Kirill Smallananan smallan adam ne, kamar halittun jatan lande waɗanda suke ɗimbin yawa kuma suna da yawancin abincin Whale, penguins, tsuntsayen teku, hatimai da kifi. "Krill" kalma ce da ake amfani da ita don bayyana kusan nau'in 85 na ɓawon burodi a cikin teku, wanda aka fi sani da euphausiids. Antarctic krill sune ɗayan nau'ikan krill biyar da ake samu a Tekun Kudancin, kudu da taron Antarctic.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Creel
Kalmar krill ta fito ne daga ma'anar Norse da ke nufin kifin ƙuruciya, amma yanzu ana amfani da ita azaman jumla na euphausiids, dangin ɓaɓɓataccen ruwan teku da ake samu a cikin tekunan duniya. Kalmar "krill" wataƙila an fara amfani da ita ne ga nau'in euphausiid da aka samu a cikin cikin kifayen da suka kama a Arewacin Atlantika.
Bidiyo: Krill
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Yayin tafiya cikin tekun Antarctic, zaku iya jin wani haske mai ban mamaki a cikin tekun. Rukuni ne na krill, yana fitar da haske wanda gabobi masu kwayar halitta ke samarwa a sassa daban-daban na jikin mutum krill: daya gabobin daya akan kwayar ido, wani kuma akan cinyar kafafun kafafu na biyu da na bakwai, da kuma gabobi guda daya akan ciki. Waɗannan gabobi suna fitar da haske mai launin rawaya-koren dakika biyu ko uku.
Akwai nau'ikan krill 85 wadanda suka fito daga girman daga karami, wadanda suke da 'yan milimita tsayi, zuwa manyan nau'in zurfin teku, wadanda suke da tsayi 15 cm.
Akwai fasali da yawa waɗanda ke rarrabe euphausiids da sauran ɓawon burodi:
- gills yana bayyane a ƙasa da carapace, ba kamar sauran sauran ɓawon burodi ba, waɗanda aka rufe su da carapace;
- akwai gabobi masu haske (photophores) a gindin ƙafafun ninkaya, kazalika da hotunan hoton a ɓangaren al'aura na cephalothorax, kusa da kofofin baki da kan idanun da ke samar da shuɗi mai haske.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Yaya krill yake
Tsarin jiki na krill yayi kama da na yawancin kayan kwalliyar da aka sani. Fushin da aka hada - cephalothorax - suna dauke da mafi yawan gabobin ciki - gland din narkewa, ciki, zuciya, glandar jima'i kuma, a waje, kayanda suke ji da gani - manyan idanu biyu da eriya guda biyu.
Theafusoshin ƙafafun cephalothorax sun rikide zuwa kayan abinci na musamman na musamman; an gyara bakin kara guda tara don sarrafawa da sare abinci, kuma gabobin tara-shida zuwa takwas na karbar guraban abinci daga ruwa suna aikawa zuwa bakin.
Ramin muscular na ciki ya ƙunshi nau'i biyar na ƙafafun ninkaya (pleopods) waɗanda ke motsawa cikin santsi. Krill ya fi ruwa nauyi kuma ya tsaya kan ruwa, yana iyo a cikin ɓarke-ɓarke, yayin ɗan gajeren hutu. Krill galibi translucent ne tare da manyan baƙaƙen idanu, kodayake baƙuwansu suna da haske ja. Tsarin narkewar abinci galibi ana iya ganinsu, kuma galibi suna da launin kore mai haske daga launin shuke-shuke da suke ci. Babban krill yakai cm 6 tsayi kuma yayi nauyi akan gram 1.
An yi imanin cewa Krill yana da ikon zubar da kwanson ba-zata don tserewa da sauri. A lokacin wahala, suma suna iya raguwa a cikin girma, suna kiyaye kuzari, suna zama ƙarami yayin da suke girke bawo maimakon girma.
A ina krill ke rayuwa?
Hotuna: Atlantic krill
Antarctic krill shine ɗayan dabbobin da suka fi yawa a Duniya. Tekun Kudancin kadai ya ƙunshi kimanin tan miliyan 500 na krill. Kwayar halittar wannan nau'in na iya zama mafi girma a tsakanin dukkanin dabbobi masu yawa a duniya.
Yayinda krill ya zama kamar na manya, suna haɗuwa a cikin manyan makarantu ko ɗarurruka, wani lokacin suna miƙewa na miloli a kowane fanni, tare da dubunnan krill ɗin da aka tattara a cikin kowane mita na cubic na ruwa, suna mai da ruwan ja ko lemu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A wasu lokuta na shekara, krill suna taruwa a makarantu suna da yawa kuma suna yaɗuwa har ana iya ganin su ko da daga sarari.
Akwai sabon bincike da ke nuna cewa krill yana taka muhimmiyar rawa game da yadda Kudancin Tekun Kudancin ke sarrafa carbon. Antarctic krill na daukar kwatankwacin motoci miliyan 15.2 kowace shekara, ko kuma kusan kashi 0.26% na hayaƙin anthropogenic CO2 na shekara-shekara, a cewar wani rahoto da alungiyar Antarctic-Southern Ocean Coalition ta buga. Krill shima yana da mahimmanci wajen motsa abubuwa masu gina jiki daga kwandon teku zuwa farfajiya, yana samar dasu ga dukkanin nau'in halittun ruwa.
Duk wannan yana nuna mahimmancin kiyaye ɗimbin yawa, lafiyayyun krill. Wasu masana kimiyya, manajan kamun kifin na duniya, abincin kifi da masana'antun kamun kifi, da masu ra'ayin kiyaye muhalli suna ciyarwa kan daidaita masana'antar krill mai fa'ida tare da kare abin da ake kallo a matsayin babban jinsin halittu ga daya daga cikin halittun da ke da matukar tasiri a duniya.
Yanzu kun san inda krill ke rayuwa. Bari muga abin da wannan dabbar take ci.
Me krill ke ci?
Hotuna: Arctic Krill
Krill shine asalin abincin abinci mai cin ganye, yana cinye phytoplankton (ƙwayoyin da aka dakatar dasu) a cikin Tekun Kudancin kuma, zuwa wata ƙaramar hanya, dabbobin planktonic (zooplankton). Krill shima yana son ciyar da algae wanda ke taruwa ƙarƙashin ruwan kankara.
Wani ɓangare na dalilin da ya sa Antarctic krill ke da yalwa shi ne cewa ruwan Tekun Kudancin da ke kusa da Antarctica ya kasance tushen albarkatun phytoplankton da algae waɗanda suke girma a ƙasan ruwan kankara.
Koyaya, kankara ba ta dindindin a kusa da Antarctica, wanda ke haifar da hawa da sauka a cikin yawan krill. Yankin Yammacin Antarctic, wanda shine ɗayan yankuna masu saurin ɗumi-ɗumi a duniya, ya gamu da babbar asara ta kankarar teku a cikin shekarun da suka gabata.
A lokacin hunturu, suna amfani da wasu hanyoyin abinci kamar su algae da ke tsirowa a ƙasan kankara, detritus a bakin teku, da sauran dabbobin da ke cikin ruwa. Krill na iya rayuwa na dogon lokaci (har zuwa kwanaki 200) ba tare da abinci ba kuma yana iya raguwa tsawon lokacin da suke fama da yunwa.
Don haka, krill yana cinye phytoplankton, ƙananan ƙwayoyin halittar da ba kwayar halitta waɗanda ke yawo kusa da saman teku kuma suna rayuwa daga rana da carbon dioxide. Krill kanta babban abinci ne na ɗaruruwan dabbobi, daga ƙananan kifi zuwa tsuntsaye har zuwa bahaushi.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Shrimp krill
Krill ya guji masu farauta a cikin Tekun Antarctic, kimanin mita 97 ƙasa da farfajiyar. Da dare, suna tashi zuwa saman ruwa don neman phytoplankton.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Antarctic krill na iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 10, tsawon rai mai ban mamaki ga irin wannan halittar da yawancin masu farauta ke cin ganimar ta.
Yawancin nau'in krill suna da ma'amala. Yawancin lokaci, krill swarms suna kasancewa cikin zurfin ruwa yayin rana kuma kawai suna hawa saman dare da daddare. Ba a san dalilin da ya sa wasu lokutan ake samun ɗarurruka a farfajiyar rana ba.
Wannan ɗabi'a ce ta tarawa a cikin tarin jama'a ya sanya su sha'awar kifin kasuwanci. Yawan krill a cikin makarantu na iya zama mai tsayi sosai tare da biomass na kilogram goma da yawa da yawa fiye da dabbobi miliyan 1 a kowace mita mai siffar sukari na ruwan teku.
Warungiyar zata iya ɗaukar manyan yankuna, musamman a Antarctica, inda aka auna anguwar Antarctic krill wanda yakai yanki mai girman murabba'in kilomita 450 kuma an kiyasta yana ɗauke da sama da tan miliyan 2 na krill. Yawancin yawancin nau'in krill da ake girbewa a halin yanzu suma suna haifar da ɗumbin ruwa, kuma wannan halayyar ce ke jawo hankali zuwa gare su azaman albarkatun girbi.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Antarctic krill
Swimming krill larvae ta shiga matakai tara na ci gaba. Maza sun balaga kimanin watanni 22, mata cikin watanni 25. A lokacin ɓatancin kusan watanni biyar da rabi, ƙwanƙwoyi suna kan zurfin kimanin mita 225.
Yayinda larrunan krill ke bunkasa, a hankali suke motsawa zuwa saman, suna cin abinci akan kwayoyin. Daga Janairu zuwa Afrilu, yawan krill a cikin Tekun Antarctic na iya kaiwa kimanin kilo 16 a kowace murabba'in kilomita.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Antarctic krill mata na yin ƙwai har 10,000 a lokaci guda, wani lokacin sau da yawa a kowane lokaci.
Wasu nau'in krill suna ajiye kwayayensu a cikin buhun kyankyasar har sai sun kyankyashe, amma duk nau'ikan da a yanzu suke girbe ta kasuwanci suna ba da kwansu daidai cikin ruwa inda suke bunkasa da kansu. Krill yana cikin wani tsari na tsari lokacin da yake matashi, amma yayin da suke girma, suna samun damar iya kewaya muhallinsu da kiyaye kansu a wasu yankuna.
Yawancin manyan krill ana kiran su micronektons, wanda ke nufin sun fi wayoyin hannu kai tsaye fiye da plankton, wanda ke kauracewa dabbobi da tsirrai saboda rahamar motsin ruwa. Kalmar nekton ta ƙunshi dabbobi iri-iri daga krill zuwa whales.
Abokan gaba na krill
Photo: Yaya krill yake
Antarctic krill sune babbar hanyar haɗin hanyar sarkar abinci: suna kusa da ƙasan, suna ciyarwa galibi akan phytoplankton kuma zuwa ɗan ƙaramin yanayi akan zooplankton. Suna yin manyan ƙaura na yau da kullun, suna ba da abinci ga masu farauta kusa da farfajiyar da daddare kuma cikin ruwa mai zurfi da rana.
Rabin dukkanin krill waɗannan dabbobi suna cin kowace shekara:
- whales;
- tsuntsayen teku;
- like;
- penguins;
- squid;
- kifi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Blue whales na iya cin har zuwa tan 4 na krill a kowace rana, kuma sauran bahalen na baleen na iya cinye dubban kilo na krill kowace rana, amma saurin girma da haihuwa yana taimaka wa wannan nau'in ba ɓacewa.
Krill ana girbe shi ta hanyar kasuwanci, galibi don abincin dabbobi da kamun kifi, amma an sami ƙaruwar amfani da krill a masana'antar magunguna. Ana kuma cin su a sassan Asiya kuma ana amfani da su azaman ƙarin omega-3 a Amurka. Misali, Paparoma Francis ya kara abincin sa da man krill, mai karfin antioxidant mai wadataccen omega-3 mai mai da bitamin D3.
Baya ga kara kifin krill, mazauninta sun ɓace yayin da Tekun Kudancin ke ɗumi - da sauri fiye da yadda ake zato da sauri fiye da kowane teku. Krill na buƙatar kankara a teku da ruwan sanyi don rayuwa. Karuwar yanayin zafi yana rage girma da yalwar plankton da ke ciyar da krill, kuma asarar kankara a teku na lalata mazaunin da ke kare krill da kwayoyin da suke ci.
Sabili da haka, lokacin da kankara a cikin tekun Antarctica ya ragu, yawancin krill shima yana raguwa. Wani binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa idan dumamar yanayi da hauhawar hayakin CO2 suka ci gaba, Antarctic krill na iya rasa akalla 20% - kuma a wasu yankuna masu matukar wahala - har zuwa 55% - na mazaunin ta a ƙarshen karni.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Creel
Antarctic krill na ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma daga cikin nau'in krill 85 kuma yana iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru goma. Suna taruwa a garken tumaki a cikin ruwan sanyi a kewayen Antarctica, kuma adadinsu yakai kimanin miliyan 125 zuwa tan biliyan biliyan 6: duka nauyin Antarctic krill ya wuce jimlar duka mutane a Duniya.
Abun takaici, wasu binciken sun nuna cewa hannun jari ya fadi da kashi 80% tun daga shekarun 1970. Masana kimiyya sun danganta wannan a wani bangare ga asarar murfin kankara da dumamar yanayi ta haifar. Wannan asarar kankara na cire babban abincin krill, ice algae. Masana kimiyya sun yi gargadin cewa idan sauyawar ya ci gaba, zai yi mummunan tasiri ga tsarin halittu. Tuni akwai wasu shaidu da ke nuna cewa penguins da hatimi na macaroni na iya samun wahalar girba isasshen krill don tallafawa jama'arsu.
Sakamakonmu ya nuna cewa, a matsakaita, lambobin krill sun ragu a cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata, kuma cewa wurin krill ya ragu a wuraren da ba su da yawa. Wannan yana nuna cewa dukkan sauran dabbobin da ke cin krill za su fuskanci tsananin gogayya da juna kan wannan muhimmin albarkatun abinci, ”in ji Simeon Hill na Hukumar Antarctic ta Burtaniya.
Kamun kifin kasuwanci na krill ya fara ne a cikin 1970s, kuma burin samun kifi kyauta ga Antarctic krill ya haifar da sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kamun kifi a 1981. Yarjejeniyar don kiyaye albarkatun Rayuwa na Antarctic Marine an yi niyya ne don kare yanayin halittu na Antarctic daga tasirin kamun kifi mai saurin tashi, da kuma taimakawa dawo da manyan kifayen kifayen kifi da kuma wasu nau'ikan kifin da ke wuce gona da iri.
Ana gudanar da aikin kamun kifin ta wata hukumar kasa da kasa (CCAMLR) wacce ta sanya iyakokin kamun krill dangane da bukatun sauran halittu. Masana kimiyya a Antungiyar Antarctic ta Ostiraliya suna nazarin krill don ƙarin fahimtar hanyoyinta na rayuwa da kuma kula da kamun kifi da kyau.
Kirill - dan kankanin, amma mai matukar muhimmanci ga tekunan duniya. Su ne ɗayan mafi girman nau'in plankton. A cikin ruwan da ke kewaye da Antarctica, krill muhimmin tushe ne na abinci na penguins, baleen da kifi whales (waɗanda zasu iya cin tan dubu huɗu na krill kowace rana), kifi, tsuntsayen teku da sauran halittun teku.
Ranar bugawa: 08/16/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 24.09.2019 a 12:05
