Gwanin launin toka Tsuntsu ne mai kyau da ban mamaki. Wadannan tsuntsayen mutane suna kaunarsu kuma suna girmama su tun zamanin da. Tabbacin wannan shine zanen dutsen da Pithecanthropus ya bari shekaru dubu 50-60 da suka wuce. Haka kuma, irin wannan zane masana kimiyya suka same su a duk nahiyoyin duniya. A zamanin d Misira, ana kiran kullun masu launin toka "tsuntsayen rana" kuma ana yin hadaya ga gumakan a lokuta na musamman. A yau, mutane kalilan ne suke bautar da su, amma a Japan waɗannan tsuntsayen har yanzu suna da girma.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Grey Crane
Gilashin launin toka (Grus grus) na dangin Cranes ne. Wannan babban tsuntsu ne mai ban sha'awa sosai, wanda ya fi tsayi mita kuma yana da fuka-fuki mai tsayin mita biyu. Maza na iya yin nauyi zuwa kilogiram 6 mata kuma har zuwa kilogiram 5. Babu dimphism na jima'i a cikin tsuntsaye banda nauyi da girma. Kusan dukkan gashin fuka-fukan da ake amfani da su a kullun suna da launin toka ko launin shuɗi, wanda ke ba ta damar yin nasarar kame kanta daga masu farauta tsakanin yankunan dazuzzuka da dausayi.
Bidiyo: Grey Crane
Baya da wutsiyar katako suna da ɗan duhu fiye da launi na babban labulen, kuma ciki da fikafikan suna da ɗan haske, fuka-fukan suna da launi na babban labulen tare da gashin fuka-fukan baki tare da gefuna a cikin hanyar iyaka. Har ila yau a cikin baƙar fata, ɗan ɗan sau da yawa a cikin launin toka mai duhu, an zana ɓangaren gaban tsuntsun. Baya baya yawanci launin toka. A gefen kai akwai ratsi biyu masu faɗi manya waɗanda suke farawa a ƙarƙashin idanuwa kuma suna ƙarewa a ƙasan wuya.
Kusan babu fuka-fukai a cikin ɓangaren saman sandar gogewar, kuma fatar baƙon tana da launi mai launin ruwan hoda mai launin ruwan hoda, wanda yayi kama da ƙaramin hular ja. Bakin tsuntsun yana da haske, kusan fari ne. Kafafuwan baƙi ne. Yaran yara masu amfani da kwalliya sun bambanta da manya a cikin ƙarami kaɗan kuma a gaban jan ƙare a kan gashin gashin kai da wuya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Wani sanannen gidan shuke-shuke, geranium, an laƙaba masa shi da launin toka-toka.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Yaya crane mai launin toka take?
Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, mata da maza kusan ba su bambanta da juna. Launi mai kamala a cikin manya tsuntsaye galibi launin toka ne, wasu yankuna ne baƙi ko fari. Wuyan kwanukan ya yi tsayi, ya zama sirara, wanda zai iya cewa - mai kyau. Bangaren kai na tsuntsaye na da kwari, wanda ba sifa ce ta jinsin ba, tunda irin wannan “hular” shima yana nan a wasu nau’ikan halittar wadannan tsuntsayen. Idanun ƙuruciya ƙananan ne, suna zaune a gefen kai, duhu, kusan baƙi, tare da jan iris.
Babban fasali na katako na kowa:
- a wuyan da kai akwai ratsi biyu masu bayyana a fili wadanda ke tafiya a gefuna zuwa bayan kai da kasa;
- tsawo - har zuwa 115 cm;
- fuka-fuki - har zuwa 200 cm;
- nauyin namiji - kilogiram 6, nauyin mata - 5 kg;
- tsawon baki - har zuwa 30 cm;
- a cikin yara, plumage yana da launin toka, amma tare da ƙarshen ja;
- fata a kan ƙafafun launuka masu launin shuɗi mai duhu ko baƙi;
- plumage na launin toka-toka, wanda ke taimakawa kamewa tsakanin manyan ciyawa da dazuzzuka masu tsire-tsire;
- tsawon rai - har zuwa shekaru 40;
- balaga na faruwa ne shekara 3-6;
- matsakaicin nisan jirgin sama a kowace rana - har zuwa kilomita 800;
- a lokacin narkar da shi (lokacin bazara), asarar dukkan fuka-fukan firamare halayya ce, saboda abin da tsuntsayen ba za su iya tashi na wani lokaci ba sai su yi motsi tare da kasa kawai.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A dabi'a, kwanuka masu launin toka na iya rayuwa daga shekaru 20-40, kuma a cikin bauta, tsuntsaye suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 80.
A ina ne launin toka mai launin toka yake zama?
Photo: Tsuntsu mai launin toka mai launin toka
Wuraren da wuraren kwana na kwalliyar kwalliya suna cikin Turai (arewa maso gabas) da Asiya (arewa). Tsuntsaye galibi suna hirar su a Afirka (arewa), Pakistan, Koriya, Indiya, Vietnam, Yankin Iberian. Abubuwan da ake son tsuntsayen su ne wuraren da ke da danshi mai dausayi, da kogunan ruwa da tabkuna. Suna son zama kusa da alder groves. Don neman abinci, kwanuka sukan ziyarci wuraren kiwo da filayen shuke-shuke.
Grey cranes tsuntsaye ne masu ƙaura. Sau biyu a shekara - a kaka da bazara, suna tashi nesa mai nisa daga wuraren narkakke zuwa wuraren hunturu da baya, wanda ke buƙatar tsadar makamashi mai yawa. A saboda wannan dalili, a ƙarshen bazara, ɗakunan kwanuka masu yawa (har zuwa mutane dubu da yawa) suna taruwa a wurare masu aminci kuma suna hutawa, suna samun ƙarfi kafin su tashi. Irin waɗannan wurare masu aminci na iya zama: tsibirai, rarar yashi, dausayi mai zurfi.
Da safe, tsuntsayen sukan taru a dunkule su tashi zuwa wuraren ciyarwa, kuma da yamma har yanzu suna dawowa cikin daddawa don dare. A wannan lokacin, kusan tsuntsaye ba sa damuwa game da kasancewar mutane a cikin filayen ko kasancewar kayan aiki daban-daban. A wannan lokacin ne zaku ga sun kusa isa, tare da jin muryoyinsu. A ƙarshen watan Agusta a yankunan arewa kuma a farkon Oktoba a cikin yankunan kudu, kwanya suna yin ƙaura zuwa kudu. Samun fukafukai masu fadi, tsuntsaye suna amfani da dabarun tashi inda ake kamawa da kwararar iska mai dumi, yana basu damar kiyaye kuzari da karfi gwargwadon iko.
Jirgin kwalliya zuwa kudu abin kallo ne mai ban sha'awa: garken tumaki ba zato ba tsammani, fara zagaye, suna fitar da kurlyk, suna dagawa sama sama a saman igiyar iska, suna layi cikin tsaka har sai sun bace gaba daya zuwa sama.
Yanzu kun san inda launin toka mai launin toka take zaune. Bari muga me zai ci.
Menene kullun da launin toka ke ci?
Photo: Guragu mai launin toka a cikin jirgin
Grey cranes tsuntsaye ne masu kyan gani, don haka menu ɗin su ya bambanta kuma ya dogara da lokacin.
A lokacin bazara-bazara, ya dogara da:
- ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta - frogs, bera, kadangaru, macizai, kifi, kajin;
- invertebrates - tsutsotsi, molluscs, crustaceans;
- 'ya'yan itãcen bishiyoyi da shrubs - berries, kwayoyi, acorns, tsaba;
- harbe-harbe, ganye, furanni na tsire-tsire marsh;
- kwari, da kuma kwarkwatarsu.
A lokacin kaka, kafin barin lokacin hunturu, kwanuka suna ciyarwa galibi a cikin filayen, inda suke cin hatsi da yawa na amfanin gona da tubers dankalin turawa da suka rage bayan girbi. Wani "abincin" da aka fi so na kwanya a wannan lokacin shine tsiran alkama na hunturu. Sabili da haka, irin wannan menu na kaka mai yawan kalori yana taimaka wa kwanuka don samun ƙarfi da kuzari kafin doguwar tafiya.
Idan akwai filayen da aka shuka tare da hatsi a kusa da mazaunin kwalliya, to tsuntsayen za su yi ƙoƙarin ciyarwa a wurin, har ma da haifar da wata babbar barazana ga girbin. Misali, a Habasha, kai hare-hare na zamani da ake yi a wasu sabbin gonaki ba bala'in ƙasa ba ne. Musamman idan kayi la'akari da gaskiyar cewa babu filaye da yawa da suka dace da aikin gona (bayan haka, Afirka), kuma yanayin rayuwa a wannan ƙasar yayi karanci.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Grey crane daga littafin Red
Cranes sun fi son zama da gida a cikin wuraren dausayi ko kuma a gabar tafkuna da koguna. Lokaci-lokaci, ana iya samun gida na kwalliya a kusa da filin alkama, musamman idan akwai ruwa a kusa. Babban sharadin gidan nest shine dolene a kiyaye shi sosai.
Lokacin nest yana farawa da wuri - a ƙarshen Maris. Ma'auratan tsuntsaye, da kyar suka iso suka huta, suka fara ginin gida. Hakanan Cranes na iya komawa tsohon gidansu idan ya kasance lafiya. Nisa tsakanin nests an kiyaye sosai. Za a iya kasancewa daga juna a tsakanin radius na aƙalla kilomita 1, ko ma fiye da haka. Cranes masu launin toka galibi suna zaɓar wuraren gida akan tsaunuka waɗanda ke cike da ciyayi mai yawa.
Kowace shekara, bayan shiryawar ƙwai da ciyar da kajin, manya sun fara narkar da ciki. A wannan lokacin, tsuntsaye basa iya tashi, tunda sun rasa dukkan gashin fuka-fukan tashi. A lokacin narkewar jiki, saboda dalilai na aminci, suna kokarin zuwa wurare masu wahalar isa. Babban abin da ke jikin tsuntsaye yana komawa tun kafin farkon lokacin sanyi, kuma ƙarami yana ci gaba da girma a hankali, har ma a lokacin sanyi. Cananan raƙuman ruwa sun zage daban: yanayin jikinsu yana canzawa cikin shekaru biyu. A cikin shekara ta uku ta rayuwa, sunyi alƙawarin su manya.
Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa na cranes masu launin toka shine muryoyin su. Sautunan ƙaho ne masu ƙarfi da za'a iya ji a cikin radius fiye da kilomita 2. Tare da taimakon waɗannan sautukan (kurlykany), kwakwalwan suna magana da juna, suna faɗakar da danginsu game da haɗarin, suna kiran abokin tarayya a lokacin saduwa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Iyali na Cranes gama gari
Grey cranes tsuntsaye ne waɗanda suka fi son alaƙar auren mata ɗaya. Ma'aurata an kafa su ne don rayuwa kuma suna rabu ne kawai bayan mutuwar ɗaya daga cikin abokan. Haka kuma, kwanuka suna neman abokin aure yayin da suke cikin wuraren hunturu. Tsuntsayen galibi suna yin gida gida a kan ƙananan tsaunuka da ke kusa da jikin ruwa. Gida kayan gini: gansakuka, peat, busassun twan sandar. Gida gida tasa ce mai zagaye mara faɗi har zuwa mita a diamita.
Bayan wasannin mating, tare da waƙoƙi da saduwa, mace tana yin ƙwai daga 1 zuwa 3 a cikin gida. Wannan yakan faru ne a tsakiyar watan Mayu. Lokacin shiryawa yawanci yakan ɗauki kwanaki 30-35. Dukansu mata da maza suna yin ƙwai. Yayinda mahaifi daya yake tashi don ci da tsaftar fuka-fukai, na biyun yana zaune akan gida.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A lokacin shiryawa, kwanya suna rufe gashinsu da laka da siradi da nufin kamewa da kariya daga masu farauta.
Kaji yakan kyankyashe 'yan kwanaki tsakani. Suna haɓaka bisa ga nau'in Semi-brood. Wannan yana nufin cewa da zaran kajin biyu sun bushe kuma zasu iya tafiya, nan da nan sai su bar gidan su bi manya ko'ina. Iyaye suna samun abinci kuma nan da nan suke ciyar da su ga jariran da ke bin diddigen su.
Nan da nan bayan haihuwa, an rufe kajin raƙuman ruwan toka mai launin toka mai kauri ƙasa, wanda zai canza zuwa gashin tsuntsu bayan 'yan watanni. Da zaran kajin suna da fuka-fukai, nan da nan za su iya tashi su ci abinci da kansu.
Abokan gaba na kullun
Hotuna: Grey Cranes
Manya na kwalliyar launin toka ba su da makiya kaɗan na halitta, tunda sun fi girma, hankali, tsuntsayen da ke tashi sama. Tare da kowane, ko da ƙaramar barazanar, kwanya suna fara ihu, suna sanar da danginsu kuma suka tashi sama, inda suke jin amintattu. Idan duk wani mai farauta yana kusa da gida, to ɗayan iyayen suna ƙoƙari su ɗauke shi, suna kwaikwayon wanda ya ji rauni.
Koyaya, kamun ƙwai da ƙyallen fata koyaushe suna cikin haɗari sosai. Hankaka, ungulu, ungulu, ungulu, ungulu zinariya, dodarni, boar daji, kerkeci, mahaɗan marsh, karnukan beran daji na iya lalata gida da farauta kajin. Hakanan, mutane da yawa suna iya fuskantar barazanar kwalliya, tun da yake tsuntsaye galibi suna yin ɓarna a sabbin gonakin da aka shuka, suna cin ƙuruciya, da ƙarancin tsiron hatsin hatsi. A tsakiyar layi wannan ba matsala bane - a cikin kusancin akwai wadataccen abinci, na dabba da na shuke-shuke.
A Afirka, tare da yanayi mai zafi mai zafi, akwai ƙarancin abinci mai rai. Sabili da haka, kwanuka masu launin toka sukan mamaye filayen manoma, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga Habasha, tunda da yawa cranes masu launin toka zuwa wannan yankin don hunturu. Manoma, suna ganin ɗumbin ɗakunan kwanuka a cikin gonakinsu kuma suna ƙoƙari su kare amfanin gonarsu, kawai suna harbe su da yawa, duk da cewa an haramta su a ƙa'ida.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Yaya crane mai launin toka take?
A yau, yawan kujerun gama gari a duniya sun fi mutum dubu 250 da yawa. Mafi yawansu sun fi son zama a cikin sansanonin Scandinavia da na Rasha.
Ofaya daga cikin manyan dalilan raguwar lambobi shine taƙaita iyakokin mahalli, wanda ke da alaƙa da ayyukan ɗan adam (magudanan ruwa na fadama, gina madatsun ruwa, manyan bishiyoyi, harbe-harbe mara izini).
Gabaɗaya, yawan kujeru masu launin toka sun faɗi ƙwarai a cikin 60-70s na karnin da ya gabata, kuma yana da alaƙa da kusan sake fasalin ƙasar da aka aiwatar a cikin jamhuriyoyin tsohuwar USSR don neman faɗaɗa ƙasashen noma masu dausayi da kuma sha'awar shugabancin ƙasar don cika buƙatun da ba za a taɓa samu ba na tattalin arzikin da aka tsara.
An yi amfani da crane gama gari a cikin Red Book of Ukraine, the Red Book of Belarus, da kuma Red Book of the Saratov Region (Russia), a ƙarƙashin matsayin da aka kare "smallananan jinsunan da ke da wadataccen kwanciyar hankali da iyakantaccen iyaka".
Kulluna suna zuwa yankin Saratov a kai a kai da nufin gida gida da kiwon kaji. A wannan lokacin, an lura da garken wadannan tsuntsayen da yawa a duk yankin. Yawan kujerun sanduna masu launin toka a cikin yankuna masu kariya suna canzawa tsawon shekaru, amma gabaɗaya ya kasance kusan canzawa, ma'ana, baya ƙaruwa, amma baya raguwa.
Kariya na Cranes na kowa
Photo: Grey crane daga littafin Red
Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, yawan kujerun gama gari a kan sikelin duniya, kodayake a hankali, yana raguwa. Wannan matsalar ta fi dacewa a cikin ƙasashen Turai, ɓangaren Turai na Tarayyar Rasha, a Asiya ta Tsakiya, inda fadama da ƙananan koguna suka kafe kuma saboda rikicewar daidaiton yanayin muhalli, don haka ya taƙaita iyakokin yankuna da suka dace da rayuwa da naman waɗannan tsuntsayen.
A mafi yawan ƙasashe, waɗanda suka haɗa da mazaunin katako ɗaya, doka ta hana farautar waɗannan tsuntsaye. Koyaya, a Isra’ila da Habasha, manoma ba su ji daɗin wannan halin ba, wanda kwanuka yakan mamaye gonakinsa lokaci-lokaci da nufin ciyarwa.
Asusun Kula da Cranes na Duniya yana kokarin warware wannan matsalar ta yadda kowa ya gamsu. Kodan na kowa yana kan jerin CITES na musamman (Consungiyar Kare Lafiya ta Duniya) kuma yana da matsayin nau'in, wanda aka haramta safara da sayar da shi ba tare da izini na musamman ba.
Da yake kula da karuwar yawan kusoshin da ake amfani da su, dukkan kungiyoyin kare muhalli na duniya sun dauki tsuntsaye karkashin kariyar su, suna kulla "Yarjejeniyoyi kan kiyaye tsuntsayen da ke yin kaura" a tsakanin su, kuma sun hada da wannan nau'in a cikin Littafin Red Book na Duniya.
A lokacin tsohuwar Girka launin toka mai toka ya kasance abokin abokai na alloli da yawa, kamar su Apollo, Hamisa, Demeter. Tsoffin Girkawa suna ɗaukar waɗannan tsuntsayen azaman manzannin bazara da haske, wata alama ce ta hankali da taka tsantsan. Tsohon mawaƙin Girkanci Homer ya tabbata cewa kwanuka, suna tashi kudu a lokacin hunturu, suna cin pygmy pygmy a can.
Ranar bugawa: 08/12/2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 14.08.2019 da 22:00
