Burbot shine kawai wakilin tsari na kifin kifin (Gadiformes), wanda ke rayuwa cikin ruwan sha. Da gaske ne masunta sun kira burbot da "ƙanin" kifin kifin - duk da cewa yana da umarni daban-daban, waɗannan kifayen suna kama da hanyar rayuwarsu da halayensu. Ana ɗaukar macijin “mai ba da labari” a tsakanin waɗanda suka fi son kamun kifi - ƙasa da nuna abubuwan al'ajabi na dabara, cin abincin da kuma barin masunta ba tare da kama ba.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Burbot
Dangane da rabe-raben zamani, burbot na mallakar gidan Lotinae ne (a zahiri, shi ya samar da wannan harajin. Wararrun masanan kimiyyar Rasha sun sanya burbot a matsayin dangi daban na burbot.) Game da nau'ikan kananan halittu, ra'ayoyin masana kimiyya a nan sun banbanta, saboda wasu masu binciken sun yi imanin cewa jinsin halittu ne, wasu kuma - akasin haka.
Raba kananan - 2 - 3:
- burbot na yau da kullun yana zaune a cikin ruwa na Eurasia;
- tatsuniya mai kyau - mazaunin tafkin Alaska da Gabas ta Tsakiya;
- Lota lota maculosa ƙungiyoyi ne da aka samo a yankunan kudancin Arewacin Amurka.
Duk wasu nau'ikan burbot na dare ne kawai - farauta, kaura, hayayyafa da sauran abubuwan da suke faruwa daga misalin 22:00 zuwa 6:00. Dangane da haka, kamun kifin burbot yana faruwa ne musamman da daddare.
Bidiyo: Burbot
Kasancewar shi mai farautar dare ne kawai, burbot din baya zama kwanton bauna, yana jiran abin sa, amma yana farauta a hankali kuma ya hau kanshi, yana tantance wurin da za'a sami abinci ta hanyar ji, kamshi da tabawa. Amma burbot ba ya dogara da mai nazari na gani - wannan abin fahimta ne. Yi tunani da kanka - menene za ku iya gani da dare, a ƙasan kogin? Sabili da haka, zamu ɓoye idanunmu kuma ba da fata da gaske ba.
Yanzu akwai yiwuwar karuwar baki daya a matsakaicin girman mutane da raguwar yawan kifin saboda lalacewar yanayin rayuwa (a tsakanin su, gurbatar ruwa da kamun kifi, gami da farauta, sune mafi girman mahimmanci).
Bayyanar da fasalin burbot
Photo: Yaya burbot yake
Tsawon kifin da wuya ya wuce 1 m, nauyin jiki - har zuwa kilogiram 24. A waje, burbot yana ɗan tuna wani ƙifin kifi - kifin kifi. Siffar jikin ta ɗan tsayi, zagaye, taƙaita baya, kuma an ɗan matse ta daga gefunan. Ma'aunin burbot kadan ne, amma suna rufe jiki sosai kuma a ko'ina - suna rufe kai, murfin gill har ma da ginshin fincin.
Siffar kai mai fadi ce, an dan daidaita ta. Muƙamuƙin na sama ya ɗan fi tsayi tsayi. A kan muƙamuƙi da mabudin akwai ƙananan ƙananan hakora. Eriyar da ba a gyara ba tana kan cinya, kusa da hancin hanta - gajeru 2.
Abubuwan da firam din firam kadan da gajere. Haskoki na farko na fikafikan ƙugu sune matakai na filamentous. Akwai fika biyu a bayanta, kuma fin na biyu ya kusan kaiwa ga caudal, amma baya haɗuwa da shi. Layin layi ya kai ƙarshen fin na dubura.
Akwai zaɓuɓɓukan launi da yawa don burbot. Mafi sau da yawa, bayan wannan kifin yana da koren zaitun ko zaitun-kore, tare da rabe-raben baƙar fata-launin ruwan kasa-kasa, raɗa-raye da ratsi-raɗa.
Maƙogwaro da ciki yawanci farare ne. Yaran yara koyaushe suna da duhu (kusan baƙi) a launi. Maza sun fi mata duhu. Bugu da kari, namiji yana da kaurin kauri, kuma mace tana da jiki. Mata koyaushe suna da girma.
A ina ne burbot yake rayuwa?
Hotuna: Burbot a Rasha
Burbot ya fi son jikin ruwa mai sanyi da tsafta tare da ƙasan dutse. Mafi yawanci, wannan kifin yana rayuwa ne a cikin ramuka masu zurfin gaske tare da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, a cikin dazuzzuka na ciyayi da ciyayi waɗanda ke kusa da bakin teku, da kuma ƙarƙashin ɓarna da tushen itacen da ke ƙarƙashin ruwan. Waɗannan abubuwan fifiko ne suke bayyana gaskiyar cewa burbot mafi yawanci yakan ɓace daga koguna inda ake sare bishiyoyin da suke girma a bankunan a tsare.
A tsakiyar Rasha, a ƙarshen ambaliyar (kusan a watan Mayu zuwa farkon Yuni), lokacin zaman kwanciyar hankali yana farawa don burbot. Kifin yana tsayawa a gangaren gangarowa ko an daskare shi zuwa duwatsu, ramuka na bakin teku. A cikin tabkuna, burbot a wannan lokacin yana tsaye a iyakar zurfin.
Bugu da ƙari, ya zaɓi rayuwa don rayuwa ko dai wani wuri kusa da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, ko ƙarƙashin bakin teku. Burbot yana rayuwa cikin ɗoki, kusa da ruff. Kafin fara zafi, har yanzu yana kitse da dare (musamman idan akwai yawan ruff a kusa), amma a watan Yuli ana cusa kifin sosai cikin ramuka da kuma ƙarƙashin duwatsu, itacen busasshe. Idan babu matsuguni na halitta, yana binne kansa a cikin ramin.
La'akari da duk abubuwan da aka lissafa a sama, yawan burbothin ana ɗaukarsu ƙananan kaɗan - ƙari ma, a cikin mafi girman yankin kewayon su. Akwai bayyanannen dangantaka - ana samun burbots koyaushe inda filayen samarda abubuwa suke a kan duwatsu kuma inda yanayi ke samar da mafi kyaun mafaka don soya.
Yanzu kun san inda aka samo bobo. Bari mu ga abin da wannan kifin yake ci.
Menene burbot yake ci?
Photo: Kifi burbot
Abincin da aka fi so na burbot shine ƙananan ƙananan ƙwaya da soya na manyan kifayen kifayen da ke kusa da ƙasan. Tare da farauta, wannan kifin zai ɗanɗana ɗan kuli-kuli mai ɗan-tsawo, amma, yawan waɗannan dabbobin suna raguwa cikin sauri saboda lalacewar yanayin muhalli na jikin ruwa.
Hakanan, burbot baya kyamar cin kwadi, tadpole, tsutsa mai ruwan mazari da sauran kwari da ke zaune cikin madatsun ruwa. Roach, kifin kifin, da sauran kifin ruwa, wanda ke jagorantar salon rayuwar ruwa da ninkaya, galibi a saman ruwa da matsakaitan tafkin, da wuya su zama ganima ga burbot.
Wani fasali mai ban sha'awa shine cin abincin burbot yana fuskantar canje-canje masu mahimmanci a cikin shekara. Misali, a lokacin bazara da bazara, mai farautar kasa (a kowane zamani) ya fi son kifin kifi da tsutsotsi da ke rayuwa a ƙasan. A kwanakin zafi kifayen suna cikin yunwa, sun fi son “yin bacci” a zurfin. Da farkon balagar jima'i, burbot ya zama mai cutarwa mai hatsarin gaske - kifi na iya shiga cikin "menu" har zuwa 1/3 na tsayin jikinshi.
Ciwan mai farautar ya ƙaru daidai gwargwado zuwa raguwar yanayin zafin ruwa da raguwar awannin rana. A lokacin hunturu, abincin burbot yana kunshe da minnows, ruffs da loaches, wanda ke yin rashin kulawa. Amma mai hankali mai kusanci ba zai taɓa shiga bakin mai cinyewar dare ba. Autumn zhor yana kasancewa har zuwa farkon hunturu (a lokaci - kimanin watanni 3), tare da ƙananan tazara. Da farkon lokacin hunturu, sha'awar mai farauta ta ragu.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Burbot a cikin hunturu
Zafin bazara yana danne wannan kifin - burbot ya zama baya aiki. Amma idan zafin ruwan ya huce zuwa 12 ° C, burbot din zai fara aiki, yana farauta kuma yakan kwashe tsawon dare yana neman ganima. Amma da zaran ruwan ya dumi sama da 15 ° C, kifin nan da nan yakan buya a cikin ramuka, ramuka na kasa, haka kuma a karkashin duwatsu, busasshiyar bishiyoyi da mafaka a bankunan da ke kan tudu, da kuma a wasu kebabbun wuraren da ke boye shi daga zafin. Kuma ya bar su ne kawai don neman abinci mai mahimmanci don kiyaye rayuwa.
Burbot tafi farauta a cikin zafi kawai a cikin yanayin gajimare, kuma da dare kawai. A watan Yuli-Agusta, lokacin da aka ga mafi zafi, ƙyauren burbot yana kwanciya kuma kusan yana daina cin abinci. Kifin ya zama mai rauni da rashin kariya ta yadda a wannan lokacin zaka iya kamo shi da hannuwanka! Hanya mafi sauki da za a yi haka ita ce a daidai lokacin da aka shigar da burbot a cikin rami (wanda, sabanin abin da ake yadawa na karya, ba zai taba hakowa ba). Haka ne, kuma a ƙarƙashin snags, duwatsu da kuma a cikin wasu "matsugunan" masu ɓoye burbot ɗin ma yana da sauƙin kamawa.
Tabbas, a lokacin da suka fara ɗauka, kifin baya ma ƙoƙarin juyawa ya tsere, yana mai kumbura har zuwa wuri mai yuwuwa. Akasin haka, yana yanke shawara mara kyau bisa tushe, yana neman ceto a cikin mafakarsa, amma yana da zurfi. Matsalar kawai shine a kiyaye burbot, saboda yana da zamewa sosai. Lokacin hunturu, kaka da farkon bazara sune lokutan da suka fi aiki ga burbot. Tare da farawar saurin sanyi, wannan kifin ya fara rayuwa mai yawo. Akwai kyakkyawar dangantaka - sanyi ya sanya ruwan ya zama, mafi girman aiki da rashin ingancin burbot ya zama (yana cin kananan kifaye da yawa).
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Burbot cikin ruwa
Balaga cikin jima'i a cikin burbot yana farawa ne daga shekara 3-4, lokacin da nauyin jiki ya kai 400-500 g Amma a ƙarƙashin kyakkyawan yanayin rayuwa, yakan faru ne cewa maza kan girma da wuri kaɗan.
A watan Nuwamba - Disamba (ya danganta da yanayin yanayin yankin), bayan an rufe jikkunan ruwa da dusar kankara, burbots ya fara kaurarsu - yawan tarwatsewar burbots zuwa filayen da ake haifar da su (haka kuma, a cikin alkiblar sama). Waɗannan kifayen suna zuwa fage a ƙananan makarantu, waɗanda suka haɗa da mace ɗaya babba da maza 4-5. Daga tafkunan ambaliyar ruwa, burbots sun shiga gadajen kogi. A cikin manyan tafkuna masu zurfin zurfi tare da ruwan sanyi, burbot ɗin baya barin, yana motsawa daga zurfin kusa da saman, inda akwai zurfin da ƙasa mai duwatsu.
Lokacin jinkiri daga shekaru goma na ƙarshe na Disamba zuwa ƙarshen Fabrairu. Tsarin kusan koyaushe yana faruwa a ƙarƙashin kankara, lokacin da zafin ruwan ya kusan 1-3 ° C. Burbot yana son sanyi, sabili da haka, a lokacin tsananin sanyi, raƙuman ƙwayoyi ya fi aiki fiye da lokacin narkewa - a ƙarshen lamarin, an faɗaɗa aikin haɓaka. Qwai masu da digon mai (diamita su 0.8-1 mm) ana wanke su a cikin ruwa mara zurfi tare da dutsen mai dutse da kuma saurin gudu. Ci gaban soya yana faruwa a cikin layin ƙasa na tafkin. Aya daga cikin abubuwan rayuwar burbot shine yawan haihuwa - manyan mata suna kwance ƙwai sama da miliyan.
Tsawan lokacin shiryawar ƙwai ya bambanta daga kwana 28 zuwa watanni 2.5 - tsawon wannan aikin yana ƙayyade yanayin zafin jiki na ruwa a cikin tafki. Tsawon soyayyen da ya ga haske shine 3-4 mm. Fry ƙyanƙyashe ya fito jim kaɗan kafin fara hawan kankara ko yayin ambaliyar ruwa. Wannan fasalin yana da mummunan tasiri game da yawan rayuwar soya, saboda lokacin da kogi yayi ambaliyar ruwa, galibi ana ɗauke da soya zuwa mashigar ruwa, inda, bayan faduwa a matakin ruwa, da sauri sukan bushe su mutu.
Abokan gaba na burbot
Photo: Kogin kifi burbot
Mafi yawan haihuwa na burbot bai sanya wannan nau'in kifin yayi yawa ba. Baya ga mutuwar mafi yawan soya a lokacin ruwa mai yawa, ƙwan ƙwai da ƙwai ana ɗauke da na yanzu. Bugu da kari, sauran kifayen ba sa kyamar cin burbushin kaviar (babban "masu kashe yara" su ne perch, ruff, roach, kuma zuwa mafi girman - gudgeon "ƙaunataccen" ta burbot). Abun ban haushi, wasu daga cikin qwai suna zama a cikin kasan damuwa kuma burbot din da kansa yana cinsu. A sakamakon haka, a ƙarshen hunturu, ba fiye da 10-20% na ɗimbin ƙwai ba.
Idan muka ɗauki balagagge, balagagge mai balagagge, to yana da mafi ƙarancin abokan gaba. Kadan ne suka yi gangancin afkawa kifi tsawan tsawan mita 1. Abin da kawai, a lokacin bazara (lokacin zafi, wanda burbo, kasancewar kifi na arewa, ba ya haƙuri da komai), yayin da ko da babba ɗan ƙarami bai nuna yawan aiki ba, zai iya zama abinci don kifin kifayen da yafi shi girma.
Babban haɗarin yana cikin jiran ƙananan da ba a haifa ba. Da wannan dalilin ne kawai wasu tsiraru suka tsira har zuwa lokacin balaga. Burbot caviar, ta hanyar, "abinci ne" na kifi har ma a lokacin sanyi. Amma ruffs, bream na azurfa da kayan ciye-ciye suna son cin abinci a soya, da sauran kifaye waɗanda ke matsayin abinci ga tsofaffin burbots.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Yaya burbot yake
Iyakar burbot yana da fadi sosai - ana samun kifin a jikin ruwa mai kyau na yankunan arewacin Turai, Asiya da Arewacin Amurka. A Turai, an kama burbot a cikin New England (kusan ba a samun kifin a Scotland da Ireland), a Faransa (galibi a cikin Rhone basin, ɗan ɗan sau da yawa a saman Seine da Loire), a Italiya (galibi a cikin kogin Po), da kuma a canton yamma na Switzerland, a cikin danshin Danube (kusan ko'ina) da kuma cikin ruwayen da ke cikin Tekun Baltic. Ba a samo shi ba (tun daga tsakiyar ƙarni na ƙarshe) a gabar yamma ta ƙasashen Scandinavia, da kan yankin Iberian, Apennine da Balkan.
A cikin Rasha, burbot ya yadu ko'ina - a cikin jikin ruwa masu gudana a cikin Yankin Arctic da yankuna masu mahimmancin yanayi, da kuma cikin tafkunan kogin Siberia - daga Ob zuwa Anadyr, kuma tare da tsayinsu duka. A cikin ɓangaren Turai na Rasha, ba a samun burbot a cikin Crimea, Transcaucasia (ban da ƙananan ƙananan Kura da Sefidrud), wani lokacin ana kama wannan kifin a Arewacin Caucasus - a cikin kwarin kogin. Kuban. Iyakar arewacin yankin shine bakin tekun Arctic.
A kudanci, ana samun burbot a cikin kwandon Ob-Irtysh, kuma yana da yanki mai fadi - daga saman zuwa (Lake Teletskoye da Zaisan) har zuwa Ob Bay. Babu irin wannan kifin a cikin Asiya ta Tsakiya, kodayake a cikin ƙarni na sha tara wannan kifin yana da kifi sosai a cikin Tekun Aral. A cikin Yenisei da Baikal, ana kama burbot kusan ko'ina. A cikin bashin Selenga, yankin ya gangara zuwa kudu, har zuwa Mongolia. Ana samun burbot a cikin kogin ruwa. Amur tare da manyan kwastomominsa - Ussuri da Sungari. An samo shi a saman saman Kogin Yalu.
Game da gabar tekun Fasifik, ana samun burbot a tsibirin Sakhalin da Tsibirin Shantar, har ma ya shiga yankunan da aka keɓe da tekun (inda gishirin ruwa bai wuce 12 ba).
Burbot mai gadi
Hotuna: Burbot daga littafin Red
Burbot na cikin nau'ikan bacewa na 1 - jinsin yana cikin hatsari a cikin Moscow, saboda haka an sanya shi a Rataye 1 na littafin Red data na yankin Moscow. A lokaci guda, burbot baya cikin littafin Red Book na Duniya.
Don kiyaye yawan burbot, masana kimiyyar halittu suna gudanar da ayyuka da yawa, wato:
- Kula da yawan jama'a (na tsari, har ma yayin lokutan ƙananan halayen ɗabi'a);
- kula da tsabtar muhalli na matsugunan bazara da filayen samar da burbot;
- gano sababbin wurare waɗanda za a iya la'akari da dacewa da dacewa da haɓakar burbot;
- ci gaba da aiwatar da matakan da nufin hana tabarbarewar yanayin muhalli na jikkunan ruwa a cikin yankin Moscow da haɓaka yanayin zafin ruwa, tsokanar fure da wuri da aiki. Yankin da aka biya mafi yawan hankali - daga Hanyar Zobe ta Moscow zuwa yankin Filyovskaya ambaliyar ruwa
- gabatar da haramci kan karfafa bankunan koguna da tafkuna a cikin PAs da ake da su a halin yanzu da kuma tsinkaye ta hanyar gina gine-ginen kankare, gabions da katangar katako. Idan akwai buƙatar gaggawa don ƙarfafa bankin, kawai ana tsara tsarin banki a tsaye da dasa bishiyoyi;
- maido da yanayin halittu na yankin bakin ruwa da ke kusa da shafukan da suka fi kima da burbot, kazalika da inganta amfani da su don dalilan nishadi;
- kirkirar matsugunai na bazara da kuma ingantattun wuraren samar da kayan kwalliya don burbot. A saboda wannan dalili, ana kafa “matasai” masu yashi-sanduna a yankunan da ke da ruwa mai kyau;
- maido da wucin gadi na yawan jama'a da kuma karin gabatarwar kifin kifi mai tsayi a jikin ruwa - wannan kashin, tare da gudgeon, shine abincin abinci da aka fi so don burbot;
- Aiwatar da tsauraran matakai game da kiyaye haramcin kama burbot (musamman a lokacin da ake zage zage) a matsayin jinsin da aka jera a littafin Red Book of Moscow.
Da fatan za a sake lura cewa matakan da ke sama sun dace ne kawai dangane da yankin Moscow.
Burbot Wani mai farautar ƙasa ne wanda ke jagorantar salon rayuwar dare kawai. Ya fi son wuraren tafki da ruwan sanyi, zafin rana na da tasiri a kansa. Jinsin yana da mazauni mai fadi, amma a lokaci guda yawansa bai yi yawa ba saboda halayen halayensa, da kuma takamaiman hanyoyin aiwatar da haihuwa da samin balaga.
Ranar bugawa: 08.08.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/28/2019 da 23:09
