Sable karamin dabba mai lalata daga gidan weasel da marten genus, wanda yake da fur mai mahimmanci. Bayani Martes zibellina an ba shi a cikin 1758 daga baƙon ɗan Sweden ɗan ƙasar L Laneeus. Precious furs ya yi wa mai shi laifi, a karnin da ya gabata yana gab da halaka.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Sable
Abubuwan da aka gano ta yadda zai iya gano ci gaban wannan nau'in suna da ƙarancin gaske. A cikin Miocene, jinsi ya bayyana, wanda sable yake. A wancan lokacin, mai farautar ya rayu a manyan yankuna a yamma da kudu na Turai, a Kudu maso Yamma da Tsakiyar Asiya, a Arewacin Amurka.
Sifofin da ke kusa da na zamani sun wanzu a cikin Pliocene. An samo ragowar a ƙarshen Pleistocene a cikin Urals, Altai, Cisbaikalia, har zuwa Kamchatka da Sakhalin. An adana burbushin a cikin manya-manyan matakan Pleistocene na tsaunukan tsaunukan Sayan na Gabas da bakin kogin. Hangarori. A cikin lokacin Tertiary, saboda samuwar sabbin kwayoyin halitta, rabon mustelids ya faru. A waccan lokacin, halayen da aka samu sun banbanta su da sauran jinsin wannan dangi.
Bidiyo: Sable
A farkon lokacin tarihi, yankin da ake zaune daga Finland ta yau har zuwa Tekun Fasifik. Tsakanin Pleistocene da Holocene, yayin komawar kankara da bayyanar dazuzzuka, dabbar ta bar yankin iyakar iyakar yankin kankara kuma ta zauna a wuraren da suka fi dacewa. Shekaru dubu 20 zuwa 40 da suka wuce, an sami maharbin a cikin Urals, amma bai kai wani adadi mai yawa ba a lokacin bayan ruwan sanyi (shekaru 8-11 da suka gabata).
Kasusuwan dabbar da aka samo a cikin Altai sun fi shekaru dubu 100. A cikin Trans-Urals da Siberia, ba a sami sauran abin da ya wuce shekaru dubu 20 ba, kodayake wannan ba ya nufin cewa ba a sami dabbobi masu shayarwa ba a cikin zamanin da. A cikin ci gaban juyin halitta na dangin marten, bambance-bambance ya ci gaba kan banbancin sabawa da mazaunin, zuwa tushen abinci da kuma hanyar farauta.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Labaran dabbobi
Mai farautar yana kama da marten, amma waɗanda suka ga waɗannan jinsin masu alaƙa ba za su dame su ba, tun da jiki da jela sun fi guntu daidai gwargwado. Kan yana da girma tare da kunkuntun wuri da zagaye kunnuwa. Wsafafun suna faɗi, masu yatsu biyar da ulu a tafin kafa.
A cikin maza:
- nauyin jiki - 1150-1850 g;
- tsawon jiki - 32-53 cm;
- tsawon wutsiya - 13-18 cm;
- tsawon gashi - 51-55 mm;
- lengtharfin bene - 32-31 mm.
A cikin mata:
- nauyin jiki - 650-1600 g;
- tsawon jiki - 32-53 cm;
- tsawon wutsiya - 12-16 cm;
- tsawon gashi - 46 mm;
- lengtharfin bene - 26-28 mm.
Dabba mai shayarwa tana nuna babban sauyin yanayi a girman jiki, launi, da ƙimar fur. A kan waɗannan fasalulluka, akwai bayanin sama da ƙananan yanki 20. Ana samun manyan mutane a Kamchatka, Altai, da Urals. Mafi ƙanƙanta suna cikin yankin yankin Amur da Ussuri. Jawo mai haske a cikin dabbobi daga Ural, kuma mafi duhu a cikin samfurin da aka samo daga yankin Baikal da Transbaikalia, Priamurye da Yakutia.
Jawo hunturu na mai farauta yana da laushi sosai, mai kauri da siliki. A lokacin bazara, dabbar tana da tsayi da sirara, amma faratan da kan sun kasance manya. Launin rigar hunturu iri ɗaya ce, daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, kusan baƙi, zuwa launin ruwan kasa da launin ruwan kasa mai launin toka mai kauri. Muzzle da kunnuwa sun ɗan fi haske fiye da babban launi. A maƙogwaron akwai dushi-dushi, wani lokacin ma ba a ganuwa ƙaramin tabo na launin rawaya ko fari. A lokacin rani, Jawo bashi da kauri sosai. Ya fi duhu da sauti fiye da hunturu. A wasu ƙananan raƙuman ruwa, wutsiya tana da duhu fiye da babban launi.
A ina sable yake rayuwa?
Photo: Sable a cikin dusar ƙanƙara
Ana samun dabbar mai furfura a Rasha, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Japan da Koriya ta Arewa. Mazaunan gandun daji na Siberia masu raɗaɗi da yankin arewa maso gabas na Turai, suna ƙetare tsaunukan Ural zuwa yamma. Yankin rarraba yana cikin tsaunukan Altai da yammacin tsaunukan Sayan. Iyakar kudu ta kai 55 ° latitude a Yammacin Siberia, har zuwa 42 ° - a Gabashin Siberia.
Yankin ya isa cikin yankunan kudu masu iyaka na yankin Koriya da tsibirin Hokkaido, ana samun mai farautar a Sakhalin. A Mongolia, an rarraba shi a arewa maso yammacin ƙasar, a kewayen tafkin. Khubsugul. A cikin Transbaikalia, inda mafi tsananin tsananin yanayin duniya, mafi ƙarancin raƙuman wannan dabbar suna rayuwa a cikin dazuzzuka. A gabashin Kazakhstan, yana zaune a bakin kogin Uba da Bukhtarma. A kasar Sin, akwai arewa a tsaunukan Kudancin Altai, a arewa maso gabashin kasar - a lardin Heilongjiang, haka kuma a yankin Changbai. Wurin da mai farauta ke yanki ne na miliyan 5 m2.
Wakilin dangin weasel yana son zama a cikin dazuzukan itacen al'ul, a kan gangaren dutse, inda akwai itacen al'ul elfin. Anan ne yawancin rodents ke jan hankalinsu saboda yawan abinci - pine nuts. Kyakkyawan mutum mai walƙiya na iya zama a cikin tsaunuka masu tudu da ƙasa, inda ya fi son fashewar iska, toshewar itacen da ya mutu. Dabbar tana rayuwa, amma ba ta cika zama gama gari ba a cikin dazuzzuka masu kananan bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi, tare da share da soyayyen abinci, wuraren dausayi. A kan Yankin Kamchatka, yana zama a cikin bishiyoyin bishiyoyi na dutse, a cikin itacen alder da na itacen al'ul. A cikin tsaunuka, yana iya hawa zuwa matakin gandun daji masu ƙanƙan da kai.
Menene sable yake ci?
Photo: Sable a cikin hunturu
Wannan babban mai farautar ya fara cin kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa - sunkai kashi 60-80% na abincin. Baya ga ɓeraye, voles da sauran ɓoran ƙira, waɗanda suka fi yawa a cikin menu, tana iya farautar gutsutsi, squirrels, hares, pikas, da muskrats. Ya kuma kai hari kan weasels: ermine, weasel. Dabba mai shayarwa yana iya bin sahun kerkeci ko beyar na dogon lokaci, don haka ya raba musu abinci. Kusa da gawarwakin manyan dabbobi da suka zama masu cutarwa daga wasu mafarauta, dabbar dake dauke da fur din tana rayuwa kuma tana ciyarwa tsawon kwanaki.
A cikin shekarun dusar ƙanƙara, lokacin da wahalar kama wasu dabbobin, farauta farauta ita kaɗai, har ma da barewar miski. Sannan, a kusa da ganimar, da ta fi girman girman mai farautar, mutane da yawa sun taru don yin biki. Karamin mafarauci yakan afkawa manyan dabbobi lokacin da girbin itacen al'ul da itacen al'ul ba su da kyau (rabonsu na iya kaiwa kashi 33-77%, ya danganta da kasancewar sauran abubuwan abinci ko babu su). A lokacin rani, yana cin 'ya'yan itace: ya tashi kwatangwalo, lingonberries, ceri tsuntsaye, toka ta dutse (4-33%).
Rabon tsuntsaye, galibinsu bakaken fata, ya kai 6-12%, shi ma ya kama kananan tsuntsaye, ya lalata gurbi, ya ci kwai, amphibians, mollusks, kwari, ba ya kyamar gawa. Sable na Gabas yana cin kifi bayan an shuka shi. An rage sha'awar halittar dabbobi masu shayarwa tare da yalwar abincin tsirrai. Idan babu wadataccen abinci, to ya kusanci matsugunan mutane. Dabbar tana bukatar abinci a cikin a kalla a kalla 20% na nauyin jikin ta, wannan yayi daidai da samar da beraye na vole 6-8 a kowace rana.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Taiga dabba sable
Dabbar tana da saurin gaske kuma tana da karfi, ba ta gajiya, tana da kyakkyawan ji da kwarewar farauta. Wannan yana ba shi damar samun ganima, gano abu ta wari da rustle. Dabbar tana nuna aiki a kowane lokaci na yini ko dare, duk ya dogara da yanayi da samuwar abinci. A lokacin sanyi, ba zai iya fita daga mafaka ba har tsawon kwanaki.
Sable shine mai farautar ƙasa, kodayake yana iya hawa bishiya a sauƙaƙe, bashi da ikon tsalle daga reshe zuwa reshe. Yana motsawa sosai a ƙarƙashin murfin dusar ƙanƙara kuma zai iya kauce wa bin irin wannan, amma yana farauta a farfajiya, ƙari ma, ya fi son zama cikin kwanton bauna maimakon bi. Kyakkyawan mutumin gandun daji yana motsawa a cikin ƙananan tsalle na 40-70 cm, amma yana motsawa daga bi, zai iya ƙara tsayinsu har zuwa 3-4 m.
Wannan dabbar tana da yanki na dindindin daga 4 zuwa 30 km2, kuma yana da mahalli na wucin gadi da filayen farauta. Girman shafin da aiki ya dogara da shekaru, jinsi, yanayi da yanayi, yawan jama'a, da wadatar abinci. A matsakaici, yana gudana kusan kilomita 9 kowace rana.
Yana jagorantar salon zama, sable da ƙyar ya bar mafakarsa, ba ya wuce kilomita 30 daga wuraren yin alama. Manya na iya yin motsi na nesa har zuwa kilomita 150, waɗanda ke ɗaukar watanni da yawa kafin su shawo kansu. Bai dace da kogon kansa ba, amma yana neman wurin da ya dace don haifuwa da ilimin yara, har ma da lokacin sanyi.
Gidan yana cike da ciyawa busasshe, ulu, laushi, gashin fuka-fukai, neman mafaka:
- a ƙarƙashin tushen bishiyoyi da suka faɗi;
- a cikin kututture;
- a cikin itacen da ya mutu;
- a cikin masu sanya dutse;
- a cikin ramuka da ke ƙasa da ƙasa.
Na ɗan lokaci, gujewa daga bin, yana neman mafaka a cikin raƙuman duwatsu, a wuraren sanya duwatsu, a cikin rawanin itace ko cikin ramuka ta cikin ƙasa. A lokacin sanyi, yana binne kansa a ƙarƙashin zurfin dusar ƙanƙara. Dabbar tana zubar sau biyu a shekara: a lokacin bazara, farkon ya faɗi ne a watan Maris, kuma ƙarshen - a watan Mayu, a kaka wannan lokacin yana daga watan Agusta zuwa Nuwamba.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Sable
Sable mai kaɗaici ne ta hanyar ɗabi'a, ya auri mata da yawa. Don yiwa yankin alama, yana amfani da glandon ƙanshi, waɗanda suke kan bayan ciki. Rut ɗin yana farawa a watan Yuli kuma ya ƙare a watan Agusta. Lokacin haihuwa shine kimanin kwanaki 245-297. A wannan lokacin, watanni bakwai suna fada cikin matakin ɓoye, lokacin da amfrayo ba su ci gaba. Wannan yanayin na daukar ciki ana bayar da shi ne ta dabi'a don 'ya'yan su bayyana a wani lokaci mafi dacewa.
Ana haihuwar jarirai a watan Afrilu makafi, tare da raguwar launin toka. Lura zai iya zama daga jarirai biyu zuwa shida. Tsawon jiki yana da 11-12 cm, mai nauyin 25-30 g. Suna fara ji a rana ta 22, kuma a watan zasu zama masu gani, zuwa rana ta 38 suna da incis. A watanni 3-4, an canza hakoran madara zuwa na dindindin. Zuwa watanni 1.5-2. jarirai sun fara barin gida, kusan a lokaci guda sun daina ciyar da madarar uwa kuma suna auna kimanin 600 g, kuma a watan Satumba suna isa girman manya kuma suna fara rayuwa mai zaman kanta. Arfin haifuwa a cikin mashi yana bayyana yana da shekara biyu.
Yayin rudani da neman aure, dabbobi na yin sautuka kama da meowing, kuma suna ta yin gunaguni cikin sauri. Lokacin da suke cikin damuwa ko ba su da farin ciki, sukan yi tawali'u, kuma don tsoratar da su, suna ta hira da ƙarfi. Tsammani na rayuwar dabba a yanayi kusan shekaru 8 ne, a tsare, a matsakaici, har zuwa shekaru 15-16, amma akwai lokuta lokacin da wasu mutane suka rayu har zuwa shekaru 18-20, kuma mata suka kawo zuriya har zuwa shekaru 13-14. Dabbar tana da mahimman bayanai, haɗi mai ma'ana (yana ci ko yana farauta) tare da dabbobi masu shayarwa guda 36, tsuntsaye 220, nau'in shuka 21.
Halittan abokan gaba na sabulu
Hotuna: Labaran dabbobi
Mafarautanmu masu lalata kansa sau da yawa yakan faɗa cikin manyan dabbobi.
Waɗannan nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa guda takwas ne:
- Gwanin Brown;
- kerkeci;
- Fox;
- lynx;
- arctic fox;
- kuli-kuli;
- damisa;
- harza.
Daga tsuntsayen, nau'ikan guda takwas suma suna kaiwa kananan dabbobi hari:
- gaggafa mai farauta;
- gaggafa ta zinariya;
- hankaka;
- goshawk;
- sparrowhawk;
- babban mujiya;
- mujiya mujiya
Sable na iya mutuwa ba kawai daga haƙoran masu farauta ba, har ma da ƙarancin abinci, lokacin da akwai gasa mai tsaka mai wuya. Ya yi irin wannan gwagwarmayar neman matsuguni da samar da abinci tare da nau'ikan dabbobi 28 masu shayarwa da nau'ikan tsuntsaye 27. Daya daga cikin manyan makiya wadanda suka kusan lalata wannan nau'in dabbobi shine mutum. A cikin karni na 17, Kamchadals sun yi musaya da Cossacks, wadanda ke bunkasa kasashe a kan iyakokin gabashin Rasha: kuma an ba da wuka guda da fatun zare 8, da 18 na gatari, ba tare da la'akari da wannan fur din mai daraja ba.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Sable yara
Sable Jawo koyaushe tana da daraja sosai kuma ana amfani da ita azaman kuɗin waje. Musamman kisan kare dangi mai farauta ya fara ne a cikin ƙarni na 15 - 16, lokacin da dangantakar kasuwanci ta ƙasar Rasha ta fara faɗaɗawa. Kafin fursuna su zama kuɗi, mutanen yankin suna farautar wannan dabba ƙalilan. Idan ya fada cikin tarkuna, to an dinka mittens, huluna daga fur, anyi amfani dasu azaman yanki.
A cikin karni na XVIII. a yankin Turai na Rasha, kyakkyawar fur din ta bace sakamakon halaka dabbanci. Bayan ralsaurin Ural, a cikin Siberia, wuraren zama sun ragu, sun rabe zuwa masarufi daban-daban. Haya mai farauta a wancan lokacin zai iya samun fata 100-150 a kowace kakar. Haramtattun farautar farauta waɗanda aka riga aka sanya su a wannan lokacin ba a aiwatar da su sosai kuma ba a sarrafa su sosai. An dakatar da shi gaba ɗaya a cikin 1913-16. su ma hukumomin ba su yi nasara ba. A cikin talatin na karni na karshe, dabba ya kusan an hallaka shi. Yawancin mutane da yawa sun kasance a cikin yankuna masu wuya, kuma har ma saboda rashin iyawar yanki. A cikin 1935, an gabatar da cikakken haramcin farauta. A cikin shekaru arba'in, an ba da izinin hakar ma'adinai.
Babban mahimmanci wajen haɓaka yawan mutane shine ƙirƙirar irin waɗannan wuraren ajiyar kuɗi kamar:
- Barguzinsky;
- Kronotsky;
- Kondo-Sosvinsky;
- Altaic;
- Pechora-Ilychsky;
- Sikhote-Alinsky;
- Sayansky.
Matakan kiyayewa sun ba da damar dawo da lamba a hankali a cikin waɗannan yankuna, daga nan ne dabbobin suka fara zama cikin yankunan makwabta. Sake sake shigar da shi ya taka rawar gani, an sake dabbar zuwa wuraren da aka ganta a da, amma an gama da ita kwata-kwata. Sable farauta a halin yanzu a buɗe take. Matsayi na duniya - yana nufin nau'in damuwa.
A cikin yawan jama'a ta hanyar 2013 a cikin Tarayyar Rasha, akwai shugabannin 1,346,300, kodayake a cikin 2009 akwai 1,481,900. Wasu raguwa sun kasance saboda gaskiyar cewa lissafin lambar har zuwa 2010 an aiwatar da shi bisa ga lokutan lokacin samarwa, la'akari da haɓakar shekara-shekara, kuma a cikin shekaru masu zuwa - bisa ga lokutan bayan samarwa. Girman shekara shekara na dabbobi a kaka shine kashi 40-60%, a wannan lokacin kusan rabin ƙananan yean shekaru ne. Amma yawan rayuwarsu bai yi yawa ba; saboda rashin kwarewa, da yawa daga cikinsu ba sa rayuwa a lokacin hunturu.
Sable - girman kai na Rasha, ya zama dole a kula da kiyaye wuraren zama a cikin asalin su. Hakanan abu ne mawuyaci don ba da izini don haɓaka ƙimar kifi ga wannan dabba mai ɗauke da fur. A waɗancan yankuna da lambarta kaɗan ce, ya zama dole a hana farautar ta, sarrafa lasisi, da sanya filaye ga wasu masunta.
Ranar bugawa: 12.02.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 16.09.2019 a 14:29
