Bonobo (pygmy chimpanzees) - ya zama shahararre saboda jima'in jima'in da ba a saba gani ba wanda aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin hanyar sadarwa a cikin rukuni. Wadannan dabbobin ba su da karfi, ba kamar chimpanzees ba, kuma suna kokarin warware rikice-rikicen rikice-rikice masu tasowa tare da taimakon jima'i, don haka kawar da rikice-rikice, ko kuma sasantawa bayan rikici da kawar da motsin rai. Bonobos suna yin jima'i don samar da haɗin kan jama'a. Idan kuna da tambayoyi game da waɗannan masanan, bincika wannan post.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Bonobo
Burbushin halittar Pan paniscus ba'a bayyana shi ba sai a shekara ta 2005. Yawan jama'ar chimpanzee a Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya ba su haɗuwa da manyan burbushin halittu a Gabashin Afirka. Koyaya, ana samun rahoton burbushin yau daga Kenya.
Wannan yana nuna cewa duka mutane da membobin gidan Pan sun kasance a cikin Rift Valley na Gabashin Afirka a lokacin Tsakiyar Pleistocene. A cewar A. Zichlman, yadda jikin bonobos yake daidai yake da na Australopithecus, kuma babban masanin kimiyyar juyin halitta D. Griffith ya ba da shawarar cewa bonobos na iya zama misali mai rai na kakanninmu na nesa.
Bidiyo: Bonobo
Duk da madadin sunan "pygmy chimpanzee," bonobos ba su da wani yanayi na musamman idan aka kwatanta su da chimpanzee na kowa, sai dai kan sa. Dabbar ta samo suna ne ga Ernst Schwartz, wanda ya tsara jinsin bayan lura da kwanyar bonobos da aka bata a baya, wanda ya fi na takwaransa chimpanzee.
Sunan "bonobos" ya fara bayyana ne a shekarar 1954 lokacin da Edward Paul Tratz da Heinz Heck suka gabatar da shi a matsayin sabuwar kalma ta musamman da ta dace da pygmies na chimpanzee. An yi imanin cewa ba a rubuta sunan ba a akwatin jigila daga garin Bolobo a kan Kogin Congo, kusa da inda aka tara bonobos na farko a cikin 1920s.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Yaya bonobo yake
Bonobos birrai ne kimanin kashi biyu bisa uku na girman mutum wanda gashi mai duhu ya rufe jikinsu. Gashi gabaɗaya yafi na chimpanzees na yau da kullun, kuma wannan sananne ne musamman akan kunci, waɗanda basu da gashi a cikin P. troglodytes. Sassan jikin da ba a rufe su da gashi (watau tsakiyar fuska, hannaye, kafafu) launuka ne masu duhu tsawon rayuwa. Wannan ya bambanta da chimpanzee na yau da kullun, wanda ke da fata mai kyau, musamman lokacin saurayi.
Bonobos suna tafiya da ƙafa biyu sau da yawa fiye da chimpanzees. Suna da gabobin da suka fi tsayi, musamman na bayan baya, idan aka kwatanta su da chimpanzees na kowa. Tsarin jima'i yana kasancewa kuma maza kusan 30% sun fi nauyi daga 37 zuwa 61 kg, a kan matsakaita kilogiram 45, kuma mata daga 27 zuwa 38 kilogiram, a matsakaita kilogram 33.2. Amma duk da haka bonobos ba su da dimpimphic jima'i fiye da sauran primates. Matsakaicin tsayinsa yakai 119 cm ga maza kuma 111 cm ga mata. Matsakaicin ƙarfin kokon kai yakai santimita dari uku da hamsin.
Bonobos gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsu mafi kyawu fiye da chimpanzee gama gari. Koyaya, manyan naman kaza sun fi kowane bonobos nauyi. Lokacin da wadannan jinsin biyu suka tsaya a kan kafafunsu, kusan duk girman su daya ne. Bonobos yana da karancin kai fiye da chimpanzees kuma yana da karancin gira.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Halaye na zahiri sun sa bonobos ya zama kamar mutum fiye da na kowa. Wannan biri yana da siffofin fuskoki daban-daban na mutum, ta yadda mutum daya zai iya bambanta da dayan. Wannan halayyar an daidaita ta don fitowar fuskokin gani a cikin hulɗar zamantakewar.
Yana da duhu fuska mai dauke da leɓɓa masu ruwan hoda, da ƙananan kunnuwa, da hancin hanci mai yalwa, da rabuwar gashi mai tsawo. A cikin mata, kirjin ya dan fi karfin kwakwalwa, ba kamar sauran birai ba, kodayake ba haka yake ba kamar na mutane. Bugu da kari, bonobos suna da siririn siffa, kafadu masu kunkuntar, siririyar wuya da dogayen kafafu, wanda ya banbanta shi da na yau da kullun.
Yanzu kun san yadda biri banobo yake. Bari muga inda take zaune.
Ina bonobos suke rayuwa?
Hoto: Bonobos a Afirka
Bonobos suna rayuwa ne a cikin dazuzzuka masu zafi na Afirka da ke tsakiyar Congo (tsohon Zaire). Wurin zama na bonobos yana cikin Kogin Kwango. Wannan yankin yana kudu da arc da Kogin Congo ya kafa (tsohon yana Zaire) da kuma samansa da Kogin Lualaba, arewacin Kogin Kazai. A cikin Kogin Kwango, bonobos suna rayuwa da nau'ikan ciyayi da yawa. Gabaɗaya ana rarraba yankin azaman gandun daji.
Koyaya, aikin gona na gida da yankunan da suka dawo daga aikin noma zuwa gandun daji ("matasa" da "tsofaffin gandun daji na biyu") sun haɗu. Tsarin halittu, tsayi da yawa na bishiyoyi sun bambanta a kowane yanayi, amma dukkansu bonobos yana amfani dasu sosai. Baya ga gandun daji, ana samun su a dazukan fadama, kan tsirrai da suka bude a wuraren dausayi, wadanda kuma wannan biri yake amfani da su.
Ana ciyar da abinci a kowane nau'in mazaunin, kuma bonobos suna bacci a cikin yankunan daji da suke bacci. Wasu jama'ar bonobos na iya samun fifikon bacci a ƙananan bishiyoyi (15 zuwa 30 m), musamman a cikin dazuzzuka da ciyayi na biyu. An gano yawan Bonobos daga 14 zuwa 29²². Koyaya, wannan yana nuna bayanan kulawa kuma ba ƙoƙari ne na nuna girman iyakar gidan kowane rukuni ba.
Menene bonobos ke ci?
Hotuna: Biri Bonobo
'Ya'yan itãcen marmari sune mafi yawan abincin P. paniscus, kodayake bonobos kuma sun haɗa da nau'ikan sauran abinci a cikin abincin su. Bangarorin shukar da aka yi amfani da su sun hada da 'ya'yan itace, kwayoyi, da tushe, da harbe-harbe, da pith, da ganye, da saiwa, da tuber, da furanni. Hakanan wasu lokutan wadannan birai suna cin namomin kaza. Invertebrates suna da ƙananan ɓangaren abinci kuma sun haɗa da termit, larvae, da tsutsotsi. Bonobos an san shi da cin nama a wasu lokuta da ba safai ba. Kai tsaye sun lura da cin naman beraye (Anomalurus), masu gandun daji (C. dorsalis), masu duhun duhu (C. nigrifrons) da jemage (Eidolon).
Babban abincin bonobos an ƙirƙira shi ne daga:
- dabbobi masu shayarwa;
- qwai;
- kwari;
- tsutsar ciki;
- ganye;
- tushe da tubers;
- haushi ko tushe;
- tsaba;
- hatsi;
- kwayoyi;
- 'ya'yan itatuwa da furanni;
- naman gwari
'Ya'yan itaciya kashi 57% na abincin bonobos, amma ana saka ganye, zuma, ƙwai, ƙaramin nama da ƙananan ɓaure. A wasu lokuta, bonobos na iya cinye primates na ƙasa. Wasu masu lura da wadannan dabbobin suna jayayya da cewa bonobos kuma suna yin cin naman mutane a cikin kamammu, kodayake wasu masana kimiyya suna jayayya da shi. Koyaya, aƙalla tabbatacciyar tabbatacciyar hujja ta cin naman mutane a cikin daji maraƙin maraƙi an bayyana a cikin 2008.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Bonobos dabbobi ne na zamantakewar al'umma wadanda ke tafiya da ciyarwa a cikin rukunin maza na mata + na mata + yara ƙanana. A matsayinka na ƙa'ida, a cikin rukuni daga mutane 3 zuwa 6, amma zai iya kasancewa har zuwa 10. Suna haɗuwa a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi kusa da wadatattun kayan abinci, amma sun rabu cikin ƙananan yayin da suke motsawa. Wannan ƙirar tana kama da haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar ƙwayoyi, tare da yawan rukuni yawanci ana iyakance shi ne da wadatar wasu abinci.
Bonobos na maza suna da rauni mai ƙarfi. Sun kasance a cikin ƙungiyar haihuwarsu har tsawon rayuwa, yayin da mata ke barin lokacin samartaka don shiga wata ƙungiyar. Increasedara yawan mamayar ɗan maza yana dacewa da kasancewar uwa a cikin ƙungiyar. Mallaka yana bayyana kansa ta hanyar bayyanar barazanar kuma galibi ana danganta shi da samun damar abinci. Yawancin barazanar ba su da tsari ('' mai kutsa kai '' baya ba tare da kalubale ba). Mata tsofaffi suna samun matsayin zamantakewar yara yayin da 'ya'yansu suka zama masu iko. Bonobos suna da sauri a cikin bishiyoyi, hawa ko juyi da tsalle tsakanin rassan.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Yayin hutu, kula da juna abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare. Wannan yana faruwa mafi yawanci tsakanin maza da mata, kodayake wani lokacin tsakanin mata biyu. Ba a fassara wannan azaman gaisuwa, neman aure, ko sauƙaƙa damuwa, amma a matsayin kusanci ko aikin ginin ƙungiya.
Babban abin da aka mai da hankali akan bincike akan bonobos shine amfani da halayen jima'i a cikin yanayin da ba shi da amfani.
Wannan halin ba na kwazo ba ya hada da:
- saduwa tsakanin mace da mace;
- mutum da miji;
- dogon lokaci na kwaikwayo na yara da lalata yara.
Masana kimiyya sunyi rubuce rubuce game da yawan wannan ɗabi'ar tsakanin kowane ɗayan ƙungiya. Ana lura da wannan halayyar a cikin mata, musamman yayin shiga sabon rukuni bayan barin na baya, da kuma wuraren ciyarwa inda akwai abinci mai yawa. Irin wannan halayyar ta jima'i na iya zama wata hanya ta tattaunawa da aiwatar da bambance-bambance a matsayi ga mata da maza.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Baby Bonobos
Matan Bonobos na iya ɗaukar kowane ɗa namiji a cikin ƙungiyar ban da 'ya'ya maza. Suna cikin zafi, alama ce ta alamar ɓarkewar ƙwayar jikin mutum, zai ɗauki kwanaki 10 zuwa 20. Ma'aurata suna mai da hankali yayin iyakar kumburi. Maimaitawa yana faruwa a ko'ina cikin shekara. Mace na iya ci gaba da alamun estrus na waje a cikin shekara guda bayan haihuwa. Kafin wannan, kwayar cutar na iya ci gaba, kodayake ba zai haifar da juna biyu ba, yana mai nuna cewa mace ba ta haihuwa.
A wannan lokacin, tana ci gaba da shayarwa har sai an yaye jariran nata kimanin shekara 4 da haihuwa. Matsakaicin tazarar haihuwa shine shekaru 4.6. Lactation zai iya kawar da kwayayen ciki, amma ba alamun waje na estrus ba. Tun da babu wani binciken da ya daɗe fiye da rayuwar bonobos, ba a san adadin yawan zuriya ga mace ba. Waɗannan kusan 'ya'ya huɗu ne.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Babu wani bayyanannen tsari game da zabar wacce za a aura: mata suna kula da yawancin mazan da ke kungiyar yayin zagon kasa, in banda 'ya'yansu maza. Saboda wannan, yawanci mahaifa ba su san mahaifinsu ba.
Bonobos sune dabbobi masu shayarwa na rayuwa, suna rayuwa kusan shekaru 15 kafin su kai matsayin manya. A wannan lokacin, uwa tana bayar da mafi yawan ayyukan kula da tarbiyya, kodayake maza na iya bayar da gudummawa a kaikaice (misali, faɗakar da haɗarin rukuni, raba abinci, da taimakawa kare yara).
Bonobos an haifesu ne marasa ƙarfi. Sun dogara da nonon nono kuma suna riƙe da mahaifiyarsu tsawon watanni. Yaye wani abu ne na hankali wanda yakan fara tun yana ɗan shekara 4. Duk tsawon lokacin yaye, iyaye mata kan ajiye abinci ga jariransu, wanda ke basu damar lura da tsarin ciyarwa da zabin abinci.
Yayinda suke manya, bonobos maza sukan kasance cikin ƙungiyar zamantakewar su kuma suna hulɗa tare da iyayensu mata har tsawon shekarun. 'Ya'yan mata sun bar rukuninsu, don haka ba sa hulɗa da uwaye yayin da suka girma.
Abokan gaba na bonobos
Hotuna: Chimpanzee Bonobos
Abin dogaro da haɗari masu haɗari da mutane masu yawa shine mutane. Kodayake haramun ne a farautar su, amma farauta har yanzu ta zama ruwan dare a cikin yawancin kewayon su. Mutane suna farautar kifin kifin don abinci. Har ila yau, ana tunanin cewa damisa da adon da ke cin ganyayyaki na yau da kullun na iya cin abincin bonobos. Babu wata hujja kai tsaye game da farauta a kan wadannan dabbobin da wasu dabbobi, kodayake akwai wasu dabbobin da za su iya zama 'yan takara don cin abincin bonabos lokaci-lokaci, musamman yara.
Shahararrun mashahurai sun hada da:
- damisa (P. pardus);
- pythons (P. Sabae);
- yakin mikiya (P. bellicosus);
- mutane (Homo Sapiens).
Wadannan dabbobi, kamar chimpanzees na kowa, suna da cututtuka da yawa wadanda suke addabar mutane, kamar cutar shan inna. Bugu da kari, bonobos sune masu jigilar nau'ikan cututtukan cututtuka irin su helminth na hanji, flukes da schistosomes.
Bonobos da chimpanzees na kowa sune dangin Homo sapiens. Abune mai matukar muhimmanci ga bayanai don nazarin asalin dan adam da cuta. Bonobos sananne ne ga mutane kuma yana iya zama mai amfani wajen kiyaye mazaunin su. Adadin fruita fruitan itacen da waɗannan dabbobin ke cinyewa yana nuna cewa suna iya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaɗuwar tsaba ta nau'in shuka da aka cinye.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Yaya bonobos suke
Kimanin yawa daga mutane 29,500 zuwa mutane 50,000. Yawan mutanen bonobos an yi imanin ya ragu sosai a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata, kodayake sahihin bincike na da wahalar gudanarwa a tsakiyar Kwango. Babban barazanar da ake yi wa mutanen bonobos sun hada da asarar muhalli da farautar nama, yayin da harbe-harben ke karuwa sosai a lokacin yakin Congo na daya da na biyu saboda kasancewar 'yan bindiga masu dauke da makamai ko da a yankunan da ke nesa kamar Salonga National Park. Wannan wani bangare ne na faduwar halakar wadannan birai.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A shekarar 1995, damuwa game da raguwar lambobin bonobos a cikin daji ya haifar da buga wani Tsarin Aiki na kiyayewa. Wannan shine tarin yawan mutane da kuma gano abubuwan da suka fifita don kiyaye bonobos.
A yau, masu ruwa da tsaki suna tattauna barazanar bolobos a shafuka da dama na kimiyya da muhalli. Kungiyoyi kamar su WWF, Asusun kula da namun daji na Afirka da sauransu na kokarin mai da hankali kan mummunan hadarin da ke tattare da wannan nau'in. Wasu suna ba da shawara don ƙirƙirar ajiyar yanayi a cikin yankin Afirka mafi kwanciyar hankali ko a tsibiri a cikin wuri kamar Indonesia kuma matsar da wani ɓangare na yawan mutanen can. Hankalin jama'ar gari yana kara girma koyaushe. An kirkiro kungiyoyin bada tallafi iri-iri a yanar gizo don taimakawa kiyaye bonabo.
Bonabo mai gadi
Hotuna: Bonobo daga littafin Red
Bonobos suna cikin haɗari bisa ga littafin Red Book. Ka'idodin IUCN suna kira ne don ragin 50% ko fiye sama da ƙarni uku, duka ta hanyar amfani da lalata gidajen. Bonobos na fuskantar "babban hadari na bacewa a cikin daji nan gaba." Yakin basasa da abin da ya biyo baya na hana kokarin kiyaye su. Kimanta yawan jama'a ya banbanta sosai yayin da rikici ya takaita ikon masu bincike na aiki a yankin.
Tunda yake ana samun wurin zama na bonobos a bainar jama'a, babban nasarar da aka samu a kokarin kiyayewa har yanzu ya dogara ne da sa hannun mazauna yankin waɗanda ke adawa da ƙirƙirar wuraren shakatawar ƙasa saboda wannan ya raba communitiesan asalin froman gida daga gidajen su na daji.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Babu wuraren zama na mutane a cikin Salonga National Park, kadai wurin shakatawa na ƙasa da ke zaune a ciki, kuma binciken da aka yi daga 2010 ya nuna cewa an yi farauta sosai da namun daji, giwayen dajin Afirka da wasu nau'in dabbobi. Akasin haka, akwai wuraren da har yanzu bonobos ke ci gaba ba tare da takura ba saboda imani da hani na 'yan asalin ƙasar game da kashe bonobos.
A 2002, kungiyar kiyayewa Bonobo ƙaddamar da aikin gandun daji na Bonobo Peace Forest, wanda ke tallafawa daga Asusun Kula da Duniya na Consungiyar Kula da Internationalasa ta Duniya tare da haɗin gwiwar cibiyoyin ƙasa, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida da kuma al'ummomin yankin. Aikin gandun dajin na Peace yana aiki tare da al'ummomin yankin don ƙirƙirar haɗin keɓaɓɓiyar ajiyar al'umma, waɗanda mazaunan gida da na asali ke gudanarwa.Wannan samfurin, wanda aka aiwatar dashi galibi ta ƙungiyoyin DRC da al'ummomin gida, ya taimaka tattaunawar yarjejeniyoyi don kare sama da kilomita 100,000 na mazaunin bonobos.
Ranar bugawa: 08/03/2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/28/2019 da karfe 11:54
