Quagga

Quagga - dabbar bacewa mai kofato wacce ta taba zama a Afirka ta Kudu. Sashin gaban jikin quagga yana da ratsi-fari farare, kamar zebra, da baya - launin doki. Wannan shine na farko kuma kusan shine kadai (wanda ya mutu) wanda mutane suka azabtar dashi kuma ake amfani dashi don kare garken dabbobi, tunda quaggas sune farkon na dabbobin gida da suka hango isowar masu farauta kuma suka sanar da masu su da babbar murya "kuha", wanda ya kasance sunan dabbobi. ... An kashe quagga ta ƙarshe a cikin daji a cikin 1878.

Asalin jinsin da bayanin

Hotuna: Quagga

Quagga shine farkon dabba wanda ya fara bacewa da aka bincikar DNA. Masu bincike sun tabbatar da cewa quagga tana da kusanci sosai da dawakai fiye da dawakai. Tuni shekaru miliyan 3-4 sun shude lokacin da suke da kakanni na kowa tare da zebra. Bugu da kari, wani bincike na rigakafi ya nuna cewa Quagga ya fi kusa da jakunan dawa da ke rayuwa a filayen.

Bidiyo: Quagga

A cikin wani bincike na 1987, masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar cewa mtDNA na Quaggi ya canza da kusan 2% a kowace shekara miliyan, kwatankwacin sauran nau'o'in dabbobi masu shayarwa, kuma sun sake tabbatar da kusancin kawance da zebra mai bayyanawa. Wani bincike na ma'aunin kwanyar da aka gudanar a shekarar 1999 ya nuna cewa quagga ta bambanta da zebra a bayyane kamar yadda take da ta zebra.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Nazarin 2004 na fata da kokon kai ya nuna cewa quagga ba wani jinsi ne daban ba, amma wani nau'in zebra ne mai sauki. Duk da wadannan abubuwan binciken, filayen zebra da quaggas ana ci gaba da daukar su a matsayin jinsinsu daban. Kodayake a yau ana ɗaukarsa ƙananan raƙuman zeche Burchella (E. quagga).

Nazarin kwayar halitta da aka buga a cikin 2005 ya sake nuna matsayin ƙananan quagu. An gano cewa quaggas yana da karancin bambancin kwayoyin kuma banbancin wadannan dabbobin bai bayyana ba sai tsakanin 125,000 zuwa 290,000, a lokacin Pleistocene. Kyakkyawan tsarin rigar ya canza saboda keɓancewar ƙasa da kuma dacewa da yanayin muhalli.

Hakanan, filayen dawa suna da ƙarancin ƙarancin kudu da suke rayuwa, kuma quagga shine mafi ƙanƙancin su duka. Sauran manyan ungwannin Afirka suma sun kasu kashi daban-daban na jinsi ko na wani yanki saboda canjin yanayi. Yawan alfadarai na zamani na zebra a cikin filayen na iya samo asali ne daga kudancin Afirka, kuma quagga tana da kamanceceniya da al'ummomin da ke makwabtaka da ita fiye da mutanen arewacin da ke zaune a arewa maso gabashin Uganda. Zebras daga Namibia suna da alama sun fi kusa da tsinkayen halitta.

Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali

Hoto: Yaya yanayin quagga yake

An yi imanin cewa quagga ta kasance tsayin 257 cm kuma tsayin 125-135 cm a kafada. Yanayin gashinta ya kasance babu kamarsa tsakanin jakunan dawa: yayi kama da zebra a gaba da doki a baya. Tana da ratsin launin ruwan kasa da fari a wuyanta da kai, saman mai ruwan goro, da ciki mai sauƙi, ƙafafu, da jela. Raunin ya fi bayyana a kai da wuya, amma sannu a hankali ya zama mai rauni har sai sun tsaya gaba ɗaya, suna haɗuwa da launin launin ruwan kasa-ja-baya da baya.

Dabbar tana da alamun tana da wasu sassan jiki wadanda kusan babu ratsiyoyi, da wasu sassan sassa daban-daban, wadanda suka yi kama da dadadden alfadarin Burchell, wanda raunin ya kasance a jikin mafi yawan jiki, banda baya, kafafu da ciki. Alfadarin ya na da yadi mai fadi, mai duhu a bayan ta, wanda ke dauke da abin goge mai fari da launuka masu launin ruwan kasa.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Akwai hotuna guda biyar na quagga da aka ɗauka tsakanin 1863 da 1870. Dangane da hotuna da bayanan da aka rubuta, an ɗauka cewa raƙuman sun kasance masu haske ne akan asalin duhu, wanda ya bambanta da sauran jakunan. Koyaya, Reinhold Rau ya bayyana cewa wannan ƙirar ido ce, babban launi mai laushi ne mai laushi kuma ratsi masu kauri da duhu. Abubuwan da aka samo daga ciki sun tabbatar da cewa zebras sun kasance masu duhu da farare azaman ƙarin launi.

Da yake zaune a ƙarshen ƙarshen kewayon zebra, quagga yana da rigar sanyi mai kauri wacce ake zubar kowace shekara. An bayyana kokon kansa da cewa yana da madaidaiciyar martaba tare da maɓallin diastema mai ƙyalli tare da ɗan siririn nape. Nazarin ilimin halittu a shekara ta 2004 ya nuna cewa halayen kwarangwal na kudancin Burchell zebra da quagga suna da kama ɗaya kuma ba za'a iya bambance su ba. A yau, wasu abubuwa masu kayatarwa da zebra na Burchell suna da kamanceceniya da cewa ba shi yiwuwa a keɓance takamaiman samfurin saboda babu wani bayanan wurin da aka yi rikodin. Samfurori mata da aka yi amfani da su a cikin binciken sun kasance, a matsakaita, sun fi na maza girma.

A ina quagga ke rayuwa?

Photo: Dabba quagga

Wani ɗan asalin kudancin Afirka, an sami quagga a cikin manyan garken garken a cikin yankunan Karoo da kudancin Orange Free. Ita ce mafi ƙarancin alfadarin kudan zuma, tana zaune kudu da Kogin Orange. Yana da ganyayyaki, tare da mazaunin da ke iyakance da ciyayi da kuma gandun daji da ke bushe, waɗanda a yau sune wasu yankuna na lardunan Arewa, Yammacin, Gabashin Cape. Wadannan rukunin yanar gizo sun banbanta ta hanyar fure da fauna wanda basu saba gani ba kuma mafi girman matakin shuke-shuke da dabbaka dabbobi idan aka kwatanta da sauran sassan Afirka.

Zai yiwu quaggas ya rayu a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe:

• Namibia;
• Congo;
• AFIRKA TA KUDU;
• Lesotho.

Wadannan dabbobin galibi ana samunsu a wuraren kiwo mai sanyi da yanayi kuma wani lokacin a wuraren kiwo mai dausayi. Yankin yanayin quagga bai bayyana ba ya miƙa arewacin Kogin Vaal. Da farko, dabbar ta zama ruwan dare gama gari a duk kudancin Afirka, amma sannu a hankali ya ɓace zuwa iyakar wayewa. A ƙarshe, ana iya samun sa a cikin iyakantattun lambobi kuma kawai a cikin yankuna masu nisa, a waɗancan filayen da ke cike da ruwan sama inda dabbobin daji suka mamaye gaba ɗaya.

Quaggas ya motsa cikin garken shanu, kuma duk da cewa basu taba cakuduwa da takwarorinsu masu ni'ima ba, ana iya samunsu a cikin unguwar farin wutsiyar wildebeest da jimina. Sau da yawa ana iya ganin groupsan ƙungiyoyi suna yin ƙaura a ƙetaren lalatattun filaye waɗanda suka kafa mafakarsu, suna neman wuraren kiwo inda suke wadatuwa da ciyawa iri-iri a cikin watannin bazara.

Yanzu kun san inda dabbar quagga ta zauna. Bari muga me zai ci.

Menene quagga suka ci?

Hotuna: Zebra quagga

Quagga ya sami nasarar zaɓar makiyaya fiye da yawancin danginsa. Kodayake sau da yawa tana gasa tare da mafi yawan namun daji wadanda ke rayuwa a yankuna ɗaya. Quaggi sune farkon ciyawar shuke shuke don shiga cikin ciyawar ciyayi masu tsayi ko wuraren kiwo mai dausayi. Sun kusan cin abinci gaba ɗaya a kan ganye, amma wani lokacin suna cin ciyawar, ƙanƙani, ganye da bawo. Tsarin narkewar abinci ya basu damar cin abinci na shuke-shuke tare da ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki fiye da sauran ciyawar da ake bukata.

Itace ta kudancin Afirka ita ce mafi arziki a duniya. Kashi 10% na duk samfuran duniya suna girma a can, wanda ya fi nau'in 20,000. A cikin manyan yankuna ganye mai ban mamaki, bishiyoyi, furanni (80%) suna da ƙanshi, waɗanda ba a samun su a ko'ina. Fure mafi arziki na Yammacin Cape, inda sama da shuke-shuken furanni 6,000 ke girma.

A bayyane, quaggas an ciyar dashi akan shuke-shuke kamar:

• lily;
• amaryllidaceae;
• iris;
• pelargonium;
• 'yan kwaya
• Cape katako;
• ficis
• succulents;
• heather, wanda ke da fiye da nau'ikan 450, da dai sauransu.

A baya can, garken tumaki da yawa sun girgiza shimfidar savannas na Afirka ta Kudu tare da tambarin kofato. Artiodactyls sun jagoranci rayuwar makiyaya, suna motsawa koyaushe don neman abinci. Wadannan shuke-shuke da yawa sukan yi ƙaura don kafa manyan garkunan dabbobi.

Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa

Hotuna: Karewar dabbobi

Quaggas halittu ne masu son jama'a, suna yin manyan garkunan dabbobi. Jigon kowane rukuni ya ƙunshi waɗanda ke cikin iyali waɗanda suke rayuwa tare da garken mahaifansu a duk rayuwarsu. Don tara tartsatsun mambobin ƙungiyar, babban maigidan rukunin ya yi amo na musamman wanda sauran membobin kungiyar suka amsa. Duk membobin kungiyar sun kula da marasa lafiya ko guragu, waɗanda suka rage gudu don dacewa da dangin da ya fi jinkiri.

Kowane ɗayan waɗannan garken yana sarrafa ƙaramin yanki na 30 km². Lokacin yin ƙaura, zasu iya ɗaukar dogon nesa sama da kilomita 600². Quaggi galibi ya zama abin tsoro, yana ba da awannin dare a cikin ƙananan wuraren kiwo inda za su iya hango masu farauta. Da daddare, mambobin kungiyar sun farka daya bayan daya suna kiwo na kimanin awa daya, ba tare da yin nisa da kungiyar ba. Bugu da ƙari, koyaushe suna da aƙalla membobin membobin ƙungiyar guda ɗaya don kula da barazanar da ke iya faruwa yayin da ƙungiyar ke bacci.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Quaggas, kamar sauran jakunan daji, suna da tsaftar tsafta ta yau da kullun yayin da mutane suka tsaya gefe da gefe, suna cizon juna a wuraren da ke da wahalar isa kamar su wuya, motsuwa da baya don kawar da juna daga cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta.

Garkunan sun yi balaguro na yau da kullun daga wuraren bacci zuwa makiyaya da baya, suna tsayawa shan ruwa da tsakar rana. Koyaya, bayani kadan ne ya rage game da halin quagga a cikin daji, kuma wani lokacin ba a iya sanin ko wane nau'in zebra ne aka ambata a cikin tsofaffin rahotanni. An san cewa quaggas sun haɗu a cikin garken gungu 30-50. Babu wata hujja da ta nuna sun ketare tare da wasu nau'ikan dawa, amma wataƙila sun raba wani yanki kaɗan daga kewayonsu da dabbar dawa ta Hartmann.

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

Hotuna: Quagga Cub

Wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna da tsarin auren mata da yawa, inda ɗa namiji ya kula da rukunin mata. Don zama babban birjini, namiji dole ne ya zama yana yin lalata da mata daga wasu garken. Stallions na iya taruwa a kusa da garke wanda a ciki akwai wata marainiya a cikin zafin rana, kuma suka yi mata yaƙi tare da garken garken tare da juna. Wannan ya faru kwanaki 5 kowane wata har tsawon shekara, har sai da marainiyar ta sami ciki. Kodayake ana iya haihuwar foals a kowane wata, amma akwai wani lokaci mafi girma na haihuwa / farkonta a farkon Disamba / Janairu, wanda yayi daidai da lokacin damina.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An daɗe ana ɗaukar quagga a matsayin ɗan takarar da ya dace don gida, kamar yadda aka ɗauka shi ne mafi biyayya ga jakunan dawa. Dawakin da aka shigo da su daga waje basu yi rawar gani ba a cikin yanayi mai matukar tsauri kuma akai akai ana cutar da cutar dokin Afirka.

Matan Quaggi, waɗanda ke cikin koshin lafiya, an haife su a tsakanin shekara 2, suna haihuwar farko a shekaru 3 zuwa shekaru 3.5. Maza ba za su iya yin kiwo ba har sai sun kai shekara biyar ko shida. Iyayen Quaggi sun kula da dabbar har shekara guda. Kamar dawakai, quaramin quaggas sun iya tsayawa, tafiya, da shan nono jim kaɗan bayan haihuwa. 'Ya'yan sun fi iyayensu haske a lokacin haihuwa. Iyayen sun kula da karnukan, da kuma shugaban dawakai da sauran mata a rukuninsu.

Abokan gaba na quagga

Hoto: Yaya yanayin quagga yake

Da farko dai, masana kimiyyar dabbobi sun ba da shawarar cewa aikin canza launuka masu launin fari da baki a cikin jakunan jeji wata hanya ce ta kariya daga masu farauta. Amma gabaɗaya, ba a san dalilin da yasa quagga ba ta da ratsiyoyi a bayanta. Hakanan an fahimta cewa zebras sun kirkiro wasu sabbin tsarin azaman yanayin sanyaya yanayi, kuma quagga sun rasa su saboda rayuwa a cikin yanayi mai sanyaya. Matsalar duk da cewa itaciyar dutsen ma tana rayuwa a cikin irin wannan muhallin kuma tana da fasali mai tudu wanda ya rufe dukkan jikinsa.

Bambance-bambancen tsiri kuma na iya taimakawa wajen gane nau'ikan halittar yayin cakuda garken don mambobi daga kananan kabilu ko jinsi su iya ganewa tare da bin wadanda suka zo. Koyaya, nazarin shekara ta 2014 ya goyi bayan batun karewa daga cizon ƙudaje, kuma mai yiwuwa quagga ya rayu a yankunan da ke da ƙarancin aikin tashi kamar sauran jakunan. Quaggas yana da 'yan kaɗan a cikin mazauninsu.

Babban dabbobin da ke kawo musu haɗari sune:

• zakuna;
• damisa;
• kadarori;
• hippos.

Mutane sun zama manyan kwari don quaggas, tunda yana da sauƙin samu da kashe wannan dabba. An lalata su don samar da nama da fatu. An sayar da fatun ko amfani dasu a cikin gida. Quagga mai yiwuwa ya lalace saboda rashin wadataccen rarrabuwarsa, kuma ƙari, yana iya yin gogayya da dabbobi don abinci. Quagga ya ɓace daga yawancin kewayon sa a 1850. Yawan mutanen da ke cikin daji, Orange, an hallaka su a ƙarshen 1870s.

Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin

Hotuna: Quagga

Quagga ta ƙarshe ta mutu a gidan namun daji na Amsterdam a Holland a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta, 1883. Mafarauta sun hallaka mutumin da ke daji a Afirka ta Kudu a 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, wani lokaci a cikin 1878. A cikin Red Book na Afirka ta Kudu, an ambaci quagga a matsayin nau'in da ya ɓace. Akwai shahararrun dabbobi cike da dabbobi 23 a duniya, gami da ƙyalli biyu da tayi. Kari akan haka, kai da wuya, kafa, kwarangwal guda bakwai da samfuran kyallen takarda daban sun kasance. Samfurin na 24 ya lalace a Königsberg, Jamus a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, kuma an sami ɓaura da kwarangwal da ƙashi daban-daban. Ofaya daga cikin tsoratarwar shine a gidan kayan tarihin jami'ar Kazan.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Bayan an gano alakar kut-da-kut tsakanin quaggas da jakunan da ke zaune a filayen, R. Rau ya fara aikin Quagga a shekarar 1987 don kirkirar yawan zobon kamannin kerkuku ta hanyar zabar kiwo a kan rarar da aka rage daga yawan jakunan dawa, da nufin sanya su kan abin da ya gabata zangon quagga.

Garken gwajin ya kunshi mutane 19 daga Namibia da Afirka ta Kudu. An zabe su ne saboda sun rage adadin ratsi a bayan jiki da kafafu. An haife karba na farko na aikin a cikin 1988. Bayan ƙirƙirar garken kama da quagg, mahalarta aikin suna shirin sake su a cikin Western Cape. Gabatar da waɗannan zebra kamar na zeag na iya zama wani ɓangare na cikakken shirin dawo da yawan mutane.

Quagga, Dawa da jimina da suke haduwa tare a wuraren kiwo a zamanin da suna iya zama tare a cikin wuraren kiwo inda dole ne ciyayi na ƙasa su tallafawa kiwo. A farkon 2006, dabbobin ƙarni na uku da na huɗu da aka samo a cikin tsarin aikin sun zama kamanceceniya da hotuna da rayayyun abubuwa masu yawa. Kwarewa yana da rikitarwa, tunda samfuran da aka samo ainihin zebra ne kuma suna kama da quaggs ne kawai a zahiri, amma sun bambanta da asalinsu. Fasahar amfani da DNA don cloning har yanzu ba'a inganta ta ba.

Ranar bugawa: 07/27/2019

Ranar sabuntawa: 09/30/2019 da karfe 21:04