Tsuntsaye - mataimaki mai kima a harkar noma. Kowane manomi yana mafarkin kasancewarsa a cikin ƙasa. Wadannan dabbobin suna aiki ne a matsayin masu nikar kasa. Babu wata halitta mai rai da zata maye gurbin ayyukan da sukeyi. Kasancewar waɗannan halittu a cikin ƙasa yana magana ne game da yawan haihuwa. Kuna iya ganin su a cikin yanayin ruwan sama, amma ba sauki a kamasu.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Earthworm
Lumbricina na cikin ƙananan ƙananan tsutsotsi kuma yana cikin umarnin Haplotaxida. Mafi shahararrun jinsunan Turai suna cikin dangin Lumbricidae, wanda ke da kusan nau'in 200. Masanin Ingilishi Charles Darwin ne ya fara lura da fa'idar tsutsa a cikin 1882.
Lokacin saukar ruwan sama, ma'adanan tsutsotsi na duniya sukan cika da ruwa kuma an tilasta su su yi rarrafe zuwa saman saboda rashin iska. Daga nan ne sunan dabbobin ya fito. Sun mallaki wuri mai mahimmanci a tsarin ƙasar, suna wadatar da ƙasa da humus, wadatar da shi da iskar oxygen, kuma suna haɓaka yawan amfanin ƙasa.
Bidiyo: Tsuntsayen Duniya
A Yammacin Turai, busassun tsutsotsi an sarrafa su zuwa foda kuma an shafa su ga raunuka don saurin warkarwa. An yi amfani da tincture don magance cutar kansa da tarin fuka. An yi amannar cewa kayan gyaran na taimaka wa ciwan kunne. Ba su da ƙoshin lafiya, an tafasa su a cikin ruwan inabi, sun yi maganin jaundice, kuma tare da taimakon mai da aka saka da ƙwayoyin cuta, sun yaƙi rheumatism.
A cikin karni na 18, wani likita daga kasar Jamus, Stahl, ya kula da masu cutar farfadiya tare da hoda da aka yi daga tsutsotsi da aka wanke da ƙasa. A cikin maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin, an yi amfani da magani don yaƙar atherosclerosis. Magungunan gargajiya na Rashanci sun yi amfani da maganin cututtukan ido tare da taimakon ruwan da aka tsame daga soyayyen tsutsotsi mai gishiri. An binne ta a idanunta.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Aborigines na Australiya har yanzu suna cin manyan nau'ikan tsutsotsi, yayin da a Japan sun yi imanin cewa idan kuka yi fitsari a kan wata kwaryar duniya, to sanadin zai fadada.
Za a iya raba veranveran ciki zuwa nau'ikan muhalli 3, dangane da halayen su a cikin yanayin su:
- epigeic - kada ku tono ramuka, ku zauna a cikin layin ƙasa na sama;
- endogeic - suna rayuwa a cikin rassan rami masu kwance;
- anecic - ciyar akan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin fermented, haƙa burrows a tsaye.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Tsuntsayen ƙasa a ƙasa
Tsawon jiki ya dogara da nau'in kuma zai iya bambanta daga santimita 2 zuwa mita 3. Adadin sassan 80-300 ne, kowane ɗayan yana da ɗan gajeren baki. Lambar su na iya zama daga raka'a 8 zuwa goma. Tsutsotsi sun dogara da su yayin motsi.
Kowane bangare ya ƙunshi:
- kwayoyin fata;
- tsokoki na tsawon lokaci;
- ruwan rami;
- tsokoki na annular;
- bristles
Musculature yana da kyau. Halittun suna juyawa suna tsawaita kuma suna tsawaita tsokoki da madauwari. Godiya ga raguwa, ba za su iya rarrafe kawai ta cikin ramuka ba, har ma da faɗaɗa ramuka, suna tura ƙasa zuwa ɓangarorin. Dabbobi suna numfashi ta cikin ƙwayoyin fata masu mahimmanci. Epithelium an rufe shi da gamsai mai kariya, wanda aka cika shi da enzymes masu yawa na maganin jifa.
Tsarin jini ya rufe kuma ya bunkasa sosai. Jinin ja ne. Invertebrate yana da jijiyoyin jini guda biyu: dorsal da ciki. Ana haɗa su ta tasoshin annular. Wasu daga cikinsu suna yin kwangila da bugun jini, suna ta zubar da jini daga kashin baya zuwa tasoshin ciki. Jiragen ruwan suna reshe zuwa cikin kayan kwalliya.
Tsarin narkewar abinci ya kunshi bude bakin, daga inda abinci yake shiga cikin maronko, sa'annan ya shiga cikin esophagus, yadadden goiter, sannan ya shiga cikin gizzard. A tsakiyar tsakiya, abinci yana narkewa kuma yana sha. Ragowar sun fita ta dubura. Tsarin juyayi ya ƙunshi igiyar ciki da ganglia biyu. Sarkar jijiyar ciki tana farawa da zobe na periopharyngeal. Ya ƙunshi mafi yawan ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi. Wannan tsarin yana tabbatar da 'yancin sassan da daidaito na dukkan gabobin.
Ana gabatar da gabobin da ke fitar da su ta sifa mai siririyar bakin ciki, karshenta ya fad'a cikin jiki, dayan kuma ya fito waje. Metanephridia da ramuka masu ɓarna suna taimakawa cire gubobi daga jiki zuwa cikin yanayin waje lokacin da suka tara da yawa. Gabobin gani ba su nan. Amma akan fata akwai kwayoyin halitta na musamman wadanda suke fahimtar kasancewar haske. Gabobin taɓawa, ƙamshi, ƙoshin dandano suma suna nan. Ikon sabuntawa shine kebantaccen iko don dawo da ɓangaren jikin da ya ɓace bayan lalacewa.
A ina ne tsutsar ciki take rayuwa?
Hoto: Tsuntsayen Kasa a Rasha
Marassa kashin baya sun kasu kashi biyu wadanda suka samo wa kansu abinci a karkashin kasa, da kuma wadanda ke neman abinci a kai. Ana kiran na farkon kwanciya kuma baya haƙa ramuka zurfin santimita 10, koda a lokacin daskarewa ko bushewa daga cikin ƙasa. Ilasa da zuriyar dabbobi za su iya narkar da inci 20 santimita.
Burrow earthworms ya sauko zuwa zurfin mita ɗaya. Irin wannan ba safai ake samun sa a saman ba, tunda kusan basa tashi sama. Ko a lokacin saduwa, invertebrates basu cika fitowa daga burukan su ba.
Kuna iya ganin tsutsotsi a ko'ina, ban da wurare masu sanyi. Gwanin tonowa da zuriyar dabbobi ya bunƙasa a cikin ƙasa mai ruwa. Ana iya samunsu kusa da gaɓoɓin ruwa, a cikin gulbi da kuma yankunan da ke da yanayi mai ɗumi. Cherasa chernozems kamar steppe chernozems, zuriyar dabbobi da ƙasa-zuriyar dabbobi - tundra da taiga.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Da farko dai wasu 'yan jinsuna ne kawai suka yadu. Fadada yankin ya faru ne sakamakon gabatarwar mutum.
Invertebrates a sauƙaƙe suna dacewa da kowane yanki da yanayi, amma suna jin daɗin zama mafi kyau a yankunan gandun daji masu yawa. A lokacin rani suna kusa da farfajiya, amma a lokacin hunturu suna nitsewa sosai.
Menene tsutsar ciki ke ci?
Photo: Manyan tsuntsayen ƙasa
Dabbobi na cinye ragowar tsire-tsire masu tsire don abinci, wanda ke shiga kayan aiki na baka tare da ƙasa. Yayin wucewarsa a tsakiyar tsakiyar, kasa tana haduwa da kwayoyin halitta. Najasar invertebrates tana dauke da nitrogen sau 5, fiye da sau 7 na phosphorus, sau 11 fiye da potassium idan aka kwatanta da ƙasa.
Abincin tsutsotsi ya hada da rubabben dabba, latas, taki, kwari, kankana. Halittu suna guje wa abubuwan alkaline da na acid. Nau'in tsutsa kuma yana shafar abubuwan da ake so a dandano. Mutanen da ba na dare ba, suna ba da sunan su, suna neman abinci bayan magariba. Jijiyoyin sun bar, suna cin dunƙulen ganye kawai.
Bayan sun sami abinci, dabbobin sun fara tono ƙasa, suna riƙe da abin a bakinsu. Sun fi son hada abinci da kasa. Yawancin jinsuna, alal misali, jan tsutsotsi, suna da guba zuwa saman don neman abinci. Lokacin da abin da ke cikin kwayar halitta ya ragu, mutane sukan fara neman yanayin da suka dace da rayuwa da yin kaura don su rayu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Da rana, tsutsar ciki tana cin abinci kamar yadda take nauyi.
Saboda jinkirin da suke da shi, mutane ba su da lokacin shayar ciyayi a saman, don haka sai su ja abinci a ciki, su shayar da shi da kayan ƙyalli, su adana shi, tare da ba wa abokan aikinsu damar ciyar da ita. Wasu mutane suna tono keɓaɓɓen ajiya na ajiya don abinci kuma, idan ya cancanta, ziyarci can. Godiya ga fitowar haƙori kamar cikin ciki, abinci yana ƙasa cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyi a ciki.
Ana amfani da ganye maras ƙuna ba kawai don abinci ba, har ma a rufe ƙofar rami da su. Don yin wannan, suna jan busassun furanni, da tushe, da gashin fuka-fukai, da tarkacen takardu, da tufafin ulu zuwa woolofar. Wani lokaci tsumman ganye ko fuka-fukai na iya tsayawa daga ƙofar shiga.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Red ƙasa
Tsutsotsi na duniya galibi dabbobi ne da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Da farko dai, yana samar da tsaro. Halittu suna haƙa rami a cikin ƙasa da zurfin santimita 80. Manyan jinsuna sun ratsa ta rami har zuwa zurfin mita 8, saboda abin da aka gauraya ƙasar kuma aka jiƙa ta. Dabbobin da ke ƙasa sun ture dabbobi ko haɗiye su.
Tare da taimakon gamsai, invertebrates suna motsawa koda a cikin ƙasa mafi wuya. Ba za su iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin rana na dogon lokaci ba, saboda wannan yana yin barazanar tsoran tsutsa. Fatarsu na da siriri sosai kuma tana saurin bushewa. Hasken Ultraviolet yana da tasiri mai tasiri akan kayan haɗi, don haka kuna iya ganin dabbobi kawai a cikin yanayin gajimare.
Suborder ya fi son zama maras kyau. A cikin duhu, zaka iya samun gungu na halittu a ƙasa. Jingina, suna barin wani ɓangare na jikin a ɓoye, suna bincika yanayin. Idan babu abinda ya firgita su, halittun gaba daya suna rarrafe daga kasa kuma suna neman abinci.
Jikin invertebrates yana karkata sosai. Yawancin bristles suna lanƙwasa don kare jiki daga tasirin waje. Yana da matukar wahala a ciro tsutsa gaba daya daga mink. Dabbar tana kare kanta kuma tana manne da bristles a gefunan mink, saboda haka yana da sauƙi a tsaga shi.
Ba za a iya fa'idar fa'idar tsutsar ciki ba. A cikin hunturu, don kada su yi bacci, sai su nitse cikin zurfin ƙasa. Da isowar bazara, ƙasa tana ɗumi kuma mutane sun fara zagawa tare da hanyoyin da aka tona. Tare da kwanakin farko na dumi, suna fara ayyukansu na aiki.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Tsutsotsi a kan shafin
Dabbobin hermaphrodites ne. Sake haifuwa yana faruwa ta hanyar jima'i, ta hanyar hadi ta hanyar hadi. Kowane mutum wanda ya balaga yana da gabobin haihuwa na mata da na miji. An haɗa tsutsotsi ta ƙwayoyin mucous da maniyyin musanya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mating na invertebrates na iya wucewa zuwa awanni uku a jere. A lokacin zawarci, mutane suna hawa cikin ramin juna kuma suna yin aure sau 17 a jere. Kowace ma'amala tana ɗaukar aƙalla minti 60.
Tsarin haihuwa yana a gaban jiki. Ana samo maniyyin a cikin sinadarai masu mahimmanci. Yayin saduwa, kwayoyin dake kan kashi na 32 suna fitar da dattin ciki, wanda daga baya ya samar da kwayayen kwai, wanda ruwan sunadarin amfrayo yake ciyarwa. Ana ɓoye ɓoyayyen bayanan a cikin hannun riga.
Marasa baya suna sanya ƙwai a ciki. Ana haihuwar amfrayo a cikin makonni 2-4 kuma ana adana su a raƙumi, amintaccen kariya daga kowane tasiri. Bayan watanni 3-4 suna girma zuwa girman manya. Mafi yawanci, ana haihuwar ɗa ɗaya. Tsammani na rayuwa ya kai shekaru 6-7.
Jinsunan Taiwan Amynthas catenus sun rasa al'aurarsu yayin juyin halitta kuma suna haifuwa ta hanyar parthenogenesis. Don haka suka bar zuriya zuwa 100% na kwayoyin halittar su, sakamakon haifar da daidaikun mutane - kwayoyi. Wannan shine yadda mahaifa ke taka rawar mahaifi da mahaifiya.
Halittan makiya na duniya
Photo: Earthworm a cikin yanayi
Baya ga al'amuran yanayi wadanda ke dagula rayuwar dabbobi ta ambaliyar ruwa, sanyi, fari da sauran ire-iren wadannan lamuran, masu farauta da masu cutar kan haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a.
Wadannan sun hada da:
- jauhari;
- kananan masu cin nama;
- 'yan amshi;
- masu kafaɗɗu;
- tsuntsaye;
- dawakai.
Moles na cin dunkulen tsutsotsi masu yawa. An san cewa suna adanawa a cikin kabarinsu don hunturu, kuma galibi sun ƙunshi ƙwayoyin duniya. Masu ɓarna suna cizon kansa wanda ba ya da kashin baya ko kuma lalata shi sosai don kada ya huce har sai sashin da ya tsage ya sake sabonta. Babbar jan tsutsa ana ɗauka mafi mafi daɗi ga ƙwayoyi.
Moles suna da haɗari musamman ga masu juyawa saboda yawansu. Mamananan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna farautar tsutsotsi. Kwaɗi masu laushi suna kula da mutane a raminsu kuma suna kai hari cikin dare, da zarar kan ya bayyana sama da ƙasa. Tsuntsaye suna haifar da babbar illa ga yawan jama'a.
Godiya ga hangen nesan su, suna iya ganin ƙarshen tsutsotsi suna mannewa daga cikin burukan su. Kowace safiya, tsuntsayen, don neman abinci, sukan cire ƙafafu daga ƙofar ta bakinsu masu kaifi. Tsuntsaye suna ciyarwa ba kawai ga manya ba, har ma suna ɗaukar koko tare da ƙwai.
Kawancen doki, da ake samu a cikin ruwa daban-daban, gami da kududdufai, ba sa auka wa mutane ko manyan dabbobi saboda lamuransu marasa dadi. Ba za su iya cizawa ba ta cikin fata mai kauri, amma suna iya haɗiye tsutsa cikin sauƙi. Lokacin da aka buɗe, cikin ɓarkewar dabba mai dauke da ragowar tsutsotsi da ba a cike su ba.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Earthworm
A al'ada, ƙasa mara ƙazanta a gonakin da ake nomawa, za a iya samun ko'ina daga tsutsotsi dubu ɗari zuwa miliyan ɗaya. Dukan nauyinsu zai iya kaiwa daga kilo ɗari zuwa dubu a kowace kadada ta ƙasa. Masu sa ido na Vermicultur suna haɓaka mutanensu don haɓakar ƙasa.
Tsutsotsi suna taimakawa wajen sake amfani da kayan kwalliyar cikin vermicompost, wanda shine ingantaccen takin zamani. Manoma suna kara yawan ƙwayoyin invertebrates don saka su akan abincin dabbobi da tsuntsaye. Don ƙara yawan tsutsotsi, ana yin takin ne daga sharar gida. Masunta suna amfani da kashin baya don kamun kifi.
Lokacin karatun chernozem, an sami nau'ikan tsutsotsi uku na duniya: Dendrobaena octaedra, Eisenia nordenskioldi, da E. fetida. Na farko a cikin murabba'in mita na ƙasar budurwa raka'a 42, ƙasar noma - 13. Eisenia fetida ba'a samu a cikin ƙasar budurwa ba, a cikin ƙasar noma - a cikin adadin mutum 1.
A wurare daban-daban, lambar ta sha bamban. A cikin filayen da ambaliyar ruwa ta birni Perm, an sami samfura 150 / m2. A cikin gandun daji da aka gauraya na yankin Ivanovo - samfurin 12,221 / m2. Gandun daji na yankin Bryansk - samfurin 1696 / m2. A cikin gandun daji na yankin Altai a cikin 1950, akwai samfuran dubu 350 a kowane m2.
Kariyar tsutsar ciki
Hoto: Tsuntsayen ƙasa daga littafin Red
An tsara nau'ikan 11 masu zuwa a cikin Red Book of Russia:
- Allobophora mai kore-kore;
- Allobophora inuwa mai kauna;
- Allobophora serpentine;
- Eisenia Gordeeva;
- Eizenia na Mugan;
- Eisenia tana da kyau;
- Eiseny Malevich;
- Eisenia Salair;
- Eizenia Altai;
- Eisenia Transcaucasian;
- Dendrobena shine fatryngeal.
Mutane suna sake tura tsutsotsi zuwa wuraren da suke da karancinsu. Anyi nasarar daidaita dabbobi. Wannan hanyar ana kiranta sake fasalin rayuwar dabbobi kuma yana ba da damar kiyayewa kawai, amma kuma yana ƙaruwa yawan halittu.
A cikin yankunan da wadatar ta yi kadan, ana ba da shawarar takaita tasirin ayyukan noma. Yawan amfani da takin zamani da magungunan kwari na da illa a kan haihuwa, tare da sare bishiyoyi da dabbobin kiwo. Masu lambu suna ƙara ƙwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙasa don inganta yanayin rayuwa don invertebrates.
Tsuntsaye dabba ce mai gama kai kuma tana sadarwa ta hanyar taɓawa. Wannan shine yadda garken ke yanke shawara ta wace hanya ce za ta motsa kowane membobinta. Wannan binciken yana nuna zamantakewar tsutsotsi. Don haka lokacin da ka ɗauki tsutsa ka motsa ta zuwa wani wuri, kana iya raba ta ga dangi ko abokai.
Ranar bugawa: 20.07.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/26/2019 da ƙarfe 9:04 na safe
