Arapaima - babban gwarzo na masarautar karkashin ruwa, wanda ya rayu har zuwa yau tun zamanin da. Yana da wuya a yi tunanin kifin da nauyinsa ya kai tsaka biyu. Bari muyi kokarin fahimtar wace irin rayuwa wannan halittar da ba a saba gani takeyi ba a cikin zurfin ruwa mai tsafta, kebance manyan siffofin waje, gano komai game da halaye da halaye, bayyana wuraren zama na dindindin. Tambayar ba da gangan ta taso a kaina ba: "Shin ana iya kiran arapaima ɗan dinosaur na zamani da ainihin burbushin halittu?"
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Arapaima
Arapaima kifi ne da ke rayuwa a cikin sabbin ruwa mai zafi, wanda yake na dangin Aravan ne da kuma tsarin Aravan. Ana iya kiran wannan tsari na kifin mai ɗanɗano mai ƙarancin ruwa. Kifi mai kama da Aravan ana rarrabe shi ta hanyar ɓarna, kama da haƙori, waɗanda suke kan harshe. Dangane da ciki da maƙogwaron hanji, hanjin waɗannan kifayen suna gefen hagu, kodayake a cikin sauran kifin yana gudana a gefen dama.
Bidiyo: Arapaima
An samo tsoffin ragowar arabaniformes a cikin ajiyar lokacin Jurassic ko Early Cretaceous, shekarun waɗannan burbushin daga shekaru 145 zuwa miliyan miliyan 140. An same su a arewa maso yammacin Afirka, a Maroko. Gabaɗaya, masana kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa arapaima ya rayu a lokacin da dinosaur ke zaune a duniyar tamu. An yi imanin cewa tsawon shekaru miliyan 135, ba ta canzawa ba a zahiri, wanda ke da ban mamaki kawai. Ana iya kiran Arapaima da gaskiya ba kawai burbushin halittu mai rai ba, har ma da babban dodo mai zurfin zurfin ruwa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Arapaima shine ɗayan manyan kifaye a duk duniya, wanda ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai ɗanɗano, ya ɗan faɗi ƙasa da wasu nau'in beluga.
Wannan babban kifin mai ban mamaki yana da sunaye da yawa, ana kiran arapaima:
- katuwar arapaima;
- arapaima ta Brazil;
- piraruka;
- puraruku;
- paiche.
Indiyawan Indiyawan da ake wa laƙabi da kifin "piraruku", wanda ke nufin "jan kifi", wannan sunan ya makale shi saboda tsarin makircin ja-orange na naman kifi da kuma jan toka masu kyau a kan sikeli, waɗanda suke a wutsiya. Indiyawa daga Guiana suna kiran wannan kifin da suna arapaima, kuma sunansa na kimiyya "Arapaima gigas" kawai ya fito ne daga sunan Guiana tare da ƙarin ma'anar "katon".
Girman arapaima yana ba da mamaki da gaske. Tsawon ƙarfin jikinsa ya kai mita biyu a tsayi, kuma da wuya, amma akwai samfuran da suka girma har zuwa mita uku. Akwai bayanan shaidun gani da ido cewa akwai arapaimas, masu tsayin mita 4.6, amma waɗannan bayanan ba komai ke tallafa musu ba.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Girman mafi yawan arapaima da aka kama ya kai tsaka-tsaki biyu, wannan bayanin an yi shi rijista bisa hukuma.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Yaya arapaima yake?
Jikin arapaima yana da tsayi, dukkanin adadi yana da tsayi kuma an ɗan daidaita shi a gefunan. Akwai sananne sananne kusa da yankin shugaban, wanda shima ya kara tsayi. Kullun arapaima ya dan daidaita a saman, kuma idanun sun kusa kusa da kasan kai. Bakin kifi, idan aka kwatanta shi da girman sa, ƙarami ne kuma yana da tsayi sosai.
Sashin wutsiyar arapaima yana da ƙarfi da ƙarfi mai ban mamaki, tare da taimakonsa tsohuwar kifin yana yin walƙiya da jifa, tsalle daga cikin ruwan lokacin da yake bin wanda aka azabtar. A saman kifin, kamar hular kwano, akwai faranti na kasusuwa. Sikeli na arapaima suna da ƙarfi kamar rigar kariya, suna da yawa, suna da sauƙi da girma.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Arapaima yana da sikeli mafi karfi, wadanda suka fi kashi kashi 10, saboda haka piranhas masu yawan jini da jini ba sa tsoron katon kifi, su da kansu sun daɗe da fahimtar cewa wannan katuwar matar ta fi ƙarfinsu, don haka sai su kaurace mata.
Fikaitikan fage suna kusa da ciki na arapaima. Fuskokin dubura da na baya suna da tsayi sosai kuma suna kusa da jela. Saboda wannan tsarin, bangaren bayan kifin yana kama da oar, yana taimakawa arapaima cikin hanzari a dai-dai lokacin kuma yayi saurin sauka kan abin da yake ci.
A gaba, kifin yana da tsarin launi na zaitun mai launin ruwan kasa, wanda a kan sananne ake samun bullar ruwan sama. Inda firam ɗin da ba a gyara ba suke, sautin zaitun ya canza zuwa na ja, kuma yayin da yake matsowa kusa da wutsiya, sai ya ƙara zama mai kyau da arziki, ya zama mai arziki. Hakanan operculums na iya nuna alamun ja. An tsara wutsiya ta kan iyakar duhu mai faɗi. Bambancin jima'i a cikin arapaima sananne ne sosai: maza sun fi siriri da ƙarami, launinsu yafi da yawa kuma yafi haske. Kuma ƙananan kifin suna da lalataccen launi, wanda yake daidai da duka samari mata da samari.
Yanzu kun san yadda arapaima yake. Bari mu ga inda aka sami katuwar kifin.
Ina arapaima yake rayuwa?
Hotuna: Arapaima kifi
Arapaima mutum ne mai zafin nama, mai girma, mai ban mamaki.
Ta ɗauki kyakkyawa zuwa yankin Amazon, suna rayuwa a kan raƙuman ruwa:
- Ecuador;
- Venezuela;
- Peru;
- Kolombiya;
- Guiana ta Faransa;
- Brazil;
- Suriname;
- Guyana.
Hakanan, an shigo da wannan kifin kifin cikin ruwan Malaysia da Thailand, inda yayi nasarar samun tushe. A muhallinsu na asali, kifi ya fi son kogunan ruwa da tafkuna, inda ciyayin ruwa ke da yawa, amma kuma ana iya samun sa a yankunan sauran sassan ruwa mai ambaliyar ruwa. Oneaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan rayuwarta mai nasara shine tsarin yanayin zafin jiki mafi kyau, wanda yakamata ya bambanta daga digiri 25 zuwa 29, a zahiri, tare da alamar ƙari.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Idan lokacin damina ya zo, arapaima galibi suna yin ƙaura zuwa dazuzzuka masu ambaliyar ruwa, waɗanda ke cike da ruwa. Lokacin da fari ya dawo, kifayen sukan sake komawa tabkuna da koguna.
Hakanan ya faru cewa kifin ba zai iya komawa tabkinsa ko koginsa ba, to dole ne su jira lokaci a cikin ƙananan rafuffukan da suka rage bayan ruwan ya tafi. A lokacin tsananin bushewa, arapaima na iya yin burrow zuwa cikin ƙasa mara sanyi ko ƙasa mai sanyi, kuma yana iya rayuwa a cikin yankuna masu dausayi. Idan sa'ada ta kasance a gefen Piraruka kuma zata iya jure lokacin fari, kifayen zasu dawo jikinsu na ruwa a lokacin damina mai zuwa.
Ya kamata a lura cewa arapaima shima ana kirar shi a cikin yanayin wucin gadi, amma wannan aikin yana da matukar damuwa. Ana aiwatar da shi a Turai, Asiya da Latin Amurka. Tabbas, a cikin bauta, arapaimas basu da irin wannan girman girman, basu wuce mita a tsayi ba. Irin waɗannan kifaye suna zaune a cikin akwatin ruwa, gidan zoo, wuraren ajiyar ruwa ƙwarewa game da kiwon kifi.
Menene arapaima ke ci?
Hotuna: Arapaima, ita ma piruku ce
Ba abin mamaki bane cewa da irin wannan girman, arapaima ƙaƙƙarfan mai ƙarfi ne, mai haɗari da saurin ɓarna. Ainihin, tsarin arapaima shine kifi, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙaramin kifi da samfurin kifi mafi nauyi. Idan akwai wasu ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa da tsuntsaye a cikin dabbar da ke cin abincin, to tabbas kifayen za su ɗauki damar kama irin wannan abincin da ba safai ba. Saboda haka, dabbobin da suka zo ruwa don su bugu, da tsuntsayen da ke zaune a kan rassan da suka karkata ga ruwa, na iya zama abincin babban kifin.
Idan manyan arapaimas sun fi zaɓaɓɓu a cikin abinci, to yaran waɗannan kifayen suna da ƙoshin lafiya wanda ba zai iya warwarewa ba kuma suka kame duk abin da ke motsawa kusa, suna cizon:
- karamin kifi;
- kowane irin kwari da tsutsa;
- kananan macizai;
- matsakaiciyar tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu shayarwa;
- gawa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Daya daga cikin abincin da aka fi so da arapaima shine dangin ta, kifin aravana, wanda yake daidai da tsari iri na aravana.
Arapaima, wanda ke rayuwa a cikin yanayin wucin gadi, ana ciyar dashi da abinci mai wadataccen furotin: kifaye iri-iri, naman kaji, naman shanu, kifin kifi da kuma amphibians. Tunda a cikin daji arapaima yana bin abin farautarta na dogon lokaci, galibi ana ba da izinin ƙaramin kifi a cikin akwatin kifaye. Kifin da ya manyanta yana buƙatar ciyarwa sau ɗaya kawai a rana, kuma ƙananan kifin suna buƙatar abinci sau uku a rana, in ba haka ba suna iya fara farautar maƙwabta waɗanda ke zaune a cikin akwatin kifaye na kansu.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Giant Arapaima
Duk da cewa arapaima tana da girma sosai, kifi ne mai aiki sosai, koyaushe yana motsi. Kullum tana nema wa kanta abinci, don haka za ta iya daskarewa na wani lokaci don kar ta tsoratar da ganimar da aka samo ko dakatar da ɗan hutawa. Kifin yana ƙoƙarin kasancewa kusa da ƙasan, amma yayin farautar koyaushe ya hau saman.
Ta hanyar taimakon jelarsa mai karfi, arapaima na iya tsallakewa daga ginshiƙin ruwan har zuwa tsawonsa mai ban sha'awa. A bayyane yake, wannan kallon abin birgewa ne kuma mai sanyaya gwiwa, saboda wannan tsohuwar halittar ta kai tsayin mita uku. Arapaima yana yin wannan duk lokacin da yake bin farauta da ƙoƙarin tserewa tare da rassan bishiyar da ke rataye akan ruwa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A saman mafitsara da pharynx, arapaima yana da babbar hanyar sadarwar jijiyoyin jini wadanda suke kama da tsarin halittar huhun huhu, saboda haka kifayen suna amfani da wadannan gabobin a matsayin karin kayan aikin numfashi, wanda yake shakar iska ta yadda zasu rayu a lokacin rani.
Idan jikin ruwa ya zama ba shi da zurfin gaske, piraruku zai shiga cikin laka mai laka ko ƙasa mai yashi, amma kowane minti 10 zuwa 15 sai ya hau kan ƙasa don shan iska. Don haka, arapaima tana numfasawa da ƙarfi sosai, saboda haka ana jin nishi da numfashinta a duk cikin gundumar. Gabaɗaya, ana iya kiran wannan maɗaukaki da amintacce ba kawai maƙaryaci da farauta ba, amma har da mutum mai taurin kai.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Arapaima a cikin Amazon
Mata Arapaima suna balaga kusan zuwa shekaru biyar da haihuwa, lokacin da suka girma zuwa mita ɗaya da rabi a tsayi. Kifi ya ɓata a ƙarshen watan Fabrairu ko farkon bazara. Mace zata fara shirya gidanta a gaba. Tana shirya shi a cikin dumi, rashi mai raɗaɗi ko kuma inda ruwan yake tsayawa gaba ɗaya, babban abin shine kasan shine yashi. Kifin ya haƙo rami, wanda faɗinsa ya kai daga rabin mita zuwa 80 cm, kuma zurfin - daga 15 zuwa 20 cm. Daga baya, mace ta dawo wannan wurin tare da abokin tarayya kuma ta fara zagewa, wanda yake da girman girma.
Bayan wasu kwanaki, qwai sun fara fashewa, kuma soya ta bayyana daga garesu. A duk tsawon lokacin (tun daga farkon haihuwa da kuma lokacin da soyayyen ya zama mai cin gashin kansa), uba mai kulawa yana kusa, yana kiyayewa, yana kula da kuma ciyar da zuriyarsa, mahaifiya ma ba ta iyo daga nesa da gida sama da mita 15.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kwanakin farko na rayuwar jaririn arapaima sunzo kusa da mahaifinsu, yana ciyar dasu da wani farin sirri na musamman wanda glandon dake kusa da idanun kifi ya ɓoye. Wannan sinadarin yana da wani kamshi wanda yake taimakawa soyayyen ya kasance tare da mahaifinsu kuma kar ya bata a masarautar karkashin ruwa.
Yaran suna girma cikin sauri, suna samun kusan gram 100 cikin nauyi sama da wata guda kuma suna samun kusan cm 5. Smallananan kifi sun fara ciyarwa kamar masu farauta tuni sun cika shekara ɗaya da sati, sannan suka sami independenceancin kansu. Da farko, abincin su ya kunshi plankton da kananan invertebrates, kuma kadan daga baya, karamin kifi da sauran ganima sun bayyana a ciki.
Iyaye har yanzu suna lura da rayuwar ɗiyansu na kimanin watanni uku kuma suna taimaka musu ta kowace hanya, wanda ba shi da mahimmanci ga halayen kifi. Masana kimiyya sunyi bayanin wannan ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa yara ba su da ikon yin numfashi nan da nan ta hanyar taimakon iska, kuma iyaye masu kulawa suna koya musu wannan daga baya. Ba a san takamaiman adadin arapaima da ke rayuwa a cikin daji ba. Masana kimiyya sun ɗauka cewa tsawon rayuwar su a cikin yanayin su na rayuwa shine shekaru 8 zuwa 10, sun dogara ne akan cewa kifi na rayuwa cikin ƙangar shekaru 10 zuwa 12.
Abokan gaba na arapaime
Hotuna: Kogin Arapaima
Ba abin mamaki bane cewa irin wannan babban girman kamar arapaima bashi da makiya a yanayin yanayi. Girman kifin yana da girman gaske, kuma ba a iya ɗaukar kayan ɗamararsa, har ma piranhas yana ƙetare wannan maƙarƙashiyar, saboda ba za su iya jimre wa sikeli mai kauri ba. Shaidun gani da ido sun yi iƙirarin cewa wani lokacin maɓallin kifi suna farautar arapaim, amma suna yin hakan ba safai ba, kodayake ba a tabbatar da bayanan game da wannan bayanin ba.
Babban abokin gaba na arapaima za a iya la'akari da shi mutumin da ke farautar wata katuwar kifi ƙarnuka da yawa. Indiyawan da ke zaune a cikin Amazon sunyi la'akari kuma har yanzu suna ɗaukar wannan kifin a matsayin babban abincin abinci. Tun da daɗewa sun haɓaka dabara don kama ta: mutane sun gano arapaima ta hanyar shan iska, bayan haka sai suka kama ta da raga ko hargo.
Naman kifi yana da dadi kuma mai gina jiki, yana da tsada sosai a Kudancin Amurka. Ko dakatar da kamun kifin arapaima baya hana masunta na gida da yawa. Indiyawa suna amfani da ƙasusuwan kifi don dalilai na magani, tare da yin jita-jita daga garesu. Sikakken kifi yana yin kyakkyawan fayilolin ƙusa, waɗanda ke da ban sha'awa ƙwarai tsakanin masu yawon buɗe ido. A zamaninmu, manyan samfuran arapaima ana ɗaukarsu da ƙarancin gaske, duk saboda gaskiyar cewa cikin ƙarnuka da yawa Indiyawa ba su iya shawo kan manyan mutane masu girman jiki.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Yaya arapaima yake?
Girman yawan arapaima kwanan nan ya ragu sosai. Tsarin kamun kifi mai tsari da rashin sarrafawa, galibi tare da taimakon raga, ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa yawan kifin ya ragu a hankali a cikin karnin da ya gabata. Manyan samfuran da suka sha wahala musamman, waɗanda aka ɗauka a matsayin ganima mai kishi kuma ana haƙa su da babbar haɗama.
Yanzu a cikin Amazon, yana da wuya a hadu da kifi da ya wuce mita biyu tsayi. A wasu yankuna, an gabatar da dokar hana kamun arapaima, amma wannan ba ya hana mafarautan da ke kokarin sayar da naman kifi, wanda ba shi da arha. Indiyawan gida-masunta na ci gaba da farautar manyan kifaye, saboda tun fil azal sun saba da cin namanta.
Babbar kuma tsohuwar daɗaɗɗiyar kifin arapaima har yanzu ana fama da karancin nazari, babu takamaiman cikakken bayani game da yawan dabbobin ta. Ko da cewa yawan kifin ya ragu, zaton yana dogara ne akan adadin manyan samfuran, waɗanda suka fara zuwa da wuya sosai. IUCN har yanzu bai iya sanya wannan kifin a cikin kowane nau'in kariya ba.
Zuwa yau, arapaima an ba shi matsayin "rashin isassun bayanai". Yawancin kungiyoyi masu kiyaye dabi'a sun tabbatar da cewa wannan kifin da yake da shi na bukatar matakan kariya na musamman, wadanda hukumomin wasu jihohi ke dauka.
Tsare arapaime
Hotuna: Arapaima daga littafin Red
Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, manyan samfuran arapaima sun zama ba safai ba, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa, har ma kusa da ƙarshen shekarun sittin na karnin da ya gabata, hukumomin ƙasashen Latin Amurka sun haɗa wannan kifin a cikin Littattafan Bayanai na Red bayanai a yankunansu kuma suka ɗauki matakan kariya na musamman don adana wannan na musamman, tarihin tarihi, mutum kifi
Arapaima ba kawai na sha'awar gastronomic bane, amma yana da matukar mahimmanci ga masu ilimin halittu da masana kimiyyar dabbobi, a matsayin tsoho, kayan tarihi waɗanda suka wanzu har zuwa yau tun lokacin dinosaur. Bugu da ƙari, har yanzu ƙarancin nazarin kifin yake. Don haka, a wasu ƙasashe, an gabatar da haramtaccen hana kamun arapaima, kuma a waɗancan wurare inda yawan kifin yake da yawa, ana ba da izinin kamun kifi, amma tare da takamaiman lasisi, izini na musamman kuma a iyakance adadi.
Wasu manoman Brazil sun yi hayayyafa arapaima a cikin bauta ta amfani da fasaha ta musamman.Suna yin hakan ne da izinin hukuma kuma don ƙara yawan kifin. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin suna cin nasara, kuma a nan gaba ana shirin haɓaka ƙarin kifi a cikin fursuna don kasuwa ta cika da namanta, kuma arapaima, da ke rayuwa a cikin daji, bai sha wahala daga wannan ba ta kowace hanya kuma ya ci gaba da rayuwa mai wadata tsawon miliyoyin shekaru.
A taƙaice, Ina so in ƙara cewa Motherabi'ar Mahaifa ba ta daina mamakin mu, tana kiyaye irin waɗannan halittu masu ban al'ajabi da arapaima... Abin mamaki, wannan kifin burbushin ya zauna kusa da dinosaur. Idan aka kalli arapaima, kimanta girmanta, mutum ba zai iya taimakawa wajen tunanin abin da manyan dabbobi suka mamaye duniyarmu shekaru miliyoyin da suka gabata ba!
Ranar bugawa: 08/18/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/25/2019 a 14:08
