna: Takahe daga littafin Red
Bayan doguwar barazanar bacewa, yanzu takahe ke samun kariya a Fiordland National Park. Koyaya, wannan nau'in bai sami nasarar dawowa ba. A zahiri, yawan takahi ya kasance 400 a sabon binciken sannan kuma ya ƙi zuwa 118 a 1982 saboda gasa daga barewar gida. Sake sake gano takayi ya haifar da da mai ido ga jama'a.
Gwamnatin New Zealand ta dauki matakin gaggawa don rufe wani yanki mai nisa na Fiordland National Park don kiyaye tsuntsaye daga damuwa. Yawancin shirye-shiryen dawo da jinsuna an haɓaka. An yi ƙoƙari cikin nasara na sauya takha zuwa "maboyar tsibirai" kuma an yi kiwon su a cikin kamuwa. Daga qarshe, ba a dauki wani mataki ba kusan shekaru goma saboda rashin kayan aiki.
An kirkiro wani shiri na musamman na ayyuka don kara yawan tahake, wanda ya haɗa da:
- kafa ingantaccen iko mai girma na masu cutar takahe;
- gyarawa, kuma a wasu wuraren da kirkirar wuraren zama da ake bukata;
- gabatar da nau'ikan ga kananan tsibirai wadanda zasu iya tallafawa wani adadi mai yawa;
- sake gabatar da jinsuna, sake gabatarwa. Creirƙirar jama'a da yawa a cikin babban yankin;
- kamuwa da bayi / kiwo na wucin gadi;
- kara wayar da kan jama'a ta hanyar tsare tsuntsaye cikin kamuwa don baje kolin jama'a da ziyarar tsibirai, da kuma ta kafofin yada labarai.
Yakamata a binciki dalilan rashin karuwar jama'a da yawan mutuwar kaji a tsibiran teku. Lura da ci gaba zai lura da yanayin lambobin tsuntsaye da aikin su, da kuma gudanar da nazarin yawan jama'a. Wani muhimmin ci gaba a fagen gudanarwa shi ne tsananin sarrafa barewa a tsaunin Murchison da sauran wuraren da tahake ke rayuwa.
Wannan ci gaban ya taimaka wajen haɓaka nasarar kiwo takahe... Binciken na yanzu yana da nufin auna tasirin hare-hare daga tashoshi kuma don haka a kan batun tambaya kan ko tashoshi babbar matsala ce da za'a sarrafa.
Ranar bugawa: 08/19/2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 19.08.2019 a 22:28
