Wanene shi gritty, tabbas duk masunta sun sani. Nau'in tsutsa ne da ke rayuwa a rairayin bakin teku masu yashi. Wannan shine abinda ya bayyana sunan su. Irin wannan tsutsotsi kan binne kansu a cikin yashin da aka gauraye da ruwa da kuma sikari kuma su zauna a wurin kusan koyaushe. Kwarin kwari yashi kusan kullun. A cikin yashi ko a bakin tekun da suke zaune, zaku iya samun ramuka da yawa da suka tona. Irin wannan tsutsar tana da shahara sosai tsakanin masunta, saboda tana jawo nau'ikan kifaye da yawa.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Peskozhil
Peskozhil wakili ne na nau'in annelids, tsutsotsi masu yawan polychaete, dangin sandworms, nau'in tsutsar teku. Akwai nau'ikan da dama na asalin wannan nau'in tsutsotsi. Ofayan su ta ce sun samo asali ne daga yankunan mulkin mallaka da yawa. Wani fasalin ya ce annelids ya samo asali ne daga ɗakunan da ke rayuwa kyauta. A cikin goyon bayan wannan sigar, masana kimiyya suna kiran kasancewar cilia akan jikin tsutsotsi.
Bidiyo: Peskozhil
Tsutsotsi ne suka zama halittun farko a duniya waɗanda suka sami ingantattun abubuwa, gabobi masu yawa. Tsoffin magabatan tsutsotsi na zamani sun fito ne daga teku kuma sunyi kama da kama da kama, kama da slime. Wadannan halittu zasu iya girma, hayayyafa ta hanyar amfani da damar zana da hade sinadarai daga muhallin su.
Masana kimiyya suna da wata ka'idar asalin annelids. Suna iya zuwa daga dabbobi wadanda, a yayin ci gaba da ilhami na kiyaye kai, suka koyi rarrafe, kuma jikinsu ya sami sifar fusiform tare da iyawa biyu masu aiki, da kuma gefen ciki da bayanta. Peskozhil wani keɓaɓɓen mazaunin teku ne, wanda kakanninsa, yayin aiwatar da juyin halitta, suka bazu akan yankin tekun duniya.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Sandworm
Wannan nau'in tsutsa na manyan halittu ne. Tsawon jikinsu ya wuce santimita 25, kuma faɗin su yakai santimita 0.9-13. Tsutsotsi na wannan nau'in na iya zama launuka daban-daban.
Ya dogara da yankin zama:
- ja;
- koren launi;
- rawaya;
- launin ruwan kasa
Jikin wannan halittar yana da yanayi ya kasu kashi uku:
- sashin baya yawanci jan-kasa-kasa ne. Ba shi da kwalliya;
- tsakiyar tsakiya ya fi gaban haske;
- baya yana da duhu, kusan launin ruwan kasa. Yana da setae da yawa da kuma gill guda biyu waɗanda suke yin aikin numfashi.
Tsarin jini na yashin fata yashi wakiltar manyan jirage biyu: dorsal da ciki. Yana da rufaffiyar nau'in tsari. Jinin yana cike da wadatattun abubuwa tare da abubuwan da ke dauke da ƙarfe, saboda shi yana da launi ja. Ana bayar da zirga-zirgar jini ne ta hanyar bugun jirgi, kuma zuwa mafi karancin ciki. Wannan nau'in tsutsa ana rarrabe shi ta hanyar ingantaccen musculature. Wakilan aji na tsutsar polychaete suna motsawa da ruwa ta hanyar tura kayan cikin ruwa daga wannan ƙarshen jikin zuwa wancan.
Jiki ya kasu kashi-kashi. Gabaɗaya, jikin tsohuwar tsutsa ya kasu kashi 10-12. A bayyane, sun yi kama da kwarjin duniya. Dukkanin jinsunan suna rayuwarsu a cikin ƙasa.
A ina sandworm ke rayuwa?
Photo: Tsutsa mai tsutsa
Peskozhil mazaunin teku ne na musamman. Sau da yawa ana iya kiyaye su a cikin adadi mai yawa a bakin kogin, koguna, ko ruwa ko kuma baya.
Yankuna na yankin sandstone:
- Bahar Maliya;
- Tekun Barents;
- Tekun Fari.
A matsayin mazaunin zama, tsutsotsi suna zaɓar tafkunan ruwa tare da ruwan gishiri. Suna rayuwa galibi a bakin teku. A waje, a cikin mazaunin tsutsa, za ku iya lura da zobba masu yashi masu motsi waɗanda ke kusa da ramin yashi. Kusan babu iskar oxygen a cikin yashin teku, don haka tsutsotsi dole su shaƙa oxygen, wanda aka narke a cikin ruwa. Don yin wannan, suna hawa zuwa saman gidajen tubular su. Yawancin yawancin waɗannan wakilai na flora da fauna suna rayuwa a bakin teku. Yana cikin yankin bakin teku cewa mafi kyawun yanayi a gare su. A wasu yankuna, akwai manyan rukuni-rukuni a cikinsu, wanda yawansu zai iya wuce gomomi da yawa ko ma dubban daruruwa a kowace murabba'in mita na yanki.
Waɗannan halittu suna rayuwa ne a cikin rami, tsarin da su da kansu suke aiki. A dabi'ance, an baiwa tsutsotsi cikin ikon ɓoye wani abu mai ɗauri tare da taimakon ƙwayoyin cuta na musamman. Wannan damar tana ba ka damar haɗawa da kuma ɗaura hatsin yashi wanda yashi ya ratsa kansa. Daga qarshe, sun zama ganuwar wannan gidan, ko rami. Ramin yana da siffar bututu a cikin siffar harafin L. Tsawon irin wannan bututun ko ramin yana da matsakaita santimita 20-30.
A cikin wadannan bututun, jijiyoyin yashi wani lokacin sukan dauki lokaci mai tsayi ba tare da rarrafe ba. Masana kimiyya sun yi iƙirarin cewa tsutsotsi na iya barin mafakarsu har tsawon watanni. A halin yanzu yana kawo adadin abincin da ake buƙata sau biyu a rana zuwa mafakar sandworm. Wadannan ramuka sune babban kariya daga makiya da yawa. Sau da yawa a cikin yanayi mai ɗumi, bayan duhu, ana iya samun su a cikin ciyawar kusa da burukan su. Idan akwai duwatsu a gabar teku, to ana iya lura da manyan tarin a ƙarƙashin su.
Yanzu kun san inda sandworm ke rayuwa. Bari muga me zai ci.
Menene sandworm take ci?
Hotuna: Sand sand
Babban tushen abinci ana sarrafa shi, rubabben algae da wasu nau'ikan ciyayi na ruwa, waɗanda jijiyoyin yashi suke ratsa ramin jikinsu yayin aikin rami rami. A yayin aikin tono rami, wakilan bristle suna haɗiye babban yashi na teku, wanda, ban da yashi kansa, ya ƙunshi detritus.
Detritus shine mahaɗan ƙwayoyin da tsutsa ke cinyewa. Bayan haɗiyewa, gaba ɗayan jikin ya ratsa jikin sandworm. Detritus yana narkewa kuma yashi yana fita daga hanji amatsayin najasa. Don fitar da sharar da yashi mara lahani, yana fito da jelar ƙarshen jikin zuwa saman daga mafakarta.
A yankuna daban-daban na mazaunin tsutsotsi, ƙasa mafi bambancin. Abinda yafi dacewa shine laka da laka. A cikin irin wannan ƙasa ne mafi girman kayan abinci ke ƙunshe. Idan wadannan halittun ba su hadiye yashi irin wannan ba, da ba za su iya raba muhimman abubuwan gina jiki da shi ba cikin sauki. An tsara tsarin narkewar abinci na tsutsotsi a cikin wani nau'i na nau'in tacewa wanda ke raba yashi mara amfani daga abubuwan gina jiki.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Sandworm
Sandworms galibi suna rayuwa cikin yankuna da yawa. Adadin mutane a kan karamin fili ya kai matuka masu ban mamaki a wasu yankuna. Suna cinye mafi yawan lokacin su a cikin burbushin bututun su. Idan kifi ya fara farautar wakilin da aka ba shi na tsire-tsire da dabbobin ruwa, to kusan yana manne da bangon masaukinsa tare da taimakon bristles. A dabi'ance, an baiwa tsutsotsi da ikon ban mamaki don kiyaye kansu. Idan kun kama shi ta gaba ko ta ƙarshen, zai jefa wannan ɓangaren baya kuma ya ɓuya a cikin mafakar. Daga bisani, an sake dawo da ɓangaren da aka ɓata.
Sandworms a cikin yawan jama'a suna barin rami a babban igiyar ruwa. Tsutsotsi suna jagorantar hanyar rayuwa mai ban tsoro, kusan ci gaba da tona rami da rami a cikin yashi. A cikin aikin rami, tsutsotsi suna haɗiye yashi mai yawa, wanda a zahiri yakan ratsa ta cikin jikinsu duka. An sake yin amfani da sandar da aka sake amfani da ita ta hanjin cikin. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa a wuraren da tsutsa ta haƙa rami, an kafa raƙuman yashi a cikin sifofin rami ko tuddai. Wannan shine inda ciyayin ruwa ke shiga ta hanyoyi daban-daban.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Masana kimiyya sun gudanar da bincike, a yayin da suka sami damar gano cewa kimanin tan 15 na yashi teku a kowace rana yana ratsa cikin hanjin mutum ɗaya!
Godiya ga ɓoyayyen abu mai kauri, yana sarrafawa don kauce wa lalacewar ganuwar hanji. Yayinda yake cikin yashi, tsutsotsi suna ba wa kansu abinci da kariya daga adadi mai yawa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Bolshoy Peskozhil
Sand jijiyoyin wuya ne dioecious halittu. An shirya yanayi don tsutsotsi, waɗanda ke da adadi da yawa na magabta, na iya hayayyafa ba tare da nuna wariyar jama'a ba. Saboda wannan dalili, kiwo yana faruwa a cikin ruwa. A lokacin kiwo, kananan hawaye na fitowa a jikin tsutsotsi, ta inda ake sakin kwai da spermatozoa a cikin ruwan, wadanda ke sauka a kan tekun.
Gwaji da ovaries suna cikin mafi yawan sassan jijiyoyin yashi. Don hadi ya faru, ya zama dole ne a saki kwayoyin kwayoyin halittar mata da na mata a lokaci guda. Daga nan sai su zauna bakin tekun kuma hadi yana gudana.
Lokacin kiwo yana farawa da wuri ko tsakiyar Oktoba kuma yana ɗaukar kimanin makonni 2-2.5. Bayan hadi, ana samun larvae daga qwai, wanda ke saurin girma ya zama manya. Kusan daga kwanakin farko na rayuwa, su, kamar manya, suna fara haƙa rami, wanda ya zama amintaccen tsaro daga abokan gaba. Matsakaicin tsawon rayuwar jijiyoyin yashi shekaru 5-6 ne.
Abokan gaba na sandworms
Photo: Tsutsa mai tsutsa
A karkashin yanayin yanayi, tsutsotsi suna da yawan abokan gaba.
Maƙiyan yashi sun kwana a cikin daji:
- wasu nau'ikan tsuntsaye, galibi gululu ko wasu nau'in tsuntsayen teku;
- echinoderms;
- kayan kwalliya;
- wasu kifin kifin;
- adadi mai yawa na ƙanana da matsakaitan nau'in kifi (cod, navaga).
Yawancin kifi da yawa suna son cin tsutsotsi. Suna ɗaukar lokacin lokacin da wani ɓangaren yashi ya bayyana a ƙasan a cikin kwarin kuma nan da nan suka kama tsutsar. Koyaya, wannan ba sauƙin yin hakan bane. Tare da taimakon kwalliya mai ƙarfi, yana manne da bangon raminta. A cikin tsauraran lamura, tsutsotsi na iya kwantar da wani sashi na jikin su. Baya ga kifi, tsuntsaye da kwandon ɓawon burodi suna farautar tsutsotsi a cikin ruwa mai zurfi ko a bakin teku. Suna da ƙimar gaske ga waɗanda suke son kamun kifi.
Mutum yana farautar tsutsotsi ba wai kawai ya zama tarko na kamun kifi ba. Kwanan nan, masana kimiyya sun gano cewa jikinsa yana ɗauke da wani abu wanda yake da tasirin tasirin maganin ƙwayoyin cuta. Dangane da wannan, a yau shine abin karatun da yawa da yunƙurin amfani da shi a cikin ilimin kimiyyar magunguna da maganin kwaskwarima.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Peskozhil a yanayi
A wasu yankuna, yawan jijiyoyin yashi suna da yawa sosai. Adadinsu ya kai mutane 270,000 - 300,000 a kowane murabba'in mita na yanki. Bugu da kari, suna da matukar amfani.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa a lokacin kiwo, kusan ƙwai 1,000,000 na iya haɓaka cikin ramin jikin mutum ɗaya babba!
Yawancin tsutsotsi sun mutu sakamakon nasarar da aka samu na farautar tsuntsaye, kifi, kifi, da kuma ɓawon burodi. Wani maƙiyin da yake kama tarko da yawa shine mutane. Waɗannan tsutsotsi ne waɗanda masunta ke da daraja ƙwarai da gaske saboda yawancin kifin suna son cin abinci akansu.
Hakanan suna da damuwa da canje-canje a cikin yanayin canjin yanayi. Tsutsotsi suna mutuwa a cikin yankuna sakamakon gurɓata mahalli. Sandworm yana da kamanni sosai kamar annelids. Suna da abubuwa da yawa iri ɗaya, ba wai kawai a zahiri ba, har ma da salon rayuwarsu. Masunta galibi suna zuwa bakin teku don irin waɗannan tsutsotsi. Sun san yadda ake tonowa da adana su yadda yakamata don kamun kifi yayi nasara.
Ranar bugawa: 20.07.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/26/2019 a 9:16
