Salmon Chinook Babban kifi ne na dangin salmon. Namansa da caviar suna ɗauke da ƙima, sabili da haka ana yin salo a cikin wasu ƙasashe tare da yanayi mai kyau. Amma a cikin mazaunin, a cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya, ya rage ƙasa da ƙasa. Kodayake jinsunan gaba ɗaya basa cikin haɗari, tunda yawan jama'ar Amurka sun kasance masu karko.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Chinook
Kifi mai rai-ya bayyana kusan shekaru miliyan 400 da suka gabata, bayan haka sun fara yaduwa sannu a hankali a duniya, bambancin jinsinsu a hankali ya fadada. Amma da farko wannan ya faru ne a sannu a hankali, kuma kawai a lokacin Triassic wani ɓangaren teleosts ya bayyana, wanda ya haɗa da salmonids.
A farkon lokacin Cretaceous, farkon halittar kama-kamannun ganyayyaki sun bayyana - sun zama sifa ta asali don salmonids. Masana kimiyya basu yarda da lokacin da na biyun ya bayyana ba. Dangane da ƙididdigar yau da kullun, sun bayyana yayin lokacin Kiritas, lokacin da aka sami canjin yanayin kifi na teleost.
Bidiyo: Chinook
Koyaya, amintattun abubuwan farko na burbushin salmonids sun kasance ne zuwa wani lokaci na gaba: a farkon Eocene, karamin kifin mai sabo daga cikinsu ya riga ya rayu a duniya. Don haka, wahalar anan kawai tana cikin tantance ko wannan kakan kifi na zamani ya zama sifa ta farko, ko kuma akwai wasu kafinsa.
Abin takaici, babu wani burbushin halittu wanda zai iya ba da haske kan cigaba da juyin halitta a cikin shekaru miliyoyi masu zuwa. A bayyane yake, tsoffin salmonids ba su da yawa kuma sun rayu a yanayin da ba shi da gudummawa wajen adana burbushinsu.
Kuma kawai farawa daga shekaru miliyan 24 BC kafin nan akwai adadi mai yawa na burbushin da ke nuni da bayyanar sabon nau'in kifin kifi, gami da kifin kifin. A hankali, ana samun da yawa daga cikinsu, a ƙarshe, a cikin yadudduka waɗanda suka kai shekaru miliyan 5, kusan kowane nau'in zamani ana iya samun sa. Kifin Salmon na Chinook ya sami bayanin kimiyya a cikin 1792, wanda J. Walbaum ya yi. A cikin Latin, sunansa Oncorhynchus tshawytscha.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Kifin Chinook
Kifin Salmon shine mafi girman nau'in kifin kifi a cikin Tekun Pacific. Wakilan jama'ar Amurka sun girma zuwa 150 cm, kuma a Kamchatka akwai wasu mutane sama da 180 cm, suna da nauyin fiye da 60 kg. Irin waɗannan shari'o'in ba su da yawa, amma matsakaicin kifin salmon da ya kai kusan mita.
Kodayake yana da girma a teku, amma kifin yana da wahalar hangowa: koren duhunta mai duhu yana sanya shi da kyau a cikin ruwa. Ciki ya fi sauki, ya yi fari. Jiki a rufe da sikeli masu nauyi. Abubuwan da ke cikin ciki suna nesa nesa da kai fiye da sauran kifin ruwa. A lokacin da ake haihuwa, jinsunan kifin na Chinook suna canzawa, kamar a cikin sauran kifin kifi: ya zama ja, kuma baya ya yi duhu. Amma duk da haka, yana da ƙasa a cikin haske na tufafin saduwa zuwa ruwan kifin mai ruwan hoda ko kifin kifin.
Hakanan daga siffofin waje na kifin za'a iya rarrabe su:
- dogon jiki;
- an matse kifin daga bangarorin;
- spotsananan ɗigon baki a jikin na sama;
- sashen kai yana da dangi sosai ga sauran jiki;
- babban baki;
- kananan idanu;
- wasu alamomi kamar guda biyu wadanda suka dace da wannan jinsin kawai - membran reshe a cikin wakilan su 15 ne kowannensu, kuma gumis na ƙananan muƙamuƙi baƙi ne.
Gaskiyar wasa: Sunan yana da ban mamaki saboda Itelmens ne suka bashi shi. A cikin yarensu an furta shi chowuicha. A Amurka, ana kiran wannan kifin chinook, kamar kabilar Indiya, ko salmon sarki, wato, salmon sarki.
A ina chinook salmon yake rayuwa?
Hotuna: Chinook a Rasha
An samo shi a gefen gabashin gabashin Tekun Pacific da kuma gabar yamma, yana son ruwan sanyi. A cikin Asiya, galibi tana rayuwa ne a Kamchatka - a cikin Kogin Bolshoi da ƙananan ruwa. Ba safai ake samun sa a sauran kogunan Gabas ta kudu zuwa Amur ba, kuma zuwa arewa zuwa Anadyr.
Na biyu muhimmin mazaunin shine a Arewacin Amurka. Yawancin kifin salmon na chinook ana samunsa a arewacin yankinsa: a cikin kogunan da suke gudana a Alaska da Kanada, manyan sanduna suna tafiya cikin kogunan jihar Washington, waɗanda ke kusa da iyakar arewacin Amurka. Amma kuma ya yadu zuwa kudu, har zuwa California.
A waje da kewayonsu, kifin kifin na chinook ana kera shi ne ta hanyar kere-kere: misali, yana rayuwa ne a cikin gonaki na musamman a cikin Manyan Tabkuna, ruwa da yanayi wadanda suka dace da shi. Kogunan New Zealand sun zama wani wuri na kiwo mai aiki. An gabatar da shi cikin nasara cikin dabbobin daji a Patagonia shekaru 40 da suka gabata. Tun daga wannan lokacin, yawan ya girma ƙwarai, an ba shi izinin kifi a cikin Chile da Argentina.
A cikin koguna, ya fi son wurare masu zurfin da mara tushe, yana son kasancewa kusa da itace mai ƙaho, wanda ake amfani dashi azaman tsari. Yawancin lokaci yin iyo a cikin mashigar kogin, ya fi son wuraren da ke da ciyayi. Yana son yin frolic a cikin saurin gudu. Kodayake kifin salmon kifi ne na ruwa mai kyau, amma har yanzu yana ciyar da wani bangare na rayuwarsa a cikin teku. Da yawa daga cikinsu suna ajiye a kusa da koguna, a cikin bays, amma babu wani kwalliya a cikin wannan - wasu mutane suna ninkaya nesa da teku. Ba a iya samun mazaunin kusa da farfajiya - chinook salmon mai zurfi fiye da mita 30.
Yanzu kun san inda kifin chinook yake rayuwa. Bari muga me zata ci.
Menene salmon na Chinook yake ci?
Hotuna: Chinook a Kamchatka
Abincin ya bambanta sosai dangane da ko salmon chinook yana cikin kogi ko a cikin teku.
A farkon lamarin, ya haɗa da:
- ƙananan kifi;
- kwari;
- tsutsa;
- crustaceans.
Salmon chinook na kuruciya yafi cin abinci akan plankton, da kwari da tsutsu. Girma mutane, ba tare da wulakanta waɗanda aka lissafa ba, har yanzu galibi suna canzawa zuwa abincin ƙananan kifi. Dukansu samarin da suka manyanta da kifin salmon suna son cin caviar - galibi masanan kifi suna amfani da shi azaman bututun ƙarfe, kuma kifin salmon yana cin abinci sosai akan sauran dabbobin da aka lissafa a baya.
Cin abinci a cikin teku:
- kifi;
- jatan lande;
- krill;
- squid;
- katako.
Girman abincin kifin salmon na chinook na iya zama daban: tsakanin samari, menu ya haɗa da mesoplankton da macroplankton, wato, dabbobin suna da ƙanana. Amma duk da haka, salmonids masu ƙanana masu girma sukan shayar dashi. Ko da wani saurayin kifin Chinook mai salmon ya fi ciyar da kifi ko katanga. Kuma baligi ya zama mai farauta, mai hatsari koda don matsakaicin kifi, kamar su herring ko sardine, yayin da ita kuma ta ci gaba da cin ƙananan abubuwa ma. Tana farauta sosai kuma cikin sauri take ƙaruwa yayin zamanta a cikin teku.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Daga cikin alaƙa da dadadden kifin akwai irin wannan mai ban mamaki kamar sabalm mai haƙori. Yana da girma ƙwarai - har tsawon mita 3 a tsayi, kuma nauyinsa ya kai kilogiram 220, kuma yana da hanzari masu ban tsoro. Amma a lokaci guda, a cewar masana kimiyya, bai yi rayuwa irin ta farauta ba, sai dai kawai a tace ruwa don abinci - fankunan sun zama abin ado a lokacin saduwa.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Chinook kifin
Rayuwar salmon ta chinook ta dogara sosai da wane matakin da take - da farko, ana tantance ta ta girmanta, da kuma inda take rayuwa, a cikin kogi ko a cikin teku.
Akwai matakai da yawa, a kowane rayuwa rayuwar wannan kifin yana da halaye irin nasa:
- haihuwa a cikin kogi, ci gaba da haɓaka yayin farkon watanni ko shekaru;
- zuwa ruwan gishiri da zama a cikinsu;
- koma cikin kogin domin spawn.
Idan mataki na uku gajere ne kuma bayansa kifin ya mutu, to, biyun farko da bambance-bambancen su ya kamata a yi nazarinsu dalla-dalla. Soyayyen ya bayyana a cikin koguna masu gudana, inda akwai karancin maharan da ke son cin su, amma kuma ba su da abinci da yawa. A cikin waɗannan raƙuman ruwan da ake soya soyayyen fure a cikin garken a karon farko na rayuwa, yawanci wasu watanni.
Da farko, wannan shine mafi kyawun wuri a gare su, amma idan sun girma kaɗan, sai su yi iyo daga cikin masu shigowa cikin babban kogi, ko kuma can ƙasa. Suna buƙatar ƙarin abinci, kuma a cikin ruwan sanyi sun same shi, amma kuma akwai ƙarin masu farauta a cikinsu. A cikin manyan koguna, kifin salmon na chinook na iya ɓatar da lokaci kaɗan - 'yan watanni, ko kamar wasu shekaru.
Sau da yawa, a lokaci guda, kifin sannu a hankali yana matsawa kusa da kusa da bakin, amma har ma mutanen da suka riga suka girma kuma suke shirye su fita zuwa cikin ruwan gishirin har yanzu ƙananan ƙananan - sun sami babban ɓangaren nauyin su a cikin teku, inda mafi kyawun yanayi a gare su. Sun shafe shekaru daga shekara zuwa shekaru 8, kuma duk wannan lokacin suna girma cikin sauri har zuwa lokacin komawa zuwa kogin don yin zina. Saboda irin wannan banbancin a lokacin ciyarwar, akwai kuma babban bambanci a nauyin kifin da aka kama: a wuri guda kuma wani lokacin zaka iya kama ƙaramin kifin Chinook mai nauyin kilogram, da babban kifi wanda zai ja duka 30. Kawai shine farkon wanda ya fito daga teku zuwa shekarar farko, ta biyu kuma ta zauna a can tsawon shekaru 7-9.
A da, har ma an yi amannar cewa mafi ƙanƙanta maza, ana kuma kiran su masu yin waƙa, ba sa zuwa teku kwata-kwata, amma masu bincike sun gano cewa ba haka batun yake ba, suna zaune ne na ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma ba sa barin yankin bakin teku. Manyan kifayen na iya yin doguwar tafiya, suna iyo cikin zurfin arewacin Tekun Fasifik, suna matsawa daga bakin teku zuwa tazarar kusan kilomita dubu 3 zuwa 3-4.
Yanayin yanayi yana da tasiri mai ƙarfi akan lokacin ciyarwa. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, kifin kifin na chinook yana dumama a wuraren zama, sakamakon haka, suna yin ƙaura ba kamar a lokacin sanyi ba. Sabili da haka, yawancin kifaye suna dawowa cikin daddawa a kowace shekara - kuma matsakaicin girman su karami ne, duk da cewa an fi basu abinci.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Kifin Chinook
Suna zaune a cikin teku ɗaya bayan ɗaya kuma suna haɗuwa kawai lokacin da ya kamata a fage. Ta hanyar shoals ne suke shiga cikin rafuka, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yake da sauƙin kama su don beyar da sauran masu farauta. A cikin jama'ar Asiya, lokacin bazara yana zuwa makonnin ƙarshe na Mayu ko Yuni, kuma yana iya wucewa har zuwa ƙarshen bazara. A cikin shari'ar Ba'amurke, tana faruwa a cikin watannin ƙarshe na shekara.
Bayan sun shiga cikin kogin don taƙama, kifin baya ciyarwa, amma yana motsawa kawai. A wasu lokuta, ba lallai ba ne a yi iyo sosai, kuma kawai kuna buƙatar hawa 'yan kilomitoji ɗari. A wasu, hanyar salmon ta chinook tana da tsayi sosai - misali, tare da tsarin kogin Amur, wani lokacin ya zama dole a shawo kan kilomita 4,000. A cikin yawancin Asiya, yawancin kifin sun ɓata a cikin Kogin Bolshoi da kwarinsa a Kamchatka. A can a wannan lokacin dabbobi da mutane suna jiran ta. Abu ne mai sauki a ga inda kifin ya yi iyo don ya fito: akwai da yawa daga cikinsu wanda zai iya zama kamar kogin da kansa ya kasance da kifi, yayin da kifin Chinook sau da yawa yakan yi tsalle daga ruwa don shawo kan matsaloli.
Mata sun isa wurin da ake yin kifaye, mata na amfani da wutsiyarsu don fidda ramuka, inda suka yi fatar. Bayan haka, mazan sukan yi mata takin - suna kiyaye 5-10 kusa da kowace mace, kuma waɗannan kamar manyan suke, akwai ƙananan mawaƙa. A baya can, an yi imani cewa ƙarshen na ɓata kifin - ƙananan ƙwai guda ɗaya ana samunsu daga ƙwai da suka hadu da su. Amma wannan ba daidai bane: masana kimiyya sun iya tabbatar da cewa girman zuriya bai dogara da girman namiji ba.
Qwai suna da girma, masu daɗi. Kimanin 10,000 kowace mace ke ajiyewa kai tsaye: wasu daga cikinsu sun sami kansu cikin yanayi mara kyau, wasu kuma dabbobi ke ci, kuma soyayyen yana da wahala - saboda haka irin wannan wadatar mai yawa ta zama cikakke. Amma iyayen da kansu suna kashe kuzari da yawa yayin haihuwa, wanda shine dalilin da yasa suke mutuwa tsakanin kwanaki 7-15 bayan hakan.
Abokan gaba na kifin kifin chinook
Photo: Chinook kifin a cikin ruwa
Yawancin haɗari suna barazanar ƙwai da soya. Kodayake gaskiyar cewa kifin salmon da ke chinook ya tafi daɗaɗa a cikin manyan matakan tsaro, za su iya juya su zama ganimar kifin farauta, kuma ba kawai babba ba, har ma da ƙananan ƙananan ma. Hakanan tsuntsayen teku da sauran tsuntsayen da ke cin kifi.
Dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa daban-daban kamar su masu juyayi suma basa kyamar cin abinci akansu. Latterarshen na iya kama kifin da ya riga ya girma, matuƙar bai yi girma a gare shi ba. Otter na iya jimre wa har da kifin kifin wanda ya tafi haihuwa, idan bai daɗe a cikin teku ba kuma ya yi awo tsakanin kilogram biyu. Kifin kusan kusan sigogi iri ɗaya ma yana da sha'awa ga manyan tsuntsayen ganima, kamar babban haɗari - mai girman gaske ya fi ƙarfin su. Amma beyar na iya kiyaye kowane, koda mafi girman mutum: lokacin da kifin kifi ya tashi zuwa haihuwa, wadannan mafarautan sukan jira su daidai cikin ruwa kuma su kwace su da kyau.
Ga bears, wannan shine mafi kyawun lokaci, musamman tunda jinsuna daban-daban suna zuwa haihuwar ɗayan bayan ɗaya kuma lokacin irin wannan yalwar ciyar da kifin na iya ɗaukar tsawon watanni, kuma a wasu kogunan galibi galibi shekara. Saboda gaskiyar cewa masu farautar suna jiran kifin ne kawai don yin iyo don ya haifa, wannan lokacin yana da haɗari sosai ga kifin kifin na chinook - akwai babban haɗarin da ba zai taɓa kaiwa saman kogunan ba.
Tekun ba shi da hatsari sosai a gare su, saboda kifin Chinook babban kifi ne, kuma yana da matukar wahala ga yawancin masu cin abincin teku. Amma duk da haka, beluga, orca, kuma wasu maƙurari na iya farautar sa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Don haɓakawa, kifin kifin Chinook ba wai kawai ya koma wuraren da yayi daidai da wuraren da aka haife shi da kansa ba - yana iyo zuwa daidai wuri ɗaya.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Red Chinook kifi
Yawan kifin salmon da ke cikin Rasha ya ragu sosai a cikin ƙarni na 20, kuma babban dalilin hakan shi ne yawan kamun kifi. Ana ɗanɗano ɗanɗano sosai, ana fitar da shi zuwa ƙasashen waje, kuma farauta tana da yawa, wanda ke sa wuya a iya sarrafa lambar. Kifin Salmon na Chinook yana shan wahala daga mafarauta fiye da sauran salmonids, duka saboda girman su kuma saboda sune farkon waɗanda suka fara fage. A sakamakon haka, a wasu koguna na Gabas ta Tsakiya, jan kifi ya ɓace gaba ɗaya, kuma musamman kifin kifin kifi.
Sabili da haka, a cikin Kamchatka, inda mafi yawan adadin wannan kifin ya ɓuɓɓugo, yana da yuwuwar masana'antu a iya kama shi kawai a matsayin abin kamawa, sannan kawai daga gefen gabashin gabashin teku. Samun damar kama kifin salmon na 40-50 da suka wuce ya kai kimanin tan 5,000, amma a hankali ya ragu zuwa tan 200. Zai fi wuya a tantance yawan kifin da masu kamawa ke kamawa - a cikin kowane hali, ƙimar kamun kifi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ta ragu sosai saboda gaskiyar cewa kifin kifin shi kansa ya zama ƙarami, kuma saboda tsananin kariya. Koyaya, raguwar yawan mutane ya ci gaba - a waje da Kamchatka a Asiya, salmon na chinook yanzu ba safai ba.
A lokaci guda, kifin yana hayayyafa da kyau, kuma dawo da yawan jama'arta, idan aka magance matsalar masu farauta, na iya faruwa a cikin 'yan shekaru kaɗan kawai: a kowace shekara ana sakin soya 850,000 daga wurin farautar kifin Malkinsky shi kadai, kuma idan babu mafarauta, da yawa daga cikinsu za su iya rayuwa don haihuwa. Hakanan yawancin jama'ar Amurka suna nunawa: yana cikin tsayayyen matakin duk da cewa an yarda da kamun kifi a Amurka da Kanada kuma an girbe yawancin kifin kifi na chinook. Kawai dai matsalar masu farauta ba ta da ƙarfi sosai a can, don haka kifin ya sami nasara cikin nasara.
Kashe kifin kifin, kamar jajayen kifi gabaɗaya, babbar barazana ce ga Gabas ta Gabas, wanda albarkatun ƙasa ke da ƙarancin sauri. Saboda farauta, yawancin jinsuna suna gab da rayuwa, saboda haka ya zama dole a yi kiwo ta wasu kayan aikin hannu. Salmon Chinook kifi mai ban mamaki, yana da matukar mahimmanci kada ku bari ya ɓace.
Ranar bugawa: 19.07.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/25/2019 da 21:35
