Isopod - babban iyali daga tsarin kifin kifi mafi girma. Waɗannan halittu suna zaune kusan duka duniya, haɗe da waɗanda ake samu a mazaunin ɗan adam. Su ne tsofaffin wakilan fauna waɗanda ba su canza ba tsawon miliyoyin shekaru, suna samun nasarar rayuwa a cikin yanayi daban-daban.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Izopod
Isopods (ravnon ogie) suna cikin tsarin manyan kifin kifin. Gabaɗaya, sun haɗa da nau'ikan crustacean fiye da goma da rabi waɗanda suke da yawa a cikin kowane nau'ikan wuraren zama, gami da ruwan gishiri da nau'o'in ƙasa daban-daban. Daga cikin su akwai gungun crustaceans wadanda suke cutuka.
Wannan shine mafi tsufa oda - farkon zamanin ya kasance tun zamanin Triassic na zamanin Mesozoic. Ragowar isopods an fara gano su a cikin 1970 - mutum ne wanda ya dace da rayuwa cikin ruwa. Tuni a cikin Mesozoic, isopods da ke cikin ruwa mai ɗimbin yawa kuma sun kasance manyan masu cin kashinsu.
Bidiyo: Izopod
A wancan lokacin, isopods ba su da wasu masu gwagwarmaya a cikin kayan abinci, su da kansu ba sa fuskantar wasu mahara. Hakanan suna nuna babban daidaitawa ga yanayi daban-daban na muhalli, wanda ya ba waɗannan halittu damar rayuwa har tsawon miliyoyin shekaru, ba tare da canza yanayin ilimin lissafi ba kwata-kwata.
Lokacin farkon Cretaceous ya haɗa da isopods na katako, waɗanda aka samo a cikin amber. Sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin sarkar abinci na wannan zamanin. A yau, isopods suna da rararraki da yawa, yawancinsu suna da matsayi na rikici.
Isopods sun bambanta da wakilan wakilai na tsarin kifin kifi mafi girma, wanda ya haɗa da:
- kadoji;
- kifin kifi
- jatan lande;
- Amfani
An rarrabe su da ikon tafiya a ƙasan cikin ruwa, kai mai manyan eriya, ɓangaren baya da kirji. Kusan dukkanin wakilai na tsarin kifin kifi mafi girma suna da daraja a cikin tsarin kamun kifin.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Giant Isopod
Isopods babban dangi ne na mafi girman kifi, wakilansu sun bambanta da juna a bayyanar. Girman su na iya bambanta daga 0.6 mm. Zuwa 46 cm (manyan isopods masu zurfin teku). Jikin isopods a bayyane ya kasu kashi biyu, tsakanin su akwai jijiyoyin hannu.
Isopods suna da gaɓoɓi 14, waɗanda kuma aka raba su zuwa ɓangarori masu saurin motsi. An rarrabe ƙafafunta da girmanta, wanda aka ƙirƙira shi da taimakon ƙwayoyin ƙashi masu kauri, wanda ke bawa isopods damar motsawa cikin sauri da sauri akan wurare daban-daban - na ƙasa ko na karkashin ruwa.
Saboda tsananin harsashi, isopods basa iya iyo, amma kawai suna rarrafe tare da ƙasan. Ofafafu biyu na kafaɗa a bakin suna aiki don kamawa ko riƙe abubuwa.
A saman isopods akwai eriya biyu masu mahimmanci da kayan haɗi na baka. Ba a ganin Isopods da kyau, wasu sun rage hangen nesa gaba ɗaya, kodayake adadin kayan ido a cikin nau'ikan jinsi na iya kaiwa dubu.
Launi na isopods ya bambanta:
- fari, kodadde;
- kirim;
- jan kai;
- launin ruwan kasa;
- launin ruwan kasa mai duhu kuma kusan baƙi.
Launi ya dogara da mazaunin isopod da ƙananan ra'ayoyinsa; yafi yana da aikin sake kamanni. Wani lokaci akan faranti masu ɗanɗano mutum na iya ganin ɗigon fari da fari waɗanda ke da tsari mai kyau.
Wutsiyar isopod shine mai shimfiɗa mai kwance a kwance, wanda galibi yake da haƙora a tsakiya. Wasu lokuta irin waɗannan faranti na iya haɗuwa da juna, tare da kafa ƙaƙƙarfan tsari. Isopods suna buƙatar wutsiya don yin iyo sosai - wannan shine yadda yake aiwatar da aikin daidaitawa. Isopod bashi da gabobin ciki da yawa - wadannan sune kayan aikin numfashi, zuciya da hanji. Zuciya, kamar ta sauran membobin oda, tana cikin ƙaura.
A ina ne isopods suke rayuwa?
Hotuna: isopod na ruwa
Isopods sun mallaki kowane yanki. Yawancin jinsuna, gami da na parasitic, suna rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai kyau. Hakanan Isopods suna zaune cikin tekuna masu gishiri, ƙasa, hamada, yankuna masu zafi, da nau'ikan filaye da gandun daji.
Misali, ana iya samun babban nau'in isopod a wurare masu zuwa:
- Tekun Atlantika;
- Tekun Pacific;
- Tekun Indiya.
Yana zaune ne kawai a saman teku a cikin sasanninta mafi duhu. Za a iya kama katuwar isopod ta hanyoyi biyu kawai: ta hanyar kama gawawwakin da suka fantsama kuma waɗanda masu lalatattu suka riga sun cinye su; ko kuma kafa tarko mai zurfi da ƙugiya wanda zai faɗa ciki.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Manyan isopods, waɗanda aka kama daga bakin tekun Japan, galibi suna rayuwa a cikin akwatin ruwa kamar dabbobin gida masu ado.
Woodlice sune ɗayan sanannun nau'in isopods.
Ana iya samun su kusan a duk faɗin duniya, amma sun fi son wuraren da ke da ruwa, kamar:
- yashi daga gabar ruwan sabo;
- gandun daji;
- cellars;
- a ƙarƙashin duwatsu a cikin ƙasa mai danshi;
- a ƙarƙashin ruɓaɓɓun itatuwa, a cikin kututture.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ana iya samun Mokrits har ma a cikin kusurwar arewacin Rasha a cikin gidaje da ɗakunan ajiya inda akwai ɗan danshi.
Yawancin jinsunan isopod ba a yi nazari ba tukuna, mazauninsu na da wahalar shiga ko kuma ba a riga an tantance su daidai ba. Mutane za su iya fuskantar jinsin da aka yi nazarin, tunda suna rayuwa ko dai a cikin kaurin teku da tekuna, galibi ana jefar da su a bakin teku, ko kuma a cikin dazuzzuka da filaye, wani lokacin a cikin gidaje.
Yanzu kun san inda isopod yake. Bari muga me zai ci.
Menene isopod ke ci?
Hotuna: Izopod
Dogaro da jinsin, isopods na iya zama masu komai, masu ciyawa, ko masu cin nama. Manyan isopods wani muhimmin ɓangare ne na yanayin halittar teku, musamman ma kasan tekun. 'Yan iska ne kuma su kansu abinci ne ga manya masu cin karensu ba babbaka.
Abincin manyan isopods ya hada da:
- kokwamba na teku;
- soso;
- nematodes;
- masu aikin rediyo;
- halittu daban-daban da suke rayuwa a cikin ƙasa.
Wani muhimmin abu game da abincin manyan daskararru shine matattun kifayen ruwa da manyan kifaye, waɗanda jikinsu ya faɗo zuwa ƙasa - isopods tare da sauran masu zurfin zurfin teku suna cin whales da sauran manyan halittu.
Gaskiya mai Dadi: A cikin fitowar makon Shark na shekarar 2015, an nuna wani katon isopod yana afkawa wani shark wanda ya fada cikin tarko mai zurfi. Katran ne, wanda yafi girman isopod a girma, amma halittar ta kame kan ta kuma ta cinye shi da rai.
Speciesananan jinsunan isopods waɗanda aka kama a cikin manyan raga don kama kifi galibi sukan kai hari kan kifin daidai cikin raga kuma da sauri su cinye shi. Ba su da saurin kai hari ga kifin mai rai, ba sa bin ganima, amma suna amfani da damar ne kawai idan ƙaramin kifi yana kusa.
Manyan isopods cikin sauƙin jure yunwa, suna rayuwa a cikin yanayin mara motsi. Ba su san yadda za su sarrafa jin ƙoshi ba, don haka wani lokacin sukan yi wa kansu lahani har zuwa rashin cikakken ikon motsi. Isopods na ƙasa kamar ƙwarin itacen itace galibi suna da ciyayi. Suna ciyar da takin zamani da kuma sabbin shuke-shuke, kodayake wasu nau'in ba sa ƙin mushe da sassan jikin da ya mutu.
Gaskiya mai dadi: Woodlice na iya zama duka kwari, masu cin amfanin gona masu mahimmanci, da halittu masu amfani waɗanda ke lalata ciyawa.
Hakanan akwai siffofin parasitic na isopods. Sun jingina ga sauran ɓawon burodi da kifi, wanda ke lalata abubuwa da yawa na kamun kifi.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Giant Isopod
Ruwa isopods da woodlice basuda rikici a yanayi. Isopods na ruwa, wasu lokuta masu farauta masu aiki, suna iya kai farmaki matsakaici, amma su da kansu ba za su taɓa nuna zalunci ba dole ba. Sun fi so su ɓuya a cikin ƙasa, tsakanin duwatsu, dutsen da abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa.
Isopods na ruwa suna rayuwa su kadai, kodayake ba yankuna bane. Zasu iya yin karo da juna, kuma idan mutum ɗaya na wata ƙungiya ce kuma ya fi ƙanƙanta, to, isopods na iya nuna cin naman mutane kuma su afkawa wakilin jinsinsu. Suna farauta dare da rana, suna nuna ƙaramar aiki don kada manyan mafarauta su kama su.
Woodlice suna zaune a manyan kungiyoyi. Waɗannan halittun ba su da dimorphism na jima'i. Da rana suna ɓoyewa a ƙarƙashin duwatsu, tsakanin bishiyoyi masu ruɓewa, a ɗakunan ajiya da sauran keɓaɓɓun wurare masu dausayi, kuma da daddare sukan fita don ciyarwa. Wannan halayyar ta faru ne saboda rashin kariya daga katako a kan kwari masu cin nama.
Hakanan manyan isopods ma farauta ne kullun. Ba kamar sauran ƙananan ƙananan ba, waɗannan halittu suna da rikici kuma suna kai hari ga duk abin da ke kusa da su. Zasu iya afkawa halittun da suka fi su girma, kuma wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan sha'awar su. Manyan isopods suna iya farauta da himma, suna tafiya tare da tekun, wanda ke sa su zama masu saurin haɗuwa da manya-manyan mahauta.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Isopods
Yawancin ƙananan ra'ayoyin isopod maza ne kuma suna haifuwa ne ta hanyar saduwa kai tsaye tsakanin mace da namiji. Amma daga cikinsu akwai hermaphrodites waɗanda ke iya aiwatar da aiyukan na jinsi biyu.
Daban-daban isopods suna da nasu nuances na haifuwa:
- mata kayan kwalliyar mata suna da spermatozoa. A watan Mayu ko Afrilu, suna saduwa da maza, suna cika su da maniyyi, idan sun cika yawa, sai su fashe kuma maniyyin ya shiga cikin oviducts. Bayan haka, ƙirar mace, tsarinta yakan canza: tsakanin ƙafa biyu na biyar da na shida, an kafa ɗakin zama. A can ne take ɗaukar ƙwai ƙwai, wanda ke ci gaba tsawon kwanaki. Tana kuma ɗauke da sabbin haihuwa ƙwarƙwata itace. Wani lokacin wani sashi na zuriya ya kasance ba a amfani da shi kuma ya sa ƙwaya mai haɗuwa na gaba, bayan haka sai ƙwarin itacen kuma ya sake zubar da shi ya ɗauki tsohon fasalinsa;
- manyan isopods kuma mafi yawan jinsunan halittun ruwa suna kewaya a lokacin bazara da watannin hunturu. A lokacin saduwa, mata suna yin ɗaki, inda ake ajiye ƙwayayen da suka hadu bayan saduwa. Tana ɗauke da su tare, kuma tana kula da sababbin isopods, waɗanda suma suke zaune a wannan ɗakin na ɗan lokaci. Kubiyoni na manyan isopods suna kama da manya, amma ba su da takun sawayen ƙafafun gaba;
- wasu nau'ikan isopods na parasitic sune hermaphrodites, kuma zasu iya haifuwa duka ta hanyar jima'i da kuma yin takin kansu. Qwai suna cikin ninkaya kyauta, kuma isopods da suka kyankyashe suna manne da jatan lande ko karamin kifi, suna bunkasa akan su.
Isopods na ƙasa suna rayuwa kusan watanni 9 zuwa 12, kuma ba a san tsawon isopods na ruwa ba. Manyan isopods waɗanda ke rayuwa a cikin akwatin kifaye na iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 60.
Abokan gaba na isopods
Hotuna: isopod na ruwa
Isopods suna aiki azaman abinci ga yawancin masu farauta da masu iko. Kifaye da ɓawon burodi suna cin isopods na ruwa, kuma wasu dorinar ruwa wani lokacin sukan kawo hari.
Manyan isopods suna kai hari ta:
- manyan kifayen kifaye;
- squid;
- sauran isopods;
- kifaye daban-daban.
Farautar babban dutsen isopod yana da haɗari, saboda wannan halittar tana iya ba da martani mai tsanani. Giwan isopods suna yaƙi har zuwa ƙarshe kuma ba su ja da baya - idan suka ci nasara, suna cin maharin. Isopods ba sune halittu masu gina jiki ba, kodayake yawancin jinsuna (gami da katako) suna da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin sarkar abinci.
Ana iya cin isopods na ƙasa ta:
- tsuntsaye;
- wasu kwari;
- kananan beraye;
- crustaceans.
Woodlice ba shi da wata hanyar kariya in banda murza leda a cikin ball, amma wannan ba safai yake taimaka musu wajen yakar maharan ba. Duk da cewa kwarkwata da yawa suna cin ƙwarjin itacen, amma suna sa mutane su zama babba, domin suna da ƙwazo sosai.
Dangane da haɗari, isopods suna birgima cikin ƙwallo, suna fallasar ƙwarjiron mai ƙarfi a waje. Wannan baya hana tururuwa waɗanda suke son yin liyafa a kan ƙoshin itacen itace: kawai suna mirgine ƙwarjin itacen zuwa gidan tururuwa, inda wani rukuni na tururuwa za su iya magance shi cikin aminci. Wasu kifin suna da ikon haɗiye isopod gaba ɗaya idan ba za su iya ciji ba ta ciki.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Isopod a cikin yanayi
Ba a barazanar barazanar isopods da bacewa, ba sa cikin Littafin Ja kuma ba a lasafta su a matsayin jinsin da ke kusa da barazanar bacewa. Isopods abun ci ne a ƙasashe da yawa a duniya.
Masunta yana da wahala saboda dalilai da yawa:
- nau'ikan isopods da ake dasu sunyi kadan, saboda haka kusan basu da darajar abinci mai gina jiki: galibin nauyinsu shine kwasfa mai guba;
- manyan isopods suna da matukar wahalar kamawa a sikelin kasuwanci, tunda suna rayuwa ne kai tsaye a cikin zurfin;
- Naman Isopod yana da takamaiman dandano, kodayake mutane da yawa suna kwatanta shi da jatan lande mai tauri.
Gaskiya mai dadi: A cikin 2014, a cikin akwatin kifayen Jafananci, ɗayan manyan isopods ya ƙi cin abinci kuma yana zaune. Tsawon shekaru biyar, masana kimiyya sun yi amannar cewa isopod din yana cin abinci ne a asirce, amma bayan mutuwarsa, binciken gawa ya nuna cewa lallai babu abinci a ciki, duk da cewa babu alamun gajiya a jiki.
Isopods na ƙasa, waɗanda zasu iya cin itace, suna iya samar da wani abu daga polymer wanda ke aiki azaman mai. Masana kimiyya suna nazarin wannan fasalin, don haka a nan gaba abu ne mai yiwuwa ƙirƙirar ɗanyen mai ta amfani da isopods.
Isopod - wata tsohuwar halitta mai ban mamaki. Sun rayu tsawon miliyoyin shekaru, basu sami canje-canje ba kuma har yanzu suna da mahimman abubuwan abubuwa daban-daban. Isopods suna rayuwa a duniya gabaɗaya, amma a lokaci guda, a mafi yawancin, sun kasance halittun salama waɗanda ba sa barazana ga mutane da sauran nau'o'in halittu.
Ranar bugawa: 21.07.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 11.11.2019 a 12:05
