Hamadryad - wani nau'i ne na dangi. Wannan ita ce mafi kusa da biri a arewacin Afirka, wanda yake asalin Kahon Afirka da kuma kudu maso yamma na yankin Larabawa. Tana samar da matsuguni mai dacewa ga wannan nau'in mai ƙarancin masu farauta fiye da tsakiyar ko kudancin Afirka, inda sauran nau'in namun daji ke rayuwa. Dabo-dayan dabbar Hamadryl tsattsarka ne a cikin tsoffin Masarawa kuma ya bayyana ta fuskoki daban-daban a cikin tsohuwar addinin Misira, saboda haka sunan da ya saɓo shi "Kwarin sacredaba sacred".
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Hamadryl
Baboons suna daya daga cikin jinsin 23 na tsoffin birai na Duniya. A shekara ta 2015, masu bincike sun gano mafi dadewar burbushin, wanda aka rubuta kwanan wata shekaru miliyan 2 da suka gabata, an rubuta shi a yankin Malapa a Afirka ta Kudu, inda a baya aka gano ragowar Australopithecus. Dangane da nazarin kwayar halitta, Baboon da suka rabu da dangin su na kusa 1.9 zuwa miliyan 2.3 da suka wuce.
Gabaɗaya, akwai jinsuna biyar a cikin jinsin halittar Papio:
- hamadryas (P. hamadryas);
- Gwanin Guinea (P. papio);
- katon zaitun (P. anubis);
- ragon rawaya (P. cynocephalus);
- bebin beyar (P. ursinus).
Kowane ɗayan waɗannan nau'ikan biyar yan asalin ƙasar ne daga ɗayan keɓaɓɓun yankuna biyar na Afirka, kuma dabbar hamadryas shima ɓangare ne na Larabawa. Su ne ɗayan manya-manyan birai ba-hominoid ba. Dabbobin Baboon sun kasance a kalla tsawon shekaru miliyan biyu.
Bidiyo: Hamadryl
Tsarin da aka kafa na siffofi biyar mai yuwuwa baya nuna bambance-bambance tsakanin jinsi Papio. Wasu masana sun dage cewa a kara samun wasu siffofin biyu, wadanda suka hada da karamar dabbar jinsi (P. cynocephalus kindae) daga Zambiya, Congo da Angola, da dabbar mai launin toka (P. ursinus griseipes) da aka samu a Zambiya, Botswana, Zimbabwe da kuma Mozambique.
Koyaya, ilimin halin yau da kullun game da ɗabi'a, tsarin halittar ɗabi'u da kuma bambancin halittar dabban da yawa ya isa ya ba da garantin yanke hukunci daidai. Tsoffin Masarawa sun ɗauki hamadryas a matsayin reincarnation na allahn Babi kuma suna girmama su a matsayin dabbobi masu tsarki, ban da haka, ana nuna allahn Hapi sau da yawa tare da kan wannan dabbar. Kodayake yanzu a Misira babu hamadryas daji ko'ina.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Yaya hamadryl yake?
Bugu da kari ga yawan dimphism na jima'i (maza sun ninka na mata kusan ninki biyu, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari), wannan nau'in yana nuna bambancin launin launi a cikin manya. Manya maza suna da madaidaiciyar murfi (mane da alkyabba) mai launin azurfa-fari, wanda ya fara haɓaka tun yana ɗan shekara goma, yayin da mata ba su da kwalliya kuma suna da launin ruwan kasa a jikinsu duka. Fuskokinsu sun fara daga ja zuwa launin ruwan kasa har ma da duhu mai duhu.
Gashi na maza launin ruwan kasa ne mai launin toka mai ruwan ciki kamar baya ko duhu. Gashi a kumatu ya zama yana da haske, ya zama "gashin-baki". Dogon gashi a bayan baya yana raurawa. A cikin wasu dabbobi, fatar na iya zama mai launi kala. A cikin maza da mata duka, fatar da ke kewaye da kiran ƙira ya zama ruwan hoda ko ja mai haske. Maza suna da launi irin na fata a kan bakin, yayin da mata ke da fuskar launin toka mai ruwan toka.
Maza na iya aunawa har zuwa 80 cm a cikin girman jiki kuma suna da nauyin kilogram 20-30. Mata suna da nauyin kilogiram 10-15 kuma suna da tsayin jiki na 40-45 cm. Wutsiyar tana da lanƙwasa, doguwa, tana ƙara wani 40-60 cm zuwa tsayin kuma ta ƙare a cikin ƙaramar amma kyakkyawa mara kyau a gindi. Yaran jarirai masu duhu kuma suna haske bayan kimanin shekara guda. Hamadryas suna isa balaga a kusan watanni 51 ga mata kuma watanni 57 zuwa 81 na maza.
Ina hamadryl yake rayuwa?
Hotuna: Hamadryl a cikin yanayi
Hamadryl ana samunsa a nahiyar Afirka a yankin kudancin Bahar Maliya a kasashen Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan, Djibouti da Somalia, South Nubia. Wannan nau'in kuma asalin Sarawat ne a kudu maso yammacin Larabawa. Yankin dabbar dabbar ya kama Yemen da Saudi Arabia.
Yawancin mutanen ana samunsu sau da yawa cikin kusanci tare da mutane, kuma kodayake ana ɗaukarsu masu cutarwa ne ga yankin, wataƙila an gabatar da su ne a can ba zato ba tsammani a lokacin tsayin tsohuwar daular Masar. Wannan jinsin wani bangare ne na hadadden jinsunan namun daji na Afirka.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ana samun dabbobin Hamadril a cikin hamada, steppe, dausayi masu tsayi, filaye da savannas. Rarraba su yana da iyaka ta kasancewar ramuka na ruwa da wuraren duwatsu masu dacewa ko duwatsu.
A wasu yankuna na Habasha, ana samun su a wuraren noma kuma ana daukar su a matsayin kwari masu shuka. Hamadrils galibi ana samun shi a cikin tsaunuka, yana hawa zuwa maɗaukakin matsayi. Kowane rukuni ya ƙunshi tsofaffin manyan maza 10-15. Garkunan dabbobi suna ta motsi kullum. Dukkan dabbobi suna da yawa a ƙasa, amma kuma suna da ƙwarewa sosai wajen hawa duwatsu da tsaunuka.
Hamadryas yana hawa bishiyoyi da ƙyar. Girman gidan hamadryas ya bambanta dangane da ingancin wurin zama da wurin da duwatsun suke. Matsakaicin iyakar gida kusan 40 km². Yawan Baboon yau da kullun daga 6.5 zuwa 19.6 zuwa m².
Yanzu kun san inda hamadryl yake zaune. Bari muga me wannan biri yake ci.
Menene hamadryl yake ci?
Hotuna: Hamadrils
Papio hamadryas dabba ce mai cin komai kuma tana cin tushen shuke-shuke da ƙananan dabbobi (katantanwa, tsutsotsi da kwari), suna neman abin da yake juya kan duwatsu. Wani lokacin sukan kai hari gonakin. Saboda tsananin ƙarancin mazauninsu, waɗannan barorin dole ne su ci duk abincin da za su iya samu.
Ofaya daga cikin sauye-sauyen ciyarwar da aka yi imanin duk baboon da shi shine ikon cin abinci mara ƙarancin inganci. Hamadryas na iya wadatar da ganye na tsawan lokaci. Wannan yana basu damar amfani da busassun wuraren zama na ƙasa kamar hamada, hamadar hamada, steppes da filayen ciyawa.
An san su da cin abinci iri-iri, amma ba'a iyakance ga:
- 'ya'yan itace,
- kwari,
- qwai;
- 'ya'yan acacia;
- furanni acacia;
- ciyawar ciyawa;
- ganye;
- rhizomes;
- tushe;
- dabbobi masu rarrafe;
- tubers;
- kananan vertebrates, da dai sauransu.
Hamadrila yana zaune a yankunan hamada, savannas da kuma wurare masu duwatsu. Suna buƙatar duwatsu don barci da samun ruwa. A lokacin damina, suna cin abinci iri-iri. A lokacin rani, hamadryas suna cin ganyen glaber da ganyen sisal. Hanyar samun ruwa kuma ya dogara da yanayi.
A lokacin damina, biri baya bukatar yin tafiya mai nisa don nemo kududdufin ruwa. A lokacin rani, galibi suna ziyartar wurare har uku na shayarwa na dindindin. Hamadrilas galibi yana hutawa a ramin sha da rana. Hakanan suna tona ramin shan ruwa ɗan gajeren nesa daga jikkunan ruwa na halitta.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Monkey hamadryl
Hamadryas dabbobi ne masu matukar jin daɗin rayuwa wadanda suke da tsari mai tsari da yawa. Theungiyar ƙungiyar zamantakewar al'umma shine babban namiji, jagora wanda ke zaluntar mata ɗaya zuwa tara da zuriyarsu. Membobin gari sukan tara abinci tare, suyi tafiya tare, kuma suyi bacci tare. Maza suna hana zalunci tsakanin mata kuma suna kula da samun haihuwa na musamman ga mata. Rukuni ɗaya na iya haɗawa daga dabbobi 2 zuwa 23, kodayake matsakaita ya kai 7.3. Toari ga shugaban namiji, ƙila akwai wani na ƙasa da shi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kungiyoyi biyu ko uku (harem) sun hadu sun kafa dangi. Mazajen dangin dangi ne na dangi. Kabilu suna kafa ƙungiyoyi masu haɗa kai don hakar abinci. Shugabannin maza na murƙushe duk wani yunƙuri da yara ke yi na yin hulɗa da dabbobi masu irin wannan shekarun a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban.
Maza na takurawa mata ta hanyan gani ta hanyar yi musu barazana da kamewa ko cizon duk wanda ya wuce gona da iri. Mata suna nuna wasu fifiko dangane da maza kuma maza suna ɗaukar waɗannan abubuwan fifiko. Kasan yadda mace ta yarda da mazajen karnunta, da alama kishiya ce zata kama ta.
Samari maza na iya fara lalata da matan ta hanyar lallashin matan da ba su balaga ba su bi su, amma kuma za su iya sace wata budurwa da ƙarfi. Mazan da suka tsufa galibi sukan rasa mata, suna rasa nauyi a cikin harem, kuma launin gashinsu yana canzawa zuwa launin ruwan kasa.
A baya, an yi amannar cewa mata hamadryas suna rasa ma'amala da matan harem da suka bari. Amma bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa mata suna riƙe da kusanci tare da aƙalla wasu mata. Zasu iya zama tare da sauran mata kamar yadda suke tare da mazajen 'yan matan, kuma wasu mata ma suna hulɗa a waje da kurege. Kari akan haka, mata masu haihuwa daya tak suna yawan haduwa da harem guda.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Baby hamadryas
Kamar sauran kwabo, hamadryas suna yin kiwo lokaci-lokaci. Babban namiji a rukunin yana yin mafi yawan ma'anar, kodayake wasu mazan na iya yin aure lokaci-lokaci. Mata suna da zaɓi a cikin mata. Galibi suna barin ƙungiyar haihuwarsu tun suna da shekara 1.5 zuwa 3.5. Mata suna da halin zagayawa na kwanaki 31 zuwa 35. Yayinda ake yin kwayayen, fatar jikin mace ta kumbura, tana gargadin namijin da take da shi mai yiwuwa. Yawan cin abincin miji na iya kaiwa daga 7 zuwa 12.2 a kowace awa yayin da mace ta karɓa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Lokacin cikin yana dauke da kimanin kwanaki 172, daga nan sai mace ta haifi 'ya daya. Jariri yayi nauyi tsakanin 600 zuwa 900 g kuma yana da baƙar fata, yana mai sauƙin ganewa tsakanin manyan yara. Jarirai suna dogaro da mahaifiyarsu gaba ɗaya na monthsan watannin farko har sai sun fara cin abinci mai ƙarfi kuma suna iya tafiya da kansu.
Balaga yana faruwa tsakanin shekaru 4.8 da 6.8 a cikin maza kuma kimanin shekaru 4.3 a cikin mata. Cikakken girman ya kai ga maza kusan shekara 10.3. Mata, waɗanda suke da ƙanƙanta sosai fiye da maza, sun kai girman manya a kusan shekaru 6.1. Matsakaicin tazarar haihuwa tsakanin mata watanni 24 ne, kodayake an san cewa ana haihuwa bayan watanni 12. Kuma wasu basu haihu ba sai bayan watanni 36 bayan haihuwar 'yayansu na baya.
Matsakaicin lokacin shayarwa shine kwanaki 239, amma lokacin yaye zai iya bambanta dangane da yanayin mahaifiya, masu canjin yanayi da yanayin zamantakewar ta. Lactation na iya wucewa daga watanni 6 zuwa 15. Lokacin jarabawar yara yana da wahalar tantancewa. Saboda wannan jinsi na zamantakewar jama'a ne, yara kanana zasu iya ci gaba da hulɗa da iyayensu mata har sai sun rabu a kusanci ko kusa.
Mace tana yin mafi yawan ayyukan kula da yara. Mata suna jinya da kulawa da zuriyarsu. Ya faru cewa mace mace a cikin wasu lokuta tana kulawa da zuriyar wata mace. Kamar yadda yake tare da duk wani birin, jarirai suna da ban sha'awa sosai ga sauran membobin ƙungiyar zamantakewar jama'a kuma suna mai da hankali sosai. Maza suna ba da kariya ga jarirai yayin kula da harem.
Maza suna ware wasu mazan daga saduwa da zuriyarsu, mai yuwuwar hana yaduwar jarirai. Kari akan haka, mazan da suka manyanta suna lura da dukkan kungiyar kuma saboda haka suna iya hango masu yuwuwar lalata yayin kare yaransu daga wannan barazanar. Galibi maza suna da haƙuri da yara da samari a cikin WMD kuma galibi suna wasa da su ko ɗauke su a bayansu.
Makiyan hamadryas
Photo: Mace hamadryas
An kusan kawar da masu lalata halittu daga mafi yawan zangon P. hamadryas.Kodayake, ana tsammanin manyan matakan zamantakewar al'umma da aka lura dasu a cikin hamadryas na nuni da kasancewar irin waɗannan a da. Rayuwa cikin kungiyoyi babu shakka yana taimaka wa dabbobi su kare kansu daga masu farauta ta hanyar kara yawan manya don kaucewa hare-hare.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Saboda firgita da bayyanar masu yuwuwar farauta, hamadryas sun ɗaga ihu mai ban tsoro kuma suka hau kan duwatsu, suka fara mirgina duwatsu don kariya.
Tunda ƙungiyoyi da dangi sukan taru gab da isa ga ramin shayarwa, wuri don masu farauta su ɓuya, irin wannan aikin yana da alama. Hakanan sha'awar waɗannan dabbobi su kwana a kan tsaunuka masu tsayi. Bayanin wannan na'urar bacci shine yana hana masu farauta samun damar shiga hamadryas. Kasancewar wuraren bacci a cikin yankuna masu wahalar isar dasu ya bayyana shine babban iyakancin kewayon wadannan dabbobi.
Shahararrun mashahurai sun hada da:
- damisa (Panthera pardus);
- hyena mai taguwar ruwa (H. hyaena);
- hyena mai tabo (C. crocuta);
- gaggafa kaffir (Aquila verreauxii).
Hamadryas suna gama gari a yankunan da ake ban ruwa kuma zasu iya zama mummunan kwari. Su manyan dabbobi ne waɗanda galibi suna aikata mugunta yayin fuskantar mutane. Saboda wadannan birrai farauta ne, suna samar da muhimmiyar mahada a gidajen yanar sadarwar abinci, suna sanya abubuwan gina jiki da suke samu daga shuke-shuke da kananan dabbobi wajan manyan dabbobi. Suna tono tubers, Tushen, da rhizomes, saboda haka wataƙila waɗannan dabbobin suna taimakawa aita ƙasar da suke ciyarwa. Bugu da kari, suna taka rawa wajen rarraba kwaya, 'ya'yan itacen da suke ci.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Yaya hamadryl yake?
Canza filaye da makiyaya babbar barazana ce ga dabbar hamadryas. dabbobin da ke cin karensu ba babbaka sune hyena mai taguwar ruwa, da tabo da kuma damisa ta Afirka, wacce har yanzu ke zaune a yankin rabarwar. IUCN ta tsara wannan nau'ikan ne daga "Matsalar Kalla" a shekara ta 2008. A halin yanzu Hamadryas ba sa fuskantar barazanar ta wata babbar cuta, kodayake a cikin gida tana iya fuskantar barazanar asarar muhalli daga manyan fadada aikin noma da ayyukan ban ruwa. ...
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cewar masana, yawan mutanen da ke Djibouti kusan dabbobi 2,000 ne, kuma yana da karko. An tsara jinsin a cikin Shafi II na CITES. “Ididdigar "tsarkakakku" na wannan nau'in yana faruwa a cikin Parkasar Kasa ta Dutsen Simien. Bugu da kari, ana samun wannan nau'in a cikin Harar Gudun Hijira na Kasa na Harar, da kuma arewacin Eritrea.
Hamadryad wanda aka samo a Yangudi Rassa National Park, Harar Tsuntsaye na Harar, da sauran wasu wuraren ajiya a ƙasan Avash (kodayake yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa duk ajiyar Avash aikin gona ne ya rinjayi shi). Wannan nau'in yana zaune a Habasha da yawa. Lambobinsu na iya ma sun karu saboda raguwar masu farautar dabi'a da kananan noma.
Ranar bugawa: 04.08.2019 shekara
Ranar sabuntawa: 28.09.2019 a 21:35
