Dragonfly

Dragonfly - wannan kwaro ne mai dauke da kafafu guda shida, wanda yake karkashin karamin kwari mai fuka-fukai, umarnin mazari. Umurnin mazari a halin yanzu ya ninka nau'ikan wadannan kwari sama da 6650. Dragonflies su ne manyan kwari masu farauta wadanda ke da kai ta hannu, manyan idanu, dogo mai siriri, da fikafikai masu haske. Ana samun su a duk duniya, ban da Antarctica mai sanyi.

Asalin jinsin da bayanin

Hotuna: Dragonfly

Odonáta ko mazari ne kwari masu farauta waɗanda ke cikin nau'in arthropod, ƙaramin fika-fikai mai fika-fikai da tsari na mazari. A karo na farko, Fabrice ya bayyana wannan ƙungiyar a cikin 1793. Dragonflies tsari ne mai yawan gaske, wanda ya hada da nau'in 6650. A halin yanzu, ana daukar nau'ikan 608 nau'ikan da suka bace, kuma nau'ikan 5899 na wadannan kwari suna rayuwa a duniyarmu a wannan zamani.

Dividedungiyar mazari ta kasu kashi uku:

• masu fika-fikai;
• isoptera;
• anisozygoptera.

Dragonflies tsohuwar ƙungiya ce ta kwari. Farkon mazari na farko sun mamaye duniya a cikin zamanin Carboniferous na zamanin Paleozoic. Wadannan kwari sun samo asali ne daga katuwar kwari mai lakabin mega-neuras. Meganeuras manyan kwari ne waɗanda suke da fika-fikai har zuwa cm 66. Waɗannan kwari an ɗauke su manyan kwari ne na zamanin da. Daga baya mega-neuras sun haifa da waɗannan rukunin zuriyarsu: Kennedyina da Ditaxineurina, waɗannan rukunin kwari sun rayu a zamanin Triassic na zamanin Mesozoic. Suna da girma, fukafukan waɗannan kwari suna da tsayi kusan cm 9. Yayin hutawa, sun ninka a ƙarƙashin cikin kwarin.

Bidiyo: Dragonfly

Kwarin ma suna da kwandon da aka kama wanda aka yi amfani da shi don kame ganima. A lokacin zamanin Jurassic, ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa sun zo: Lestomorpha da Libellulomorpha a cikin waɗannan kwari, tsutsa sun sami ci gaba a cikin yanayin ruwa kuma suna da ingantaccen jirgin sama. Kwarin da ke ƙungiyar Libellulida sun mamaye Afirka, Kudancin Amurka da Ostiraliya a zamanin Triassic. Mega-neuras har yanzu suna rayuwa a cikin Eurasia a waccan lokacin, amma a yayin cigaban halittu jikinsu da halayensu sun canza. A zamanin Jurassic, meganeurines ya kai kololuwar juyin halitta kuma ya mamaye Eurasia duka. Waɗannan kwari suna da “kwandon farauta” kuma suna iya yin farauta tare da shi yayin jirgin. Canjin gas a cikin wannan rukunin an gudanar dashi ta amfani da epithelium na numfashi, amma kuma akwai gills na lamellar, wanda ya canza lokaci bayan lokaci, ya daina yin aikin musanya gas kuma an maye gurbinsa da gills na ciki.

A lokaci guda, zuriyar gidan Calopterygoidea sun sami ƙarfi sosai daga asalin asali. Fukafukan waɗannan kwarin sun yi kunci, sun zama masu kaɗa kuma girman fikafikan ya zama iri ɗaya. A zamanin Jurassic, kwari na yankin Anisozygoptera sun zama mafi yadu, yawan su ya ragu sosai a lokacin Cretaceous, amma duk da haka wannan rukunin ya ci gaba da yaduwa a duk tsawon zamanin polygenic. A wannan lokacin, irin wadannan nau'ikan mazari kamar Coenagrionidae, Lestidae da Libelluloidea, da dai sauransu sun kusa bacewa. Dabbobin Kayozoic tuni suna rayuwa ne da wasu nau'o'in zamani na mazari. A lokacin Neocene, ethnofauna bai bambanta da na zamani ba. Yawan Zygoptera ya ragu sosai, amma Coenagrionidae da Lestidae sun zama mafi yawan nau'in.

Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali

Hoto: Yadda mazari yake kama

Duk mashigar ruwa suna da fitacciyar alama. Launin waɗannan kwari na iya zama daban.

A jikin kwari, an saki wadannan:

• kai da manyan idanu;
• jiki mai haske mai haske;
• kirji;
• m fuka-fuki.

Wadannan kwari, ya danganta da jinsin, na iya zama masu girma dabam-dabam: mafi kankantar mazari 15mm ne tsayi, kuma manya-manya suna da tsayi 10 cm. Kan yana da girma, ana iya juya shi 180 °. A saman dodon ruwa akwai idanu, wanda ya kunshi adadi mai yawa na ommatidia, lambar su daga 10 zuwa 27.5 dubu. Omananan ommathies na iya fahimtar launuka, kuma na sama kawai siffofin abubuwa ne. Godiya ga wannan fasalin, mazari mai ruwa zai iya fuskantar kansa sosai kuma a sauƙaƙe ya ​​sami abincinta. Pariarshen ɓarke ​​ya kumbura, akwai ocelli uku a kan kusurwa. Eriya na mazari mara gajere, ƙarami, ya ƙunshi sassan 4-7.

Bakin yana da ƙarfi, wanda aka kafa ta leɓu biyu da ba a gyara ba - babba da ƙananan. Lipananan leɓen yana ƙunshe da lobes 3, suna rufe ƙananan maƙwabta. Na sama yana da siffar ɗan gajeren farantin, wanda aka haɓaka a cikin hanyar wucewa, ya mamaye saman muƙamuƙi. Leben da ke ƙasa ya fi na sama girma, saboda godiya da ƙwaron zai iya tauna abin farauta yayin tashi.

Kirjin ya kunshi bangarori 3: prothorax, metathorax da mesothorax. Kowane bangare na kirjin yana da gabobi biyu, kuma fikafikan kwari suna saman da baya. An raba gaban daga tsakiya. Tsakani da bayan kirjin suna hade kuma suna samar da wani sinadarin hade jiki, wanda ake fahimtarsa ​​a bayan kirjin. Siffar kirjin ya daidaita daga tarnaƙi, ɓangaren kirjin wanda yake a bayan baya an tura shi baya. Mesothorax yana sama da metathorax, wanda ke haifar da fuka-fukai su haɗu a bayan ƙafafu. An rarraba maɓallin zuwa ƙananan lobes 3; tsakiya na tsakiya yawanci yana da raɗaɗi. Bangarorin da fikafikan fikafikan su kan kasance su ne masu farin jini.

Fukafukan suna bayyane, sun kunshi yadudduka biyu na chitinous, kowanne daga cikinsu an kirkireshi ne ta tsarin jijiyoyin kansa. Waɗannan jijiyoyin suna haɗuwa da juna, saboda haka hanyar sadarwar su ɗaya ce. Wurin hayan yana da wahala kuma mai yawa. Umurni daban-daban na waɗannan kwari suna da tsarin farauta daban-daban.

Cikin ciki na mazari gaba daya yana zagaye kuma yana tsawaita. A cikin nau'ikan da ba safai ba, yana da faɗi. Cikin ya kasance mafi yawan jikin kwaron. Ya ƙunshi sassa 10. A gefen akwai membranon spittoon, wanda ya ba da damar mazari ya tanƙwara. Duk sassan banda 9 da 10 suna da sigma ɗaya. A ƙarshen ciki, akwai kayan aiki na dubura 2 a cikin mata, 3-4 a cikin maza. A cikin mata, al'aura suna kasancewa a ƙarshen ciki, a cikin maza, ɓangaren tattarawar yana kan sashi na 2 na ciki, kuma mahaukacin kwance yana kan sashi na goma na ciki. Gabobin jiki suna da ƙarfi kuma suna da ci gaba sosai kuma sun ƙunshi: cinyoyi, coxa, tibia, vetluga, ƙafafu. Akwai ƙaya a jikin gabobin.

A ina mazari yake zaune?

Photo: Pink mazari

Dragonflies sun yadu ko'ina cikin duniya. Ba za a iya samun waɗannan kwari ba, mai yiwuwa, a cikin Antarctica kawai. Ana iya samun nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan waɗannan kwari a cikin yankin Indo-Malay. Akwai kusan nau'in 1,664 na mazari. 1640 jinsuna suna rayuwa a cikin Neotropics. Hakanan, mazari suna son zama a cikin Afrotropics, kimanin nau'ikan 889 suke rayuwa acan, a yankin Ostiraliya akwai kusan nau'in 870.

A cikin kasashen da ke da yanayi mai yanayi, kadan daga jinsunan mazari masu rai, wannan yana faruwa ne saboda yanayin yanayin wadannan kwari. Akwai nau'ikan 560 a cikin Palaearctic, 451 a cikin Nearctic. Don rayuwa, waɗannan kwari suna zaɓar wurare tare da yanayi mai dumi da danshi. Kasancewar wurin ajiyar ruwa yana da matukar mahimmanci ga mazari; yayin lokacin saduwa, mace na yin ƙwai a cikin ruwa, ƙwai da ƙwarin suna ci gaba a cikin yanayin ruwa. Dogaro da jinsin, mazari daban-daban suna da halaye daban-daban game da zaɓar jikin ruwa da buƙatar zama kusa da ruwa. Misali, mazari daga jinsunan Pseudostigmatinae sun wadatu da kananan madatsun ruwa na karkashin karkashin jiki. Ana iya amfani da su don kiwo a cikin ƙananan tafkuna, tabkuna ko ramuka masu ambaliya. Sauran nau'ikan suna zama kusa da koguna, tafkuna da tabkuna.

Larvae suna rayuwarsu a cikin ruwa, kuma manya, da suka koyi tukin jirgin sama, na iya yin tafiya mai nisa. An samo shi a cikin makiyaya, gefunan daji. Dragonflies suna son yin kwalliya a rana, yana da mahimmanci a gare su. Da farkon yanayin sanyi, mazari da yawa suna tashi zuwa ƙasashe masu yanayi mai ɗumi. Wasu mazansu suna tashi har zuwa kilomita 2900. Wani lokaci mazururan ruwa suna ƙaura a cikin adadi mai yawa. An lura da dabbobin da suka kai miliyan 100. Amma mafi yawan lokuta mazari ba sa ɓata cikin garken tumbi, sai dai su tashi su kaɗai.

Yanzu kun san inda aka samo mazari. Bari muga me zata ci.

Menene mazari ya ci?

Photo: Dragonfly a cikin yanayi

Dragonflies kwari ne masu farauta. Manya suna cinye kusan dukkan nau'ikan kwari waɗanda ke rayuwa a cikin iska.

Abincin na mazari ya hada da:

• sauro;
• kudaje da matsakaita;
• tawadar ruwa;
• ƙwaro
• gizo-gizo;
• karamin kifi;
• sauran mazari.

Macijin mazari mai cin gashin sauro kuma ya tashi da tsutsar tsutsar ciki, kananan crustaceans, soyayyen kifi.

Dangane da hanyoyin farauta, wadannan kwari sun kasu kashi-kashi da yawa.:

• mafarauta masu kyauta waɗanda ke farauta a cikin babba. Wannan rukunin ya hada da jinsunan mazari masu karfi da fuka-fuki wadanda zasu iya tashi da kyau da sauri. Waɗannan nau'ikan na iya amfani da farautar farauta, amma galibi suna yin farauta su kaɗai a tsayin mita 2 zuwa 9 sama da ƙasa;
• masu farauta masu yawo masu farauta a tsakiyar bene. Waɗannan dodon ruwa suna farauta a tsayinsu ya kai mita 2. Suna cikin neman abinci koyaushe, don hutawa suna iya zama a kan ciyawa na foran mintuna, sannan kuma su fara farauta;
• tarkon mazari. An rarrabe wannan nau'in ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba ta farauta. Suna zaune shiru a kan ganye ko bishiyoyin shuke-shuke, suna neman abin farauta, lokaci zuwa lokaci sukan ruguza harin;
• mazari masu rai suna zaune a cikin ƙananan matakin. Wadannan mazari masu farauta suna farauta a cikin ciyawar ciyawar. A hankali suke girgizawa daga wata shuka zuwa waccan don neman kwari da suka zauna akan shukar. Wannan nau'in yana cin wanda aka azabtar yana zaune akan shuka, kuma baya cin abinci yayin tashin.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Cin naman mutane ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin dukkanin jinsunan mazari. Adon mazari na manya zai iya cin ƙananan mazari da larvae. Wani lokaci mata, bayan saduwa, na iya kai hari ga namiji su cinye shi.

Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa

Hotuna: Shuɗin mashigar ruwa

A kasar mu, mazari suna rayuwa daga karshen watan Afrilu zuwa Oktoba. A cikin ƙasashe masu dumi da na wurare masu zafi, waɗannan kwari suna rayuwa duk shekara. Dragonflies kwari ne masu rayuwar yau da kullun. Mai yawan aiki a rana da dumi.

Da safe, mazari masu gurnani suna ƙoƙari su daskare a rana, suna zaune akan duwatsu ko itace. A lokacin zafin rana, suna daukar matsayin "kyalkyali", wanda a ciki ne aka fitar da saman ciki zuwa rana. Wannan yana rage tasirin hasken rana a jikin kwaron kuma yana taimakawa wajen kaucewa zafin rana.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Dragonflies kusan basa amfani da ƙafafunsu don motsi, ana amfani dasu ne kawai lokacin ɗagawa da sauka. Ana amfani da gabobin baya na baya don kwasar ganima.

Dragonflies suna farauta safe da yamma. Wasu nau'ikan suna aiki sosai a wayewar gari. Da rana, mazari masu yawa suna haihuwa. Da daddare, kwari sukan ɓuya tsakanin ciyawar ganyaye da ciyawa. Mafi yawan mazari suna rayuwa su kadai.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Dangane da tsarin fikafikan su, mazansu na iya tashi da sauri, suyi juyi masu ban sha'awa a cikin iska, suyi ƙaura mai nisa. Saboda gaskiyar cewa mazari ya kware a iya shawagi, yana da matukar wahala a kamo su don farauta.

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

Photo: Dragonflies

Wadannan kwari sun shiga matakai uku na canzawa.:

• kwai;
• naiads ko tsutsa;
• manyan kwari (manya).

Yawancin mazari da yawa suna da ikon samar da zuriya fiye da ɗaya a kowace shekara. Kwari sunyi aboki daidai a cikin iska. Kafin saduwa, maza suna yin rawa irin ta al'ada a gaban mace. Suna yawo a kusa da ita suna yin abubuwa marasa kyau a cikin iska. Bayan saduwa, matan na yin kwai 260 zuwa 500. Dalilin mutuwar ƙwai shine cin wasu halittu, gami da mazari.

Hakanan, gurɓataccen ruwa, ko ɗigon zafin jiki na iska. A cikin yanayi mai kyau, ƙyanƙyasar ƙwai daga ƙwai bayan 'yan kwanaki, amma sau da yawa a cikin yanayin yanayi mai tsaka-tsakin, tsutsa tana ƙyanƙyashe sai bazara mai zuwa.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Eggswai na ƙoshin ruwa zai iya mamayewa ba canzawa kuma ƙwayoyin zasu ƙyanƙyashe a bazara mai zuwa.

An kyankyashe kawai daga ƙwai, girman tsutsa yana da mm 1. A wannan matakin, tsutsa na rayuwa na 'yan mintoci kaɗan, sannan ya fara narkewa. Dogaro da ƙananan ƙananan, tsutsa suna ci gaba a lokuta daban-daban kuma suna wuce adadin molts daban-daban. Tsutsar tsutsan suna iya ciyarwa da kansu kuma suna rayuwa ta rayuwa.
Yawancin lokaci larvae basa aiki, suna huɗa cikin ƙasa ko ɓoye tsakanin algae. Tsuntsayen mazari suna cin abincin sauro da sauran kwari, soyayyen kananan kifi da kayan kwalliya.

Abokan gaba na mazari

Hotuna: Shuɗin mashigar ruwa

Babban abokan gabar mazari sune:

• tsuntsaye;
• kifaye masu farauta;
• gizo-gizo gizo-gizo, gizo-gizo mara lahani da tetranatids;
• dabbobi masu rarrafe;
• dabbobi masu shayarwa.

Fishwai da ƙananan tsutsa ne kifi, ɓawon burodi, da sauran tsutsa. Yawancin ƙwai suna mutuwa ba tare da ƙyanƙyashe ba, masu farauta suna cinye su, ko yanayin yanayi mara kyau ba ya ba su damar haɓaka. Kari akan haka, yawancin lokutan mahaukaciyar masassara suna fuskantar matsalar kwalliya ta 'yan iska. Trematodes, filamentous roundworms da mites ruwa. Saboda salon rayuwarsu, mazari kuma sukan zama ganima ga tsire-tsire masu kwari.

Dragonflies kwari ne masu saurin saurin tashi. Da rana, suna iya ɓad da kamarsu da hasken rana, suna zaune akan tsire-tsire ko bishiyoyi tare da tumbinsu, fukafukan su na bayyane bayyane ga yawancin masu farautar, kuma wannan kamannin yana bawa mazari damar zagaya abokan gaba a yatsunsu.

Kari kan haka, mazari ya tashi sama sosai, kuma yana da matukar wahala ka riski mazari; hanya daya tilo da maharin zai ci abinci a kan wannan kwari ita ce ta kama shi da bazata. Tsutsa, suna kare kansu daga masu farauta, suyi ƙoƙari su binne cikin ƙasa, ko ɓoye cikin algae. Larananan larva ba su da iyo sosai, kodayake suna da ƙwarewa a ciki.

Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin

Hoto: Yadda mazari yake kama

Yawan oda Odonáta suna da yawa kuma sun bambanta. Akwai fiye da nau'in 6650 na wadannan kwari a duniya. Ana samun waɗannan kwari a duk nahiyoyi kuma suna ƙaura. Yawancin nau'in waɗannan kwari suna rayuwa kuma suna hayayyafa sosai a cikin daji. Koyaya, a yau wasu nau'ikan mazari na dab da bacewa kuma yawan su yana raguwa cikin sauri. Wannan ya faru ne sanadiyar gurbacewar mazaunin mazaunin mazari.

Yawancin nau'ikan an haɗa su a cikin Littafin Ja. A ƙarshen 2018, akwai fiye da nau'in 300 a cikin Littafin Ja. Daga cikin wadannan, nau'ikan 121 na gab da bacewa, kananan kabilu 127 suna da matsayin kwari a cikin halin kunci, kuma kananan dabbobi 19 sun riga sun mutu. Jinsunan Megalagrion jugorum an dauke su a matsayin dadaddun abubuwa. A cikin yawan mutanen duniya, gabaɗaya, kusan 10% na dukkan nau'ikan mazari maziyar ruwa suna gab da ƙarewa.

Dragonflies muhimmiyar kungiya ce wacce ke nuna halin da jikin ruwa yake, yayin da larva masu mazari ke maida martani sosai ga duk wani canje-canje cikin ingancin ruwa. A cikin gurbatattun ruwa, larvae na mazari ya mutu. Domin kiyaye yawan wadannan kwari, ya zama dole a kula sosai da muhalli. Sanya kayan aikin tsaftacewa a kamfanoni, kirkirar wuraren kariya a mazaunin mazari.

Kariyar mazari

Hotuna: Dragonfly daga littafin Red

Dragonflies suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yanayin halittu. Wadannan kwari na lalata kwari masu shan jini wadanda ke dauke da cututtuka daban-daban. Tsutsa mai laushi ta samar da abinci ga nau'ikan kifaye da yawa, kuma tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu shayarwa da gizo-gizo suna cin abincin kwari.

Kari akan hakan, mazari masu kyau sune alamomi masu kyau na yanayin muhalli, tunda larvae na mazari ba zai iya bunkasa cikin gurbataccen ruwa ba. A yau, yawancin ire-iren wadannan kwari suna cikin Lissafi na Duniya don bin diddigin yawan jama'a. Suna karkashin kariya ta musamman.

An kirkiro wata al'umma don kariya daga mazari, wacce ke aikin bin kadin yawan wadannan kwari. Tare da cigaban sabbin yankuna ta hanyar mutum da kuma shigowar birni, yawan mazari ya fara raguwa. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon kwararar ruwa da mutane suka yi, gina kamfanoni, hanyoyi da birane.

Dragonfly - kwari mai matukar kyau da ban mamaki. Abune mai matukar nishadantuwa da kiyaye wadannan halittu.Dole ne mu yi taka-tsantsan da mahalli don kiyaye bambancin waɗannan kwari.

Ranar bugawa: 08/11/2019

Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/29/2019 a 18:13