Kayan kifin (Asteroidea) ɗayan ƙungiyoyi ne mafi girma, mafi bambancin ra'ayi. Akwai kusan nau'in 1,600 da aka rarraba a cikin tekunan duniya. Dukkanin jinsin an hada su zuwa umarni bakwai: Brisingida, Forcipulatida, Notomyotida, Paxillosida, Spinulosida, Valvatida, da Velatida. Kamar sauran nau'ikan echinoderms, kifin kifi na da mahimmanci membobin al'ummomin ruwa masu ruwa. Zasu iya zama yan iska masu lalata, suna yin tasiri sosai akan tsarin al'umma. Yawancin nau'ikan jinsin dabbobi ne masu yawa.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Starfish
Farkon farkon kifi ya bayyana a zamanin Ordovician. Akalla manyan sauye-sauye biyu na kyautatawa sun faru a cikin Asteroidea lokaci guda tare da manyan abubuwan ɓacewa: a cikin Late Devonian da cikin Late Permian. An yi imanin cewa jinsin sun fito kuma sun yadu sosai da sauri (sama da shekaru miliyan 60) a lokacin Jurassic. Alaƙar da ke tsakanin kifin kifin na Paleozoic, da tsakanin jinsunan Paleozoic da kifin kifin na yanzu, yana da wahalar tantancewa saboda iyakancewar burbushin halittu.
Bidiyo: Starfish
Burbushin Asteroid da wuya saboda:
- kwarangwal abubuwa masu saurin lalacewa bayan mutuwar dabba;
- akwai manyan ramuka na jiki, wanda aka lalata tare da lalata gabobin jiki, wanda ke haifar da lalacewar sifa;
- kifin kifi na rayuwa akan mayuka masu kauri wanda basu dace da samuwar burbushin halittu ba.
Hujjojin burbushin halittu sun taimaka wajen fahimtar canjin taurarin teku a cikin ƙungiyoyin Paleozoic da na bayan Paleozoic. Yawancin halaye na rayuwa na taurarin Paleozoic sunyi kama da abin da muke gani a yau a cikin nau'ikan zamani. Bincike a cikin dangantakar juyin halitta na kifin kifi ya fara ne a karshen shekarun 1980. Wadannan nazarin (ta hanyar amfani da bayanan halittu da na kwayar halitta) sun haifar da ra'ayoyi masu karo da juna game da tsarin halittar dabbobi. Sakamakon yana ci gaba da sake dubawa yayin da sakamakon ya kasance mai rikici.
Tare da yanayin kwalliyar su, kifin taurari yana da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin zane, adabi, almara da sanannun al'adu. Wasu lokuta ana tara su azaman abubuwan tunawa, ana amfani dasu a cikin zane ko tambari, kuma a wasu ƙasashe, duk da yawan guba, ana cin dabbar.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Yadda kifin kifi yake
Ban da wasu 'yan jinsunan da ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai ƙyalƙyali, kifin mai kifin mai ƙyamar halittu ne da ke jikin ruwa. Faɗin diamita na waɗannan rayuwar ruwan zai iya zama daga ƙasa da cm 2 zuwa fiye da mita ɗaya, kodayake yawancinsu cm 12 zuwa 24 ne. Haskoki suna fitowa daga jiki daga diski na tsakiya kuma suna iya bambanta a tsayi. Starfish yana motsawa ta hanya mai ma'ana, tare da wasu hannayen ray masu aiki a gaban dabba. Kwarangwal na ciki ya kasance da kasusuwa masu kulawa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Yawancin jinsuna suna da haskoki 5. Wasu suna da haskoki shida ko bakwai, yayin da wasu kuma suna da 10-15. Antarctic Labidiaster annulatus na iya samun sama da hamsin. Yawancin kifin kifin na iya sabunta sassan da suka lalace ko haskoki da suka ɓace.
Tsarin jijiyoyin jijiyoyin jikin mutum yana budewa akan farantin madrepore (rami da aka rataye a tsakiyar ɓangaren dabbar) kuma yana kaiwa ga mashigin dutse wanda ya kunshi ɗakunan ajiya na kwarangwal. An haɗo tashar tashar dutse zuwa tashar annular wacce take kaiwa zuwa kowane tashoshi guda biyar (ko fiye). Jaka a canal na annular suna tsara tsarin jijiyoyin jini. Kowace mashigar radial tana ƙarewa da ƙarshen ƙaramin tubular da ke yin aikin azanci.
Kowace tashar radial tana da jerin tashoshi na gefe suna ƙarewa a gindin bututun. Kowane ƙafa na tubular ya ƙunshi ampoule, podium da kuma kofin tsotsa na yau da kullun. Surfaceofar ramin bakin tana cikin ƙasan diski na tsakiya. Tsarin jini yana layi daya da tsarin jijiyoyin cikin ruwa kuma da alama zai rarraba kayan abinci daga bangaren narkewa. Hanyoyin raƙuman ruwa sun bazu zuwa gonads. Tsutsa daga jinsunan suna da alaƙa da juna, kuma manya suna da yanayin annashuwa.
A ina kifin kifin yake rayuwa?
Photo: Kayan kifin a cikin teku
Ana samun taurari a cikin dukkanin tekunan duniya. Su, kamar kowane echinoderms, suna kula da daidaitaccen layin wutan lantarki wanda yake daidai da ruwan teku, wanda hakan ya basu damar rayuwa a cikin mazaunin ruwa mai kyau. Gidajen sun hada da murjani na murjani na wurare masu zafi, wuraren waha na ruwa, yashi da laka a cikin kelp, gabar dutse da kuma zurfin teku a kalla akalla zurfin mita 6,000. Ana samun nau'ikan nau'ikan iri daban-daban a yankunan bakin teku.
Taurarin teku sun aminta da zurfin fadada zurfin tekuna kamar:
- Atlantic;
- Indiya;
- Natsuwa;
- Arewa;
- Kudancin, wanda Kungiyar Hydrographic ta Duniya ta ware a 2000.
Bugu da kari, ana samun taurarin teku a cikin Aral, Caspian, Dead Sea. Waɗannan ƙananan dabbobi ne masu motsi ta hanyar rarrafe a kan ƙafafun motar asibiti sanye take da kofuna masu tsotsa. Suna zaune a ko'ina zuwa zurfin kilomita 8.5. Starfish na iya lalata maɓuɓɓugan murjani kuma ya zama matsala ga kawa ta kasuwanci. Starfish sune manyan wakilan al'ummomin teku. Matsakaicin girma, abinci iri-iri da ikon daidaitawa zuwa mahalli daban-daban suna sanya waɗannan dabbobin muhimmin muhalli.
Menene kifin kifi?
Hoto: Kayan kifin a bakin teku
Wadannan rayuwar cikin ruwa galibi masu satar kaya ne da masu cin nama. Su ne manyan masu farauta a yankuna da yawa. Suna ciyarwa ta hanyar kwace ganima, sannan juya ciki zuwa ciki da sakin enzymes na farko akan sa. Ruwan narkewar abinci suna lalata kayan kyallen wanda aka azabtar, wanda sai kifin mai kama da shi ya tsotse shi.
Abincin su ya ƙunshi ganima mai saurin tafiya, gami da:
- gastropods;
- microalgae;
- bivalve molluscs;
- gilashi;
- polychaetes ko polychaete tsutsotsi;
- sauran invertebrates.
Wasu kifayen kifin suna cin plankton da kwayoyin detritus, wanda ke manne da laka a saman jiki kuma yana tafiya zuwa bakin tare da cilia. Yawancin jinsuna suna amfani da pedicellaria don kama ganima, kuma suna iya ma ciyar da kifi. Kambin ƙaya, nau'in da ke cinye polyral na murjani, da sauran nau'ikan, suna cinye lalatattun kwayoyin halitta tare da najasa. An lura cewa nau'ikan daban-daban suna iya cinye abubuwan gina jiki daga ruwa mai kewaye kuma wannan na iya samar da muhimmin ɓangare na abincin su.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kamar ophiuras, kifin kifi na iya kare kariya daga halakar da karamin adadin kayan mollusks, wanda shine babban abincin su. Larananan larvae ƙananan ƙarancin ƙarfi ne kuma ba su da ƙarfi, don haka kifin kifin mai tsananin yunwa na tsawan watanni 1 - 2 har sai molluscs ɗin sun girma.
Farin ruwan kifi mai launin ruwan hoda daga Yammacin Amurka na Amfani da saitin ƙafafun tubular musamman don zurfafawa cikin matattarar kifin mai laushi. Kwace kayan molluss din, tauraruwar sannu a hankali za ta bude bawon wanda aka azabtar, sanye da tsoka mai tara kuzari, sa'annan ta sanya ciki da ke juyawa kusa da fasa don narkar da kyallen takarda. Nisa tsakanin bawul din zai iya zama kaso kadan daga milimita mai fadi don bawa ciki damar shiga.
Starfish yana da cikakken tsarin narkewa. Baki yana kaiwa zuwa tsakiyar ciki, wanda kifin kifin ke amfani dashi don narkar da abincin sa. Hanyoyin narkewar narkewa ko matakan pyloric suna cikin kowane haske. Ana ba da enzymes na musamman ta hanyar bututun pyloric. Gajeriyar hanji take kaiwa zuwa dubura.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Starfish
Lokacin motsi, kifin taurari yana amfani da tsarin su na jiragen ruwa. Dabbar ba ta da tsoka. Contrauntatawa na ciki yana faruwa tare da taimakon ruwa, wanda ke ƙarƙashin matsin lamba a cikin tsarin jijiyoyin jiki. “Legsafafu” na tubula a cikin epithelium na tsarin jijiyoyin cikin ruwa suna motsawa ta ruwa, wanda aka zana ta cikin kofofin kuma aka gauraya shi zuwa gaɓa ta cikin hanyoyin ciki. “Arshen “ƙafafu” na tubular suna da kofunan tsotsa waɗanda suke manne da matattarar. Starfish mai rai akan tushe mai laushi ya nuna "ƙafafu" (ba masu shayarwa ba) don motsawa.
Tsarin juyayi mara tsarin tsakiya yana bawa echinoderms damar fahimtar yanayin su daga kowane bangare. Kwayoyin azanci a cikin epidermis suna jin haske, saduwa, sunadarai da igiyoyin ruwa. Ana samun mafi girman ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta a ƙafafun bututun da gefen gefan canal ɗin ciyarwar. Ana samun jan ido mai launin ja a ƙarshen kowane haske. Suna aiki azaman masu daukar hoto kuma sune gungu na idanun calyx.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Starfish suna da kyau a zahiri yayin da suke cikin ruwa. Lokacin da aka fitar da su daga cikin ruwan, suna mutuwa kuma suna rasa launinsu, suna zama kwarangwal masu kulawa da toka.
Pheromones na manya na iya jan hankalin larvae, wanda ke son zama kusa da manya. Metamorphosis a cikin wasu nau'ikan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar haɓakar tsofaffi. Yawancin kifin kifi suna da ido mara kyau a ƙarshen katako waɗanda suka mallaki ruwan tabarau da yawa. Duk ruwan tabarau na iya ƙirƙirar pixel ɗaya na hoton, wanda zai ba halittar damar gani.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: starananan kifin kifi
Starfish na iya hayayyafa ta hanyar jima'i ko jima'i. Maza da mata ba su da bambanci da juna. Suna hayayyafa ta hanyar jima'i ta barin maniyyi ko kwai a cikin ruwa. Bayan hadi, wadannan qwai suna girma zuwa larvae masu yawo kyauta, wadanda a hankali suke sauka a saman tekun. Starfish shima yana haifuwa ta hanyar sabunta halitta. Kifin kifin na iya sabunta ba kawai haskoki ba, amma kusan dukkanin jiki.
Starfish shine ruhun sanyi. Takin takaddama ya kan zama cikin larvae mai sikeli wanda yake da celiomas sau uku. Tsarin amfrayo yana da tabbataccen rabo kamar ƙananan larvae masu juyawa zuwa girma cikin yanayin girma. Pheromones na manya na iya jawo hankalin larvae, wanda ke son zama kusa da manya. Bayan sun daidaita, tsutsar tsutsar ta shiga matakin mara lafiya kuma a hankali ta zama manya.
A cikin hayayyafa ta jima'i, yawancin kifi suna rabuwa da jima'i, amma wasu hermaphrodite ne. Galibi suna da gondo biyu a kowane hannu da gonopore wanda ke buɗewa zuwa saman bakin. Gonopores yawanci ana samunsa a gindin kowane hasken hannu. Yawancin taurari suna da 'yanci sakin maniyyi da kwai a cikin ruwa. Yawancin jinsunan hermaphrodite sun haifi theira theiransu. Spawning faruwa yafi da dare. Kodayake yawanci babu mahaɗan mahaifa bayan hadi, wasu nau'in hermaphrodite suna ƙyanƙyashe ƙwai da kansu.
Abokan gaba na kifin kifin
Photo: Yadda kifin kifin yake kama
Matsayin tsuntsaye na planktonic a cikin taurarin teku shine mafi saukin kamuwa da masu farauta. Layinsu na farko na kariya shine saponins, wanda ake samu a bangon jiki kuma yana da ɗanɗano. Wasu kifin kifin, kamar su scallop starfish (Astropecten polyacanthus), sun haɗa da gubobi masu ƙarfi irin su tetrodotoxin a cikin sinadaran ajiyar sinadarinsu, kuma tsarin murus ɗin tauraron na iya sakin ɗimbin ƙoshin iska.
Ana iya farautar kifin teku ta:
- sabo;
- anemones na teku;
- wasu nau'ikan kifin kifin
- kadoji;
- kifin teku;
- kifi;
- ruwan teku.
Waɗannan halittun teku suma suna da wani nau'in "sulken jiki" a cikin siffar faranti masu wuya da ƙyalli. Ana kiyaye kifin kifi daga hare-haren masu farauta ta kaifin kashin baya, gubobi da gargaɗin launuka masu haske. Wasu daga cikin jinsunan suna killace musu hasken rayukansu ta hanyar rufin kwalliyar motar su tare da kashin baya wanda ke rufe gabobinsu da karfi.
Wasu jinsi wasu lokuta suna wahala daga lalacewar yanayi sakamakon kasancewar kwayar halittar Vibrio, duk da haka, mafi yawan lalacewar dabbobi da ke haifar da mutuwar mutane tsakanin kifin shine densovirus.
Gaskiya mai nishadi: Yanayin zafin rana yana da tasiri akan kifin kifi. Gwaje-gwaje sun nuna raguwar saurin ciyarwa da girma lokacin da zafin jiki ya tashi sama da 23 ° C. Mutuwa na iya faruwa idan zafin jikinsu ya kai 30 ° C.
Waɗannan ƙananan yankuna suna da ƙwarewa ta musamman don tsotse ruwan teku don sanyaya su yayin da aka fallasa su zuwa hasken rana daga faɗuwar igiyar ruwa. Hakanan raƙuman nata suna ɗaukar zafi don kiyaye diski na tsakiya da gabobi masu mahimmanci kamar ciki lafiya.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Kayan kifin a cikin teku
Ajin Asteroidea, wanda aka fi sani da kifin kifi, ɗayan ɗayan rukunoni ne daban-daban a cikin ajin Echinodermata, gami da kusan 1,900 na yanzu da aka haɗu a cikin iyalai 36 kuma kusan 370 wanda ke kan gaba. Yawan taurarin teku suna ko'ina a kowane zurfin daga litattafai zuwa rami kuma suna nan a cikin dukkanin tekunan duniya, amma sun fi yawa a cikin yankuna masu zafi na Atlantic da Indo-Pacific. Babu wani abu da ke barazanar waɗannan dabbobi a halin yanzu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Taxa da yawa a cikin Asterinidae suna da mahimmin mahimmanci a ci gaban bincike da haihuwa. Bugu da kari, an yi amfani da kifin mai kifin a ilimin rigakafi, ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, nazarin halittu, kimiyyar halittu, da kuma nakasassu. Yawancin nau'ikan tauraron dan adam sun zama abubuwan bincike kan dumamar yanayi.
Wani lokaci kifin kifi yakan shafi mummunan yanayin halittun da ke kewaye dasu. Suna lalata maɓuɓɓugan murjani a cikin Ostiraliya da Polynesia ta Faransa. Abubuwan da aka lura sun nuna cewa murjiyar murjani ta ragu sosai tun bayan zuwan kamun kifi mai kaura a 2006, ya sauka daga 50% zuwa kasa da 5% cikin shekaru uku. Wannan yana da tasiri akan kifin mai cin naman reef.
Kayan kifin Nau'in amurensis yana daya daga cikin nau'ikan halittu masu saurin yaduwa. Larwayoyinta na iya isowa Tasmania daga tsakiyar Japan ta hanyar ruwa da aka sauke daga jirgi a cikin 1980s. Tun daga wannan lokacin, yawan nau'ikan halittu sun girma har ta kai ga suna yin barazana ga mahimman kasuwancin kasuwanci na bivalve molluscs. Saboda haka, ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin kwari kuma suna cikin 100 mafi munin nau'in haɗari a duniya.
Ranar bugawa: 08/14/2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 08/14/2019 da 23:09
