Char - na dangin salmon ne kuma yana da siffofi iri daban-daban, wadanda ke rikitar da masu bincike-masanan ilimin kimiyya, tunda kusan ba shi yiwuwa a iya fahimtar da wadanne jinsin da aka gabatar yayi daidai. Char shine kifin salmon na arewa. Yawancin membobin wannan nau'in sune sanannen kifin wasanni, kuma wasu sun zama abin kamun kifi na kasuwanci.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Lolets
An sanya layin ne zuwa ga asalin Salmo ta Karl Linnaeus a matsayin Salmo Alpinus a cikin 1758. A lokaci guda, ya bayyana Salmo salvelinus da Salmo umbla, waɗanda daga baya aka ɗauke su iri ɗaya. John Richardson (1836) ya keɓe mai raɗaɗin Salmo (Salvelinus), wanda yanzu ana ɗaukarsa cikakkiyar jinsi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Sunan jinsin Salvelinus ya fito ne daga kalmar Jamusanci "Saibling" - ƙaramin kifin kifi. Sunan Ingilishi an yi imanin cewa an samo shi ne daga Tsohon Irish ceara / cera, ma'ana "jini ja," wanda ke nufin ruwan hoda-ja ƙarƙashin kifin. Hakanan yana da alaƙa da sunan Welsh na torgokh, "jan ciki". Jikin kifin ba a rufe shi da ma'auni ba; wannan mai yiwuwa shine dalilin sunan Rasha don kifin - char.
Arctic Arctic an rarrabe shi ta hanyar bambance-bambancen halittun da yawa ko “morphs” a cikin kewayon jinsunan. Sabili da haka, ana kiran layin Arctic "mafi yawan dabbobin da ke kan gaba a duniya." Morphs sun bambanta cikin girma, sifa, da launi, kuma suna nuna bambance-bambance a cikin halayyar ƙaura, wurin zama ko kayan da ba su dace ba, da halayyar ciyarwa. Morphs yakan haɗu, amma kuma ana iya rarrabasu ta hanyar haihuwa kuma su nuna jinsin mutane waɗanda aka ambata a matsayin misalan ƙwarewar haihuwa.
A cikin Iceland, Tafkin Tingvadlavatn an san shi ne don ci gaba da morphs guda huɗu: ƙaramin benthic, babban benthic, ƙaramin motsi da babba. A kan Svalbard, Norway, Tafkin Linne-Vatn yana da dwarf, "na al'ada" da kifi mara fa'ida na girman jiki, yayin da a tsibirin Bear akwai dwarf, zurfin ruwa da manyan duwatsun da ba su da kyau.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Loach kifi
Char char wani nau'in salmonids ne, wasu ana kiransu "trout". Memba ne na dangin dangin Salmoninae a cikin dangin Salmonidae. Kwayar halittar tana da rarraba kewayen arewa, kuma mafi yawan wakilanta, a ƙa'ida, kifi ne mai ruwan sanyi wanda galibi yake rayuwa a cikin sabbin ruwa. Yawancin jinsuna ma suna yin ƙaura zuwa teku.
Bidiyo: Loach
Arctic char yana da alaƙa da kifin kifin kifi da na kifi, kuma yana da halaye da yawa na duka nau'ikan. Kifi yana da launi mai canzawa sosai, ya danganta da lokacin shekara da yanayin muhallin da suke rayuwa. Kifaye daban-daban na iya nauyin kilo 9.1 ko fiye. Yawanci, duk kifin girman kasuwar yana tsakanin 0.91 da 2.27 kg. Launin naman zai iya zama daga ja mai haske zuwa ruwan hoda mai kodadde. An yi rikodin wata babbar katuwar daka har zuwa 60.6 cm a tsayi da kuma dwarf char a 9.2 cm. Bayan kifin yana da launi mai duhu, yayin da ɓangaren ɓangaren ya bambanta daga ja, rawaya da fari dangane da wurin.
Babban halaye na char char:
- jiki mai siffa;
- na al'ada adipose fin;
- babban baki;
- launuka daban-daban dangane da mazaunin;
- wani ɓangaren jan ciki (musamman a lokacin ɓatancin);
- shuɗi-shuɗi mai launin shuɗi ko kore-kore da baya;
- girman yafi: daga 35 zuwa 90 cm (a yanayi);
- nauyi daga 500 zuwa 15 kg.
A lokacin da ake juyawa, launin ja yana daɗa ƙarfi, kuma mazan suna nuna launi mai haske. Alamar kabilanci tana da jan fuka da fuka-fuka da iyakokin rawaya ko zinare a kan caudal fin. Farin launi mai kyau na yara ya fi na manya girma.
A ina char ke rayuwa?
Hotuna: Loach a Rasha
Ruwan layin da ke zaune a gefen tabkuna da tsaunuka masu ruwa da ke karkashin ruwa yana da madaidaiciyar rarrabuwa. Zai iya zama ƙaura, mazaunin, ko rashin ruwa dangane da wuri. Kifin keɓaɓɓun ya fito ne daga gabar tekun arctic da subarctic da kuma tabkunan tsaunuka. An lura da shi a cikin yankunan Arctic na Kanada da Rasha da kuma cikin Gabas mai Nisa.
Kifin yana nan a cikin tafkunan kogin Barents daga Volonga zuwa Kara, Jan Mayen, Spitsbergen, Kolguev, Bear da Novaya Zemlya, Northern Siberia, Alaska, Canada da Greenland. A arewacin Rasha, caji ba ya nan a cikin kogunan da ke kwarara zuwa cikin Tekun Baltic da White Teas. Yawancin lokaci yakan haifar da hibernates a cikin ruwa mai kyau. Yin ƙaura zuwa teku yana faruwa a farkon bazara daga tsakiyar watan Yuni zuwa Yuli. A can suka kwashe kimanin kwanaki 50 sannan suka koma cikin kogin.
Babu wani kifin ruwa mai kyau da aka samu a wannan arewa mai nisa. Shine kadai nau'ikan kifaye da ake samu a Tafkin Heisen a cikin Arctic na Kanada da kuma nau'ikan da ba su da yawa a Biritaniya da Ireland, waɗanda aka samo su a cikin manyan tafkuna masu zurfin gaske. A wasu sassa na kewayon sa, kamar ƙasashen Nordic, an fi samunta kuma ana ta haƙar ta. A cikin Siberia, an ƙaddamar da kifi a cikin tabkuna, inda suka zama haɗari ga ƙananan jinsunan da ba su da ƙarfi.
Yanzu kun san inda aka samo kifin kifin. Bari muga me zai ci.
Menene char yake ci?
Hotuna: Loach daga littafin Red
Kifin char char din ya canza yanayin cin abincin sa ya danganta da wurin. Masana kimiyya sun gano fiye da nau'ikan abinci 30 a cikin ta. Jirgin kifi ne mai farauta wanda zai iya farauta dare da rana. Kifi daga dangin kifin kifi ana daukar su kamar masu farautar gani. Kodayake an lura da nau'ikan larura, amma ilhami daga cikin abin da ya samo asali ne daga dandano da motsa jiki, kuma ba hangen nesa ba.
An san cewa char yana cin abinci akan:
- kwari;
- caviar;
- kifi;
- kifin kifi;
- zooplankton;
- amphipods da sauran kayan kwalliyar ruwa.
Har ila yau an rubuta wasu manyan karnukan a matsayin mutane masu cin naman cinye samari biyu na jinsinsu da dwarf arctic char. Abincin yana canzawa tare da yanayi. A ƙarshen bazara da duk lokacin bazara, suna cin ƙwayoyin da aka samo akan ruwa, kifin kifin, kifin katantanwa da sauran ƙananan ɓawon burodi da aka samo a ƙasan tafkin, da ƙananan kifi. A lokacin kaka da watannin hunturu, layin yana cin abinci akan zooplankton da ruwan shrimp, da ƙananan kifi.
Abincin abincin marine ya ƙunshi: adadin kuɗi da krill (Thysanoessa). Tafkin tafkin yana ciyar da kwari da zoobenthos (molluscs da larvae). Da kuma kifi: capelin (Mallotus villosus) da tabo goby (Triglops murrayi). A cikin daji, tsawon rayuwar char shine shekaru 20. Matsakaicin adadin shekarun kifi da aka rubuta shi ne shekaru 40.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Kifin jajayen kifi
Achesunƙun ruwa sune ƙaura masu ƙaura da kuma kifin zamantakewar da aka samo a cikin ƙungiyoyi yayin ƙaura. Sun yi kiwo kuma sun shiga cikin ruwa mai kyau. Kifi suna sadarwa da juna yayin yaduwar ƙanshi. Maza suna sakin pheromone wanda ke jan hankalin matan da suka haihu. A lokacin zamanin haihuwar, maza sun mamaye yankin su. Manyan maza suna kula da ikon mallaka. Shafin yana da layi na gefe wanda ke taimaka musu gano motsi da girgiza a cikin yanayin.
Kamar yawancin salmonids, akwai manyan bambance-bambance a launi da fasalin jiki tsakanin waɗanda suka balaga da jinsi na jinsi daban-daban. Maza suna haɓaka maƙogwaron ja waɗanda ke ɗaukar jan launi mai haske. Mata na kasancewa da azurfa. Yawancin maza suna kafawa da kiyaye yankuna kuma galibi suna nunawa tare da mata da yawa. Jirgin baya mutuwa bayan yaduwa, kamar kifin Salmon, kuma galibi yakan hadu sau da yawa yayin rayuwarsa (kowace shekara ta biyu ko ta uku).
Yaran soya suna fitowa daga tsakuwa a cikin bazara kuma suna rayuwa a cikin kogin na tsawon watanni 5 zuwa 7 ko kuma har tsawon su ya kai cm 15-20. Kifin char ba ya bayar da kulawar iyaye ga soya bayan noman. Dukkanin wajibai an rage su zuwa gina gida ta mace da kuma kariya ta yanki na maza a duk tsawon lokacin haihuwar. Yawancin jinsunan char suna amfani da lokacinsu a zurfin mita 10, wasu kuma suna tashi zuwa zurfin mita 3 daga saman ruwa. An rubuta mafi zurfin zurfin ruwa a mita 16 daga saman ruwan.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Loach kifi
Kifin keɓaɓɓu ya dawo daga cikin teku zuwa ƙauyukan asalinsu da ruwa mai daɗi don yabanya. Chara charan char charge suna da aure fiye da ɗaya, yayin da matan kuma suke auren mace ɗaya. A shirye shiryen haihuwa, maza suna kafa yankin da suke karewa. Mata za su zaɓi wuri a cikin yankin maza kuma su haƙa daƙafarsu. Maza za su fara neman matan, su zagaye su, sannan su matsa kusa da matan kuma su yi rawar jiki. Tare, maza da mata suna jefa ƙwai da madara a cikin ramin rami, don haka hadi waje ne. Takin taki ana ajiye shi a tsakuwa.
Farkon balagar jima'i na tsawan Arctic ya bambanta daga shekaru 4 zuwa 10. Wannan yana faruwa lokacin da suka kai tsawon 500-600 mm. Yawancin alumma suna taɓarɓarewa a cikin bazara daga Satumba zuwa Disamba, kodayake akwai wasu al'ummomin da ke kan tudu waɗanda suka tashi a bazara, bazara ko hunturu. Tasirin Arctic yawanci yana fitowa sau ɗaya a shekara, kuma wasu mutane ba fiye da sau ɗaya a kowace shekaru 3-4 ba. Maza masu rinjaye yankuna ne da kuma kariya ga mata.
Maza kan hayayyafa da mata fiye da ɗaya a lokacin saduwa. Mace na iya yin kwai daga kwai 2,500 zuwa 8,500, wanda maza ke yin taki. Lokacin shiryawa ya bambanta, amma yawanci yakan faru tsakanin watanni 2-3. Nauyin shiryawa ya bambanta tsakanin yawan jama'a. Nauyin tsutsayen laya yayin kyankyasar ya fara daga 0.04 zuwa 0.07 g. Nan da nan soya ta zama mai 'yanci ga iyayensu yayin kyankyasar.
Ci gaban kwai yana faruwa a matakai uku:
- lokacin rabuwa yana farawa bayan hadi kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa samuwar amfrayo da wuri;
- epibolic lokaci. A wannan lokacin, ƙwayoyin halitta da aka kirkira yayin aikin tsaga jikinsu sun fara samar da kyallen takarda na musamman;
- yanayin kwayar halitta yana farawa lokacin da gabobin ciki suka fara fitowa.
Bambancin jima'i yana faruwa ne jim kaɗan bayan ƙyanƙyashe kuma ana sarrafa shi ta hanyar tsarin chromosomal na tsakiya a cikin ƙwai mai ƙwai. AY da ch chromosome na X suna kai wa ga namiji, yayin da chromosome biyu na X suke haifar da mace. Abubuwan halayen jima'i masu ƙayyadewa suna ƙaddara ta hanyar hormones.
Abokan gaba na kifin char
Photo: Loach a cikin kogin
Tsarin karba-karba na char shine ikon canza launi dangane da yanayin. Sun zama sun fi duhu a cikin tabkuna da launi mai laushi a teku. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a 2003 ya nuna cewa wasu kagaggun yara suna da saurin fahimtar ƙanshin dabbobi. Abun lura ya nuna cewa dabi'ar dabi'ar kifi na yara akan masu cin abincin shine mayar da martani musamman ga sakonnin sinadarai da ke fitowa daga kifaye daban-daban, da kuma abincin masu farautar.
Mafi yawan masu lalata layin sune:
- otters na teku;
- Farin beyar;
- layin arctic;
- kifi;
- kifin da ya fi char.
Kari akan haka, kifin kifin ya zama wanda aka azabtar da irin wannan parasite kamar ruwan fitilar teku. Wannan vampire, yana tafiya daga Tekun Atlantika, ya manne da layin tare da bakin da yayi kama da kofin tsotsa, yana huda fata kuma yana shan jini. Hakanan sanannun cututtukan kifin mai kamala sune protozoa, trematodes ,worworf, nematodes, tsutsotsi masu prickly, leɓe da crustaceans.
Mutane suna cin gajiyar layin arctic a matsayin tushen abinci da kamun kifin wasanni. A matsayin abinci, ana ɗaukar kifin kifi mai tsada. Farashin kasuwa ya bambanta dangane da ƙarar. Pricesananan farashin suna haɓaka tare da ƙarami mai ƙasa. Farashin farashi a cikin 2019 kimanin $ 9.90 a kowace kilogiram na kifin da aka kama.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Loach
An jera layin Arctic a cikin Littafin IUCN Red Data a matsayin Leananan Speananan Dabbobi. Babban barazanar da yake fuskanta ita ce mutane. Wata barazanar ita ce gishirin ruwa. A kudancin Scotland, yawancin kifin kifi sun ƙare saboda ƙarancin rafuka. Yawancin mutanen Arctic char a cikin Ireland sun mutu saboda lalacewar tafki da lalacewar ƙimar ruwa daga gurɓatar gida da ta noma.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Rashin barazanar da wasu al'umman Arctic ke fuskanta shine rashin bambancin kwayoyin halitta. Yawan jigo a tafkin Siamaa a kudu maso gabashin Finland ya dogara ne da kiwon kifin don rayuwa, saboda rashin bambancin kwayar halitta a cikin 'yan asalin ƙasar na haifar da mutuwar ƙwai da ƙaddarar cuta.
A wasu daga cikin tabkuna masu wahalar isa, yawancin masu yawan char sun kai girman girma. A cikin tabkunan da ke cikin yankin BAM, hakar gwal da binciken ƙasa, yawan mutane ya ragu sosai, kuma a wasu wuraren ruwa, an riga an kawar da char. Babban abubuwan da ke shafar matsayi da girman yawan yawan lalatattun abubuwa sune gurɓatar jikin ruwa da kamun kifi ba bisa doka ba.
Loach kariya
Photo: Loach kifi daga littafin Ja
Ationirƙirar yanayi mai kyau a cikin rafukan kudancin Scotland yana da yuwuwar kiyayewa don char. An gabatar da hanyoyin kiyayewa a cikin Ireland a matsayin wani yunƙuri na kare yawan mutanen da suka rage a cikin jirgin. Wasu daga cikin hanyoyin da aka gabatar sun hada da tabbatar da ci gaba mai dorewa, sakin soya, sarrafa abincin mai gina jiki da hana kifaye masu farauta shiga tafkuna masu dauke da char. Maido da wannan kifin zuwa tabkuna wani yunkuri ne na kiyayewa a wasu wurare, kamar Tafkin Siamaa da ke kudu maso gabashin Finland.
A shekara ta 2006, an kirkiro da shirye-shiryen koyarda kayan kwalliya a matsayin ingantaccen muhalli mafi dacewa ga masu amfani, saboda wadannan kifin suna amfani da matsakaicin adadin albarkatun ruwa ne kawai a matsayin abinci. Bugu da kari, ana iya yin amfani da layin arctic cikin tsafaffen tsarin da ke rage karfin tserewa zuwa cikin daji.
Char a halin yanzu an lasafta shi azaman Endasashe masu haɗari a ƙarƙashin Dokokin Hadari na Tarayyar Tarayyar Hadari da Dokar Ba da Haɗari ta Ontario, wacce ke ba da kariya ta doka ga kifi da wuraren zama. An ba da ƙarin kariya ta Dokar Masunta ta Tarayya, wacce ke ba da matakan kariya ga mahalli ga duk nau'in kifin.
Ranar bugawa: 22.07.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/29/2019 da 19:06
